연구논문(硏究論文) : 일본의 신종,유사 공중위생영업에 대한 법적 규제

이호용 ( Ho Yong Lee ) 단국대학교 법학연구소 2008 법학논총 Vol.32 No.2

This study was designed to investigate the present state of `the new quasi types of` public health business in Japan and analyse law and regulation of it. And through it, we intend to design regulation program to face effectively when new quasi types of public health business appears in Korea. The content of this study is composed of general principle of law and regulation on public health business, present state and law and regulation of public health business in Japan, present state and law and regulation `of new quasi types of` public health business in Japan and taking suggestion from those of Japan. There were some important problems to solve, political & legal limitations and business disputes. It is important to review the comparative study of legal aspects of some country`s public health business and the classification systems study of public health business. In Japan, sanitation business is regulated by life sanitation business law. This law regulate both business control and business development. Traditionally sanitation business law centers on control in sanitation police, but nowadays its industrial promotion is important more and more. Law system of Japan reflect this well. In Japan, though new and transformed sanitation business appear, because it is regulated by all related law, there is no problem in law regulation. For example "giving a bath", in motel, in health center etc. anywhere do it, is regulated by `bathhouse law`. But nail care service or total cosmetics are not easy to be regulated by existing sanitation law. In these case, self regulating system is operating by business rule, that is made by business manager association. In Japan, law and regulation face effectively to `the new quasi types of` public health business, there is no case that come out blank in law and regulation when `the new quasi types of` public health businesses appear. Learning lesson from Japan, this study suggests to solve estrangement of norm and real world and affairs cooperation between bureaus.

규제의 영향 인식과 혁신 활동과의 연관성 분석 : 규제의 유형에 따른 차이를 중심으로

유정민(Jungmin, Ryu) 한국규제학회 2020 규제연구 Vol.29 No.2

시대의 흐름에 따라 혁신의 중요성이 점차 증대되어 오면서 규제에 관해서도 많은 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 규제는 사회의 질서를 유지하기 위한 정부의 정책수단으로서 혁신의 주체인 기업 혹은 개인의 행위에 관여함으로써 혁신에 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있기 때문이다. 흔히 규제는 혁신의 장애물로서 묘사되지만, 규제가 오히려 혁신을 추동하는 역할을 할 수 있다는 주장 및 증거들도 존재한다. 그렇다면 국내 제조업과 서비스업 분야 기업들은 규제를 어떻게 인식하며, 혁신활동에는 어떠한 영향을 받고 있는가? 본 연구에서는 이러한 질문에 답하기 위하여 규제의 인식과 혁신활동 간의 연관성을 분석하고자 하였다. 구체적으로 분석하기 위하여 규제를 유형화하였으며 제품혁신 활동에 한정하여 연관성을 살펴보았다. 규제 유형별 인식 분포에 따르면, 기업들은 비기술형 사회적 규제에 대해서는 혁신을 저해하였다고 응답한 비율이 더 높았으며 기술형 사회적 규제에 대해서는 혁신을 촉진했다고 응답한 비율이 더 높았다. 또한 규제 유형별 인식과 실질적인 제품혁신 활동을 분석한 결과, 독과점규제, 가격규제, 진입규제, 그리고 환경규제에서는 괴리가 확인되었으며 소비자안전규제, 지적재산권보호, 노동규제에서는 각 규제에 대한 인식대로 제품혁신 활동에 유의미한 영향을 받고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 규제의 유형별로 혁신에 대한 인식 및 실질적인 영향이 달라짐을 의미한다. 또한 본 연구에서는 규제가 혁신에 미치는 영향을 피규제자가 규제에 대응하는 방식으로서 혁신을 선택하거나 포기하는지 여부로 접근하였으며, 이러한 결과는 규제정책과 혁신정책 모두에 시사점을 제공한다. As the importance of innovation has gradually increased with the passage of the times, many discussions have been made on regulation. This is because regulation is known to affect innovation by engaging in the actions of companies or individuals that are the subject of innovation as the government"s policy tool for maintaining social order. While regulation is often described as an obstacle to innovation, there are also arguments and evidence that regulation can play a role in driving innovation. So how do the domestic manufacturing and service industries recognize regulations and how do regulations affect innovation activities? To answer the question, this study attempted to analyze the relationship between regulatory recognition and innovation activities. To analyze it in detail, regulations were categorized and the relevance was examined only for product innovation activities. According to the recognition distribution by type of regulation, companies tended to respond that they had hampered innovation by non-technology type social regulations and that they had promoted innovation by technology type social regulations. Also, as a result of analyzing the recognition of each type of regulation and the actual product innovation activities, discrepancies were identified in the monopoly regulation, price regulation, entry regulation, and environmental regulation. On the other hand, consumer safety regulation, intellectual property rights protection, and labor regulation significantly influenced product innovation activities, as perceived by each regulation. These results mean that the recognition and practical impact of innovation varies depending on the type of regulation. Also, in this study, the effect of regulation on innovation was approached by whether the companies choose or give up innovation as a way to respond to regulation, and these results provide implications for both regulatory and innovation policies.

‘신흥기술 규제(emerging technologies regulation)’ 연구방법론 개발을 위한 기초연구

윤혜선(Yoon, Hye-Sun) 행정법이론실무학회 2017 행정법연구 Vol.- No.49

2016년 다보스포럼에서 제4차 산업혁명이 언급된 이후 인공지능기술, 뇌과학기술, 바이오기술, 나노기술, 유전공학, 합성생물학 등 이른바 신흥기술(emerging technologies)의 급격한 발전이 가져올 삶의 질과 방식의 변화와 이 기술들이 공동체의 가치, 질서 및 구조에 미칠 영향에 대한 관심과 우려가 커지고 있다. 기술혁신과 법, 현상(status quo) 파괴적 변화를 가져오는 기술의 규제에 대하여는 주로 유럽과 미국을 중심으로 많은 연구가 수행되어 왔는데, 특히 기술 발전의 속도와 규제의 대응 속도 간의 격차를 핵심적인 문제로 지목하고 지난 20여 년간 집중적으로 이 문제를 해결하기 위한 다양한 방안들이 연구 · 제안되어왔다. 국내에서도 이세돌과 알파고의 대국 이후 인공지능기술, ICT 융합기술의 활용을 위한 규제방안 연구가 활성화되고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 다양한 종류의 첨단기술에 대하여 다양한 시각과 방법론을 적용하여 광범위한 연구가 이루어지고 있는 신흥기술 규제 분야에 법학계나 실무가가 접근하는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다. 더욱이 신흥기술 규제에 대한 이론적 연구는 상대적으로 수가 적고, 국내 공법영역에서도 거의 이루어지지 않아서 기술규제에 대하여 이론적 관점을 발전시키거나 규범적 관점에서 종합적인 시각이나 통찰을 갖기도 어렵다. 이에 본고에서는 ‘신흥기술 규제(emerging technologies regulation)’ 연구방법론을 개발하기 위한 기초연구로서 국내외 선행연구들을 바탕으로 신흥기술 규제시 고려해야 하는 다양한 요소들을 검토하고자 한다. 이와 같은 단계적 접근방식(기초연구 → 연구방법론 개발 및 적용)은 신흥기술 규제 연구의 지형을 개념적으로 파악하게 함으로써 연구방법의 이론적 절차적 체계마련에 실질적으로 기여할 수 있을 것이다. 본고에서는 먼저 연구의 범위를 획정하기 위하여 기술규제의 개념을 정의하였다. 기술규제를 기술이 어떻게 규제되고 규제되어야 하는 것에 관한 것으로 넓게 정의하고, 여기에서 기술이란 사람이 환경에 적응하거나 변화시키기 위하여 사용하는 도구나 기술이라는 개념을, 규제란 “추상적으로 정의된 목적을 달성하려는 의도를 가지고 기준이나 목표에 따라 다른 사람의 행위를 변화시키려는 지속적이고 초점을 맞춘 시도로서, 기준설정, 정보수집, 행위수정 등의 기제를 수반하는 행위”라는 개념을 사용하였다. 또한 신흥기술은 “근본적으로 새롭고 상대적으로 빠르게 성장하는 기술로서 일정한 정도의 일관성을 가지고 오랫동안 존속하고, 이해관계자의 구성, 제도, 이해관계자와 제도 간의 상호작용, 관련된 지식생산방식 등을 변화시킴으로써 특정 영역이나 사회 · 경제 영역 전반에 상당한 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 잠재력을 가진 기술로서, 그 기술이 출현하는 현 단계에서는 정보 부족이나 기술에 대한 온전한 이해의 어려움으로 인해 그 기술에 수반되는 리스크의 발생개연성, 정도, 내용 등이 불확실하고 모호한 기술로” 정의하였다. 나아가 기술규제 시 고려요소로 기술의 종류, 혁신의 수준, 장소, 시간, 규제의 방식, 규범적 가치관 및 가용지식을 선별하여 개념화하고 각 요소의 구체적인 내용을 신흥기술 규제의 관점에서 면밀히 검토하여 신흥기술 규제 연구의 지형도를 그려보았다. This article aims to develop theoretical perspectives on regulation of emerging technologies. Creating a conceptual framework, which can serve as common ground for those who are interested in technological regulation is in urgent need, especially in view of the emergence and fast development of disruptive or radically innovative technologies. This field is actually very broad, since many scholars from various disciplines have a broader focus and use different methodologies. Moreover, regulation of emerging technologies encompasses different forms of regulations not only law, but also ethics, social norms, markets, self-regulation and technology itself. Furthermore, it addresses various types of technologies - artificial intelligence, information communications technologies, nanotechnology, biotechnology, converging technologies, to name a few. That is why this article boldly aims to establish a conceptual framework providing a foundation for a comprehensive research methodology for regulation of emerging technologies. In order to do so, this paper first defines technological regulation to delineate the scope of this study. It adopts a broader definition for technological regulation taking technologies being the broad range of tools and crafts that people use to change or adapt to their environment, and regulation being the intentional influencing of someone’s or something’s behaviour. It further defines emerging technologies as radically novel and relatively fast growing technologies characterized by a certain degree of coherence persisting over time and with the potential to exert a considerable impact on the socio-economic domain(s) which is observed in terms of the composition of actors, institutions and patterns of interactions among those, along with the associated knowledge production processes. Its most prominent impact, however, lies in the future and so in the emergence phase is still somewhat uncertain and ambiguous. Next, it provides seven building blocks of the emerging field of technology regulation. Those seven building blocks are type of technology, degree of innovation, place, time, type of regulation, normative outlook, and knowledge. These building blocks may be categorized into technology-related blocks and regulation-related blocks. These can be an analytic tool that can help us to understand what regulation of emerging technology is about, how it approaches its research, which known unknowns need to be researched, etc.

온라인플랫폼 ʻ자율규제기구ʼ의 적합 유형에 대한 검토

김현경 법조협회 2022 法曹 Vol.71 No.6

The self-regulatory organization plays a key role in self-regulation as the body that enacts and enforces the code of conduct. Therefore, no matter what type of self-regulatory system is adopted, the role and authority of the ‘self-regulatory organization’ is very important.. In particular, as the current self-regulation issues surrounding the online platform are discussed under the premise that the strong legislative government(administrative) regulation attempts that have been carried out for the past two years are not appropriate, it is necessary to find a self-regulatory organization suitable for the online platform. .In this study, after reviewing the basic direction of the online platform self-regulatory organization, I tried to find a way to install a self-regulatory organization suitable for the online platform ecosystem. According to the type of self-regulation, the self-regulatory organization can be classified as 'individual business self-installation type', 'industry-led installation type', 'government-led installation type' and ‘government delegation type(public service entrustment type)’. In the case of 'government-led installation type', it can be seen that most of them appear in areas that are strongly regulated industries such as finance, franchisees and so on. However, the online platform business, as a value-added communication service provider, is free to enter, and in view of its change and dynamics, the risk of market failure is also low and the degree of public interest of the business is low. Therefore, in principle, it is not reasonable to design it as such a ‘government-led installation type'. In view of the nature of the online platform, the self-regulatory body should be designed in a way that can ensure the followings. : ① flexibility to reflect change, mobility, and innovation, ② ability to resolve conflicts stemming from relevance to all industries, ③ global orientation based on deterritoriality ④ enforcement power and effectiveness, etc. It .Therefore, in the case of an online platform self-regulatory organization, an ‘industry-led installation type’ is desirable. However, in case of unavoidably selecting a ‘government-led installation type’, it is reasonable to choose the most relaxed method and legal basis. 자율규제기구는 자율규약의 제정 및 집행 주체로서 자율규제의 핵심 역할을 수행한다. 따라서 어느 유형의 자율규제 체계를 채택하던 간에 ‘자율규제기구’의 역할과 권한은 매우 중요하다. 특히 현재 온라인플랫폼을 둘러싼 자율규제 이슈는 지난 2년간 추진되어 온 강력한 정부(행정)규제 시도가 적절치 못하다는 전제하에 논의되는 만큼 온라인플랫폼에 적합한 자율규제기구가 모색될 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 온라인플랫폼 자율규제기구의 기본 방향에 대하여 검토한 후, 온라인플랫폼 생태계에 적합한 자율규제기구 설치방안을 모색해 보았다. 자율규제기구는 자율규제의 유형에 기반하여 법정기구 또는 자율규약 마련 여부 등에 따라 ‘개별 사업자 자체 설치형 자율규제기구’, ‘산업계 주도 설치형 자율규제기구 ’, ‘정부 주도 설치형 자율규제기구 ’, ‘정부업무 위임형(공무수탁형)기구’ 로 분류해 볼 수 있다. ‘정부 주도 설치형 자율규제기구’의 경우 금융, 가맹·유통업 등 대부분 강력한 규제산업에 해당하는 영역에서 나타난다. 그러나 부가통신사업자로서 신고사업인 온라인플랫폼 사업은 진입이 자유롭고 그 변화 및 역동성에 비추어 볼 때 또한 시장실패의 리스크가 낮으며 사업의 공익성 정도도 낮으므로 원칙적으로 이러한 ‘정부 주도 설치형 자율규제기구’로 설계되는 것은 신중해야 한다. 온라인플랫폼의 속성에 비추어 볼 때 자율규제기구는 ① 변화·이동·혁신성을 반영할 수 있는 융통성, ② 전(全)산업 관련성에 비롯된 갈등 해결 능력, ③ 탈영토성에 기반한 글로벌 지향성 ④ 집행력과 실효성 등을 담보할 수 있는 방향으로 설계되어야 한다. 따라서 온라인플랫폼 자율규제기구의 가장 바람직한 유형은 ‘산업계 주도 설치형 자율규제기구’라고 할 수 있다. 다만 불가피하게 '정부 주도 설치형 자율규제기구'를 선택할 경우 자율규제의 적용범위, 법적 근거 등에 있어서 가장 완화된 방식을 택하는 것이 타당하다.

한국 자율규제의 특성에 관한 연구

최성락(Seong Rak Choi),이혜영(Hye Young Lee),서재호(Jae Ho Seo) 한국공공관리학회 2007 한국공공관리학보 Vol.21 No.4

자율규제란 자체적으로 조직된 집단이 그 구성원의 행위를 자율적으로 규제하는 것을 의미한다. 그런데 현재 한국에서 논의되는 자율규제 중에는 정부 주도적으로 이루어지는 자율규제도 존재하고, 정부가 자율규제 규정을 제정하는 경우도 있다. 이러한 여러 가지 스펙트럼들이 자율규제라는 동일한 명칭으로 논의되고 있어 자율규제에 대한 개념적 혼란이 발생할 가능성이 증대하고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 자율규제 유형 기준을 제시하고 한국의 자율규제를 4가지로 유형화하여 그 특징을 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국에서 논의되는 자율규제들은 그 구성 및 운영의 자율성 측면에서 많은 차이를 가지고 있다. 자율규제의 유형을 분명히 구분하는 것은 자율규제 개념과 관련된 논의를 정리하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 둘째, 한국정부가 지향하는 자율규제는 정부가 자율규제 구성 및 운영에 적극 개입하고자 하는 경우가 적지 않다. 진정으로 자율규제의 효용성을 얻기 위해서는 실질적인 자율규제가 이루어질 수 있는 방향으로 나아갈 필요성이 존재한다. Self-regulation refers to that an organization which was formed by itself regulates its members. However, among self-regulations currently discussed in Korea, there are government-driven self-regulation and self-regulation under which the government establishes regulations. These various spectrums brings more confusion to the discussion regarding self-regulation. Therefore, this article specified 4 types of self-regulation in Korea and looked into the characteristics of those 4 types. The implications of this article are as follows. First, self-regulation which are currently discussed in Korea has many differences in autonomy of its composition and operation. It will help clarify the self-regulation discussion to understand these types and characteristics of Korean self-regulation. Second, Korean government often involves actively and execute self-regulation directly. In order to get the benefits of self-regulation, Korean government should change its attitude to let the self-regulation happen practically.

신종계약의 법적 규율

송오식 한국재산법학회 2019 재산법연구 Vol.36 No.2

Since the modern civil law has enacted, the development of capitalism and the advancement of science and technology have been accompanied by rapid changes in the connerce environment and the emergence of various new and complex contracts in terms of contents which its legislatures have never expected. Depending on how ones look at the function of the contract law, the method of dealing with the legal regulation of the new contract is determined. The freedom of contract in modern times has been requested to change its function as a tool of equalization, not a tool of domination according to the transition of legal and economic ideology, and now it is connected with regulatory legislation such as social law and economic law. Especially, the variety of goods and services and the change of trading style, and acquisition of universal status of consumer contracts have urged a new legislation in the contract law or demanded interpretation for the investigation of the parties' intention. On the other hand, although it is called the decline of the contract law, the emergence of a new contract type is giving a new challenge to the contract law. In this paper, the method of legislative and interpretational regulation was sought for various types of contracts in the trading society. In addition, I used a method of comparative legal study of new contracts, and examined how the French Civil Code, the German Civil Code, the Japanese Civil Code, the Taiwan Civil Code, the Dutch Civil Code, and the Chinese Contract Act regulate new type contracts. This paper also introduced the types and contents of the new contracts emerged in the case law and tried to analyze the issues. In particular, I introduced the functional approach theory, the typical contract relevance theory and the analytical typology and suggested my opinion. As to the legislation of new contracts, it should be taken seriously in view of the characteristics of the typicalization and the liquidity of contracts. As a method of interpreting the new contract, the non-typical contract, I introduced the typical contract theory and the mixed contract theory and examined pros and cons. In addition, most of the new contracts today are resulting in ‘regulated by the terms.’ In contemporary contracts, because parties of contract have characteristics of business owners or companies and consumers unlike traditional ones, they are consumer contracts. Therefore, it is necessary to take an approach considering its characteristics in its legal regulation. In addition, online transactions have increased as much as offline transactions, and thus have the characteristics of electronic contracts. 근대민법기초자가 예상하지 못한 다양한 신종계약이 등장함에 따라 신종계약을 어떻게 규율하느냐가 계약법에서 중요한 과제가 되었다. 계약법의 기능을 어떻게 보느냐에 따라 신종계약의 법적 규율문제를 다루는 시각이 결정된다. 현재 계약자유는 법경제이념의 변천에 따라 지배의 도구가 아닌 동등화의 도구로서 그 기능변화가 요청되었고, 이제 사회법, 경제법 등 규제입법과 연결되고 있다. 특히 상품과 서비스의 다양화, 거래방식의 변화 소비자계약의 보편적 지위 획득 등은 계약법에도 새로운 입법을 촉구하거나 당사자의 의사탐구를 위한 해석을 요구하게 되었다. 한편으론 계약법의 쇠퇴기라고 하지만 새로운 계약유형의 등장은 계약법에 새로운 과제를 던져주고 있다. 계약법이 비록 임의법과 보충법으로서의 기능을 가지고 있다고 하더라도, 전형계약의 존재의의는 여전히 인정되며, 구체적인 계약의 내용을 명확하고 완전하게 만드는 기준을 제공하고 있다. 본고에서는 거래사회에 존재하는 여러 가지 유형의 계약에 대하여 입법론적, 해석론적 규율의 방법을 모색하였다. 또한 신종계약에 대한 비교법적 연구의 방법을 사용하였는데, 프랑스민법, 독일민법, 일본민법, 대만민법, 네덜란드민법, 중국계약법상 신종계약을 어떻게 규율하고 있는지 살펴보았다. 또한 판례에 나타난 신종계약의 유형과 내용을 소개하고 쟁점들에 대한 분석을 시도하였다. 특히 신종계약의 유형분류방법에 대한 기능적 접근론과 전형계약 관련성설, 분석적 유형론을 소개하고 검토하여 견해를 제시하였다. 신종계약의 입법적 규율 시 계약의 전형화와 유동성의 특색에 비추어 볼 때 신중히 하여야 한다. 비전형계약인 신종계약의 해석방법으로서 전형계약론과 혼합계약론을 소개하고 장단점을 살펴보았다. 결국 이러한 해석에서의 과제는 비전형계약 중에서 전형계약을 찾아내는 것이다. 또한 오늘날 대부분의 신종계약은 ‘약관에 의한 규제’로 귀착되고 있다는 점이다. 오늘날 등장하는 현대형 계약에서 계약당사자는 과거 전통형과 달리 대부분 사업자 또는 기업과 소비자이기 때문에 소비자계약의 특성을 지니고 있어서 그 법적 규율에 있어서 그 특성을 고려한 접근방법이 필요하다. 또한 오프라인거래 못지않게 온라인거래가 상당부분 차지하고 있으며 이러한 점에서 전자계약의 특성을 가지고 있다.

어머니 양육불안과 아버지 양육참여도가 유아기 자녀의 정서조절능력에 미치는 영향: 자녀 기질 유형의 조절효과를 중심으로

정세진,신나리 한국인간발달학회 2018 人間發達硏究 Vol.25 No.4

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence mother's parenting anxiety and father’s child-rearing involvement on children’s emotion regulation in accordance with their temperament type. For the purpose of this study, 406 mothers with their child aged from 3 to 5 years old were surveyed through an online self-report questionnaire. Using SPSS 21.0, a descriptive statistical analysis, a K-means clustering, t-test, ANOVA, and a hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. The results revealed that temperament of young children was grouped as easy type and difficult type. Also, young children’s emotional regulation was negatively influenced by mother’s anxiety level; father’s involvement in recreation with their child with easy temperament increased the level of the child’s emotional regulation while father’s involvement in guidance for their child with difficult temperament leaded to higher level of emotional regulation. These results imply that there is a partial difference in predictors affecting the level of emotional regulation of young children according to the their temperament.

혐오표현 규제에 대한 헌법적 이해

이승현 한국공법학회 2016 공법연구 Vol.44 No.4

Recently, as hate speech came to receive much attention as a social issue of concern in South Korea, the legal regulation of hate speech became a topic of debate. However, in order to discuss the possibilities of legal regulation of certain expression, it is inevitable to first define the concepts that define hate speech. Therefore, this essay starts with presenting concepts that constitute hate speech and categorizes its types. Hate speech is an act of expression that has “target group” and “hostility” as its concepts. First, “target group” refers to a group that meets both qualities of “collective discrimination” and “historicity of discrimination.” Second, the quality of “hostility” of hate speech, does not mean an extreme hate or dislike, but negative bias-based exclusion and its justification about the members of the target group. It demands for elimination, removal or conversion of the members of the target group based on the assumption that the qualities that define the target group is harmful to the society and the country. On the other hand, to better understand the concepts of hate speech, it is worthwhile to attempt to categorize the types of hate speech. In particular, I offer to categorize hate speech into two different types based on object of target and form of expression: “targeted hate speech in form” and “inciting hate speech in substance.” This categorization is meaningful in that it not only enables a better understanding of the concepts of hate speech, but also a differentiated constitutional evaluation. Base on the conception and types of hate speech, regulation on hate speech get a constitutional justification under legally protected interests: a dignity of the members of target group and preventing public sphere from distortion. Hate speech leaves real fear to the target group beyond emotional disgust. By damaging the part of what constitutes their personalities, hate speech harms the target group's dignity. At the same time, hate speech prevents the target group from participating in the public sphere and distorts it by spreading wrong information and bias about the target group. The cruel impact of the latter strategy is strongly shown in the “inciting hate speech in substance.” Nevertheless, it is undeniable that strict criteria and proportionality test must be applied to hate speech regulation as it is a content-based regulation restriction. Especially when it comes to “inciting hate speech in substance”, further strict criteria should be applied. Because it usually appears as a form of political expression, limiting it may result in chilling effect. Therefore, to reduce the risk of regulating political expressions, the basis for regulation must be carefully defined. 민주주의의 발전과 함께 확대ㆍ정립되어 온 표현의 자유는 헌법에 의해 최대한 보장되어야 하는 기본권이자 민주주의 성립의 전제요소로 자리매김하고 있다. 그러나 표현의 자유의 제한입법을 축소하는 흐름 속에서 20세기 들어 국제사회에서 가시화된 혐오표현은 새로운 화두를 던졌고, 이는 최근 한국에서도 새롭게 사회문제로 제기되기 시작하였다. 헌법상 표현의 자유의 제한 법리에서 혐오표현의 제한가능성을 논하기에 앞서 먼저 혐오표현의 개념을 확정할 필요가 있다. 새로이 인지되기 시작한 특정형태의 표현을 제한할 것인가의 논의에서 선행되어야 할 것은 문제되는 해당 표현행위에 대한 명확한 개념정의이다. 이는 기본권으로서의 표현의 자유를 합헌적으로 제한할 수 있는가를 논의하기 위한 전제이자, 제한의 헌법적 정당화 단계에서 고려되어야 하는 쟁점들을 파악하기 위한 기초이다. 따라서 이 논문은 먼저 혐오표현에 대한 법적 제한을 논하기 위한 전제로서 혐오표현의 개념을 규명하고 그 유형을 검토한다. 그 다음으로 이를 바탕으로 하여 한국헌법상 표현의 자유의 법리 하에서 제한의 정당성 여부와 그 요건을 판단하기 위한 헌법적 틀을 제시한다.

가족상호작용 유형에 따른 유아의 자기조절력과 문제행동

조순옥(Cho, soon ok) 한국생활과학회 2014 한국생활과학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The purpose of this study was to examine childrens self-regulation and their problem behavior according to family interaction types. The subjects were 227 children and their mothers, and 14 teachers in Jeonbuk. To obtain family interaction types, self-questionnaires of FACES III are given to mothers. Also, self-questionnaires of childrens self-regulation and problem behavior were given to teachers. The data were analyzed by computing t-test, ANOVA, Duncan post test, and multiple liner regression. The results were as follows. First, There was a difference in the childrens self regulation and problem behavior, but not in family cohesion and adaptability, according to the childrens sex, age, and family variables. Second, it was found that there was a difference in self-regulation and problem behavior according to family interaction types. It showed that self-regulation was higher and problem behavior was lower in the most ‘enmeshed families in cohesion and the most ‘chaotic families in adaptability. Third, considering the relative strength of each variable on childrens problem behavior, it was shown that childrens sex and age had the greatest influence on problem behavior, followed by self-regulation and familys cohesion. In conclusion, it is suggested that the efforts to improve family cohesion as a psychological environment should be made in order to increase the childrens self regulation and to decrease the childrens problem behavior.

外國銀行의 進入類型과 基準에 관한 考察 - 한국과 미국의 法的 規制를 중심으로 -

김병태(Kim, Byung-Tae) 경희법학연구소 2004 경희법학 Vol.39 No.2

Each country has different regulations and policies for foreign bank entry. There are no even international standards or principles on the available entry types of organization for foreign banks. On international level, other than the entry type of organization, there are some principles for a general foreign bank supervision which are principally announced by the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision(Basel Committee) or in the national treatment instrument of the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS) or the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD). On domestic level, all depository institutions in Korea and the United States, including foreign banks, are subject to a high degree of government regulation. While there are four principal types of organization through which foreign banks can engage in varying degrees of banking activities or business in Korea: representative offices, agencies, branches and bank subsidiaries, there are six principal types of organization through which foreign banks can engage in varying degrees of banking activities or business in the United States: representative offices, agencies, branches, bank subsidiaries, Edge Act and Agreement international banking corporations and commercial lending companies. Among available entry types for foreign banks in both countries, branches are the preferred form of organization for foreign banks entering the U.S. or Korean market. Foreign banks entering the foreign market through branches have traditionally emphasized wholesale international commercial banking activities, such as interbank lending, trade finance and corporate lending, as well as money market and capital markets activities. In both Korea and the United States, foreign banks that wish only to have a representative office or offices are subject to simple and minor entry standards and restrictions for their non-bank activities. Foreign banks that wish to maintain other types such as an agency, branch or bank subsidiary in both countries or a commercial lending company, Edge Act or Agreement corporation in the United States are subject to complicated entry standards and prohibitions on their foreign entries. Different entry standards are applied to each entry type of organization for foreign banks. Those entry standards are mostly complied with the Basel Committee s relevant principles.