소방보호복 소재의 공기간극이 열보호 성능에 미치는 영향

이준경,권정숙 한국화재소방학회 2014 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.28 No.4

To ensure adequate protection from the risk of burns, fire fighter’s turnout has a composite of more than three componentsand air gaps between layers of materials. During the flame exposure, radiation and convection heat transfer occursin the air gap, thus the air gap acts as a thermal resistance with non-linear characteristics. Therefore, in this study, theexperiments were performed to identify the effect of various air gap width (0~7 mm) on the thermal protective performanceof fire fighter’s clothing. The temperatures on each layer and RPP (Radiant Protective Performance, the mosteffective index representing the thermal protective performance) were measured with various incident radiant heat fluxes. The temperature at the rear surface of the garment decreased and RPP increased with increasing air gap width because thethermal resistance increased. Especially, it could be found that RPP value and air gap width has almost linear relation forthe constant incident heat flux conditions. Thus relatively simple RPP predictive equation was suggested for various incidentheat flux and air gap conditions. 소방보호복은 고열유속에 의한 화상방지를 위해 3층 이상의 복합소재로 구성되어 있으며, 각 소재 사이는 공기 간극이존재한다. 화재에 의한 고열유속 노출 시 공기 간극 내에서의 열전달은 대류와 복사에 의해 주로 발생하며, 그로 인해간극의 크기에 따라서 비선형 특징의 열 저항 크기를 갖게 된다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 보호복 소재 사이의 여러 가지 공기 간극(0~7 mm)에 대한 보호복의 열 보호성능을 자세히 파악하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 복사 열 유속 입사시에 시간에 따른 각 소재의 온도 변화뿐만 아니라, 열 보호성능을 가장 효과적으로 나타낼 수 있는 지표(RadiantProtective Performance, RPP) 값의 공기간극에 대한 변화 특성을 파악하였다. 공기간극이 증가할수록 단열효과가 커짐으로 인해 후면의 온도는 낮아지고, RPP는 커짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히 일정 열유속 조건에서 공기간극에 대한RPP 값은 선형적인 특성을 나타내었고, 그러한 결과를 바탕으로 다양한 입사 열유속 및 공기 간극 조건에 대해 비교적간단한 형태의 RPP 지표 예측 식을 제안하였고, 좋은 예측 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

비평논문(批評論文): 지역 간 물가격차(RPP) 추계를 위한 방법론 검토

박기주 ( Ki Joo Park ),김낙년 ( Nak Nyeon Kim ) 경제사학회 2011 經濟史學 Vol.51 No.-

본고는 지역 간 물가격차(RPP)의 추계에서 CPD 방식이 갖고 있는 장점과 활용 가능성을 검토하였다. 데이터의 결락이 많고 일관성도 떨어지는 역사 통계자료를 이용하여 지수를 추계할 때, 데이터의 손실이나 인위적인 보완 없이 지수를 추계할 수 있을까? 또한 여러 지역을 비교할 경우에 이행성을 확보할 수 있을까? 기존의 최우량 지수작성 방식인 피셔 방식이나 Tornqvist 방식은 RPP를 추계할 때 제기되는 이러한 문제에 대처하기 어렵지만, CPD 방식은 데이터 처리에서 자의성을 배제하고 이행성도 확보할 수 있는 방식임을 보였다. 나아가 RPP와 각 지역의 물가지수 간의 일관성이 존재하기 위해서 어떤 조건이 필요한지를 검토하였으며, 역사 통계의 경우 그러한 조건을 현실적으로 충족하기 어려움을 보였다. 그리고 CPD 방식으로 물가지수의 추계가 가능한지도 검토하였는데, 데이터의 결락이 있거나 가중치에 변화가 있는 경우에 추계된 물가지수에 왜곡이 포함될 수 있음을 밝혔다. This paper is purposed to review the merit and the practical usability of country product dummies(CPD) method to estimate the regional price parity(RPP). Using the historical materials which have missing data as well as inconsistency, how can we estimate index without loss and artificial modification of data? And how can we guarantee the transitivity of index to compare prices among regions? While Fisher or Tornqvist method producing the superlative index cannot answer these questions in estimating the RPP, CPD is the method that can exclude the artificial handling of data and secure the transitivity of index. Additionally, this paper made clear under what conditions the consistency between the changes in price index of each region and the behavior over time of RPPs could exist. We also examined the possibility of using CPD method for estimating price index and found out that it may lead to the wrong outcome under the situation of unbalanced data.

산화분해촉매를 함유한 rPP/ZnO 나노컴포지트 유연식품포장필름 제조 및 물성 특성 연구

이진경,길보민,이동진,이익모,Lee, Jin-kyoung,Gil, Bo-min,Lee, Dong-jin,Lee, Ik-mo 한국포장학회 2018 한국포장학회지 Vol.24 No.1

본 연구에서는 수출 가능한 식품포장재로 pro-oxidant($d2w^{(R)}$)함유 rPP/ZnO 나노컴포지트 유연필름을 제조하였고, 이 산화분해 필름의 기계적 특성과 항균기능을 조사하였다. 산화분해필름은 일정조건의 열과 자외선 처리를 거친 후 특성분석으로 FT_IR, SEM, UTM, GPC를 측정하여 물성변화를 관찰하였다. 카보닐지수와 하이드록실지수에서 열과 자외선에 노출율이 많아질수록 수치는 상승하였다. 표면분석에서는 rPP/$d2w^{(R)}$/ZnO나노컴포지트 필름의 경우 표면이미지가 매끈하여 ZnO의 첨가가 고분자의 상용성을 향상시켰고, 열과 자외선차단효과로 분해를 감소시키는 효과로 작용하였다. 항균력시험에서는 그람음성균은 대장균으로 그람양성균은 황색포도상구균으로 항균력을 측정하였다. 결과로는, ZnO는 시험에 사용한 농도에서 3로그 이상의 미생물 감소율을 나타내었다. 그러나 유연 필름용으로는 ZnO의 농도가 높아질수록 투명도가 떨어지므로 사용에 제한이 있었다. rPP/$d2w^{(R)}$/ZnO가 함유한 시편에서 인장강도는 40% 상승하였고, 신율은 30% 감소되었다. ZnO를 첨가한 경우 기계적 물성상승과 열 안전성과 자외선차단성을 나타내었다. 산화분해능은 열 노출 $70^{\circ}C$ 온도에서 480시간 경과한 후, 자외선 조사로 72시간 노출 이후 시점의 분자량은 수평균분자량이 1,294 g/mol, 무게평균분자량이 5,920 g/mol로 분해되는 결과를 얻었다. 이것으로 UAE 5009:2009, ASTM 6954의 기준에 준한 필름을 제조할 수 있었다. 비교시편과 본 연구에서 제조한 산화분해필름의 분자량이 80.7%와 75.6% 감소한 결과를 얻음으로서, 자연 산화분해됨을 확인하였다. 식품포장재로서 안전성분석에서는 국내법 중 식품접촉플라스틱 폴리프로필렌의 기준에 적합하였다. In this study, pro-oxidant($d2w^{(R)}$) and rPP/ZnO nanocomposite flexible films for food packaging were prepared, and their mechanical and antimicrobial properties were investigated. As a result, the carbonyl index and hydroxyl index increased with exposured time to heat and UV rays. Surface analysis showed that the addition of zinc oxide improved the dispersibility and compatibility of the polymer, so that the surface of the composite film was smooth and the zinc oxide particles were smaller than the compared film. And it kept the physical properties by heat and UV ray blocking effect, and it worked to reduce decomposition. In the antimicrobial activity test, the microbial reduction rate was 3 logs or more at the use concentration of zinc oxide. The tensile strength was increased and the elongation was decreased. Oxidative degradability of multi-layered film in UV exposured for 72 hours, the molecular weight of the film decreased by 75.6%, 1,294 g/mol Mn and 5,920 g/mol Mw. In the safety analysis of food packaging materials, we obtained that are in standard of polypropylene, a food contact material of domestic law.

김제, 익산, 장수 지역의 토양 시료에서 테트라사이클린 내성 박테리아 다중약물 내성발생 및 RPP-tet 유전자검출

노그라도캐시린 ( Kathyleen Nogrado ),이지훈 ( Ji-hoon Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2020 No.-

Multi-drug resistance is another urgent concern raised with antibiotic resistance because it narrows the treatment option, extends ailment which might lead to death if get worsen. Incidentally, antibiotics consumed in large amounts by the agricultural sector has found its way to the environment like soil. This in turn affects functions and causes selective pressure to antibiotic resistance among microbial soil residents. This study determined multi-drug resistance by disk diffusion testing and detected four ribosomal protection (RPP)-tet genes by PCR among tetracycline-resistant bacterial isolates obtained from soils in three agricultural areas. A total of 110 tetracycline-resistant bacterial isolates were obtained and tested. Using disk diffusion, it was determined that 17/110 bacterial isolates were multi-drug resistant (resistant to erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline) and the majority was isolated from Gimje. Disk diffusion test also revealed different pattern of high resistance to individual antimicrobial: Gimje to tetracycline, Iksan to streptomycin, and Jangsu to erythromycin. This pattern could be reflective of which antibiotic is consumed in high amount in that area. On the other hand, PCR testing revealed that all four RPF-tet genes were detected m the culturable bacteria except tetO. PCR testing also revealed that a very small percentage (1.82%) carries 3 RPP tet genes, a slightly higher percentage (12.73%) carries two RPP-tet genes, and most bacterial isolates (31.82%) carries only one BPP-tet gene. The results or the two tests revealed that there were bacterial isolates that were phenotypically resistant but did not carry any of the four EPP-tet genes and also there were bacterial isolates phenotypically susceptible to tetracycline but carries one of the four RPP- tet genes. The former is explained by the presence of other tetracycline resistance gene determinant while the latter indicates that risk is not eliminated as the gene could still be transferred and expressed by other bacterial host. In 2017,a report on the rate of consumption of antibiotics in South Korea showed that tetracycline antibiotics have not been used since 2009; the results of this study could give information on the effect of the intervention applied concerning antibiotic resistance and agricultural health status in terms of the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes.

Genome-wide Identification and Expression Analyses of RPP13-like Genes in Barley

Jinjin Cheng,Hui Fan,Lin Li,Boyao Hu,Hongyun Liu,Zheng Liu 한국바이오칩학회 2018 BioChip Journal Vol.12 No.2

Plants have evolved a series of mechanisms to resist pathogens infection. The nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) family contains the largest number of plant disease resistance genes in plants. Recognition of Peronospora Parasitica 13-like (RPP13-like) genes belong to this superfamily and play important roles in the resistance of various plant diseases including the downy mildew caused by Peronospora parasitica. In this study, 21 RPP13-like genes were identified in barley via bioinformatics. These genes all contained CC, NB-ARC and LRR domains. The physical and chemical properties, chromosome locations, gene structures, protein motifs, 3D protein structures, and microarray based expression dynamics of these genes, as well as their phylogenetic relationship with other plant species were analyzed. Non-expression of MLOC_19262.1 was detected without pathogen infection. When barley was inoculated with the powdery mildew pathogenic fungus, the expression of MLOC_ 19262.1 reached a very high level, suggesting that this gene is an important and promising candidate resistance gene for further study. The two RPP13-like genes, MLOC_57007.2 and MLOC_5059.1 may be involved in barley regular or abiotic stress induced physiological metabolism in specific tissues or at specific developmental stages; furthermore, these functions may be associated with specific domains. These findings provided evidence for the functional diversity of plant pathogen resistance genes and will be helpful for the future characterization of the PRR 13-like gene subfamily.

HRT-mediated Turnip crinkle virus Resistance in Arabidopsis

Park, Jeong-Mee,Daniel F. Klessig The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2003 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.19 No.1

Turnip crinkle vims (TCV) inoculation onto resistant Arabidopsis ecotype Dijon(Di-17) leads to a hypersensitive response (HR) on the inoculated leaves. A dominant gene, HRT, which confers an HR to TCV, has been cloned from Di-17 plants by map-based cloning. HRT is a LZ-NBS-LRR class resistance gene and it belongs to a small gene family that includes RPP8, which confers resistance to Peronospora parasitica Emco5. Outside of the LRR region, HRT and RPP8 proteins share 98% amino acid identity while their LRR regions are less conserved (87% identity). HRT-transformed Arabidopsis plants developed an HR but generally remained susceptible to TCV due to a dominant RRT allele, which is not compatible with resistance. However, several transgenic plants that over-expressed HRT much higher than Di-l7 showed micro-HR or no HR when inoculated with TCV and were resistant to infection. Both the HR and resistance are dependent on salicylic acid but independent of NPRI, ethylene, or jasmonic acid. Arabidopsis plants containing both TCV coat protein gene and HRT developed massive necrosis and death in seedlings, indicating that the TCV coat protein is an avirulence factor detected by the HRT.

Effect of Difference in Warm-Up Intensity During 75%1RM Bench Press Exercise on Number of Repetitions, Total Work, and RPP

Jeong, Hwan Jong,Kim, Ki Hong The Institute of Internet 2021 International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting an Vol.13 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the intensity of warm-up exercise on the physiological response and exercise performance during resistance exercise. For this purpose, 8 male college students with at least 1 year of experience in resistance movement were selected. The warm-up condition was set to NON condition (preparatory exercise not performed), 3 set condition, 6 set condition, and 9 set condition, and the intensity was different for each set. After warm-up, 75% 1RM of main exercise was performed, and blood pressure and heart rate were measured immediately after exercise to measure RPP. The number of repetitions and total work for each condition were measured as the number of repetitions and momentum during the main exercise. The measured data were analyzed by repeated measures two-way ANOVA. As a result, although there was no difference in Rate Pressure Product according to the warm-up conditions, the number of repetitions and total amount of exercise showed the highest in the 3-set condition. Therefore, it is thought that the number and intensity of warm-up exercises should be set appropriately during resistance exercise, and warm-up of 3 sets or more during resistance exercise is thought to decrease exercise performance.

Electrohydraulic Pump-Driven Closed-Loop Blood Pressure Regulatory System

안재목,Ahn, Jae-Mok The Korean Society of Medical and Biological Engin 2007 의공학회지 Vol.28 No.4

An electrohydraulic (EH) pump-driven closed-loop blood pressure regulatory system was developed based on flow-mediated vascular occlusion using the vascular occlusive cuff technique. It is very useful for investigating blood pressure-dependant physiological variability, in particular, that could identify the principal mediators of renal autoregulation, such as tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) and myogenic (MYO), during blood pressure regulation. To address this issue, renal perfusion pressure (RPP) should be well regulated under various experimental conditions. In this paper, we designed a new EH pump-driven RPP regulatory system capable of implementing precise and rapid RPP regulation. A closed-loop servo-controlwas developed with an optimal proportional plus integral (PI) compensation using the dynamic feedback RPP signal from animals. An in vivo performance was evaluated in terms of flow-mediated RPP occlusion, maintenance, and release responses. Step change to 80 mmHg reference from normal RPP revealed steady state error of ${\pm}3%$ during the RPP regulatory period after PI action. We obtained rapid RPP release time of approximately 300 ms. It is concluded that the proposed EH RPP regulatory system could be utilized in in vivo performance to study various pressure-flow relationships in diverse fields of physiology, and in particular, in renal autoregulation mechanisms.

Tetracycline‑resistant bacteria and ribosomal protection protein genes in soils from selected agricultural fields and livestock farms

Nogrado Kathyleen,Unno Tatsuya,Hur Hor-Gil,Lee Ji-Hoon 한국응용생명화학회 2021 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.64 No.3

Antibiotic resistance in soil environment has eminently been compared and studied between agricultural and pristine soils, and the role of concentrated animal feeding operations has markedly been recognized as one of the major sources of antibiotic resistance. This study described the tetracycline resistance in small-scale farms in pursuit of presenting its possible role and contribution to the persistence of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Results of the study would render additional information on the occurrence of the ribosomal protection protein (RPP) tet genes among the isolated bacteria from the selected agricultural soils. Four tetracycline resistance and RPP genes were determined in two different agricultural soil settings. Both the culture and molecular method were used to determine and measure tetracycline resistance in soils from arable land and animal house. Results revealed a significantly higher number of culturable antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal houses than arable lands which was suggestive of higher antibiotic resistance in areas where there was direct administration of the antibiotics. However, quantification of the gene copy numbers in the agricultural soils indicated a different result. Higher gene copy number of tetO was determined in one animal house (IAH-3), while the two other tet genes tetQ and tetW were found to be higher in arable lands. Of the total 110 bacterial isolates, tetW gene was frequently detected, while tetO gene was absent in any of the culturable bacterial isolates. Principal component analysis of occurrence and gene copy number of RPP tet genes tetO, tetQ, and tetW also revealed highest abundance of RPP tet genes in the manure and arable soils. Another important highlight of this study was the similarity of the RPP tet genes detected in the isolated bacteria from the agricultural soils to the identified RPP tet genes among pathogenic bacteria. Some of the tetracycline-resistant bacterial isolates were also multidrug resistant as it displayed resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, and streptomycin using disk diffusion testing.

구성주의와 요체화를 통한 통전적 성서학습모형 탐구 ― RPP(Religionspädagogische Praxis) 교육방법에 따른 청소년 수련회 모형을 중심으로

이은경 한신대학교 한신신학연구소 2014 신학연구 Vol.51 No.1

Faith education is not only about teaching or, concretely, deli- vering the knowledge and content of Christian faith. Faith education is a so comprehensive process that it is more than a dimension of knowledge beyond what human cognition process can obtain. It is an integrative education where bodily and cognitive experience, com- munication and encounter take place. The study tries to seek for a methodology of biblical learning, with which learners can encounter the Bible face-to-face by themselves and actively express what they experience. For that purpose, the paper introduces the elementarization(Elementarisierung) theory and constructive pedagogy as the theoretical background of the integra- tive biblical learning, and it further examines in detail the RPP(Reli- gionspädagogische Praxis) which some scholars with catholic back- ground have recently developed. The notion of elemenarization(Elementarisierung), which semanti- cally implicates ‘essential’ and ‘core,’ means none other than ‘sim- plifying a content without overlooking the essential.’ The elemen- tarization theory understands teaching-learning process as interactive and bidirectional movement, and thus, as a theory of teaching and learning, it seeks for correspondence between the elementary struc- ture in content and the elementary experience in human life, as borrowed from Klafki’s terms, between the fundamental and the ele- mentary. Religionspädagogische Praxis(RPP), which is translated as Reli- gious-Pedagogical Praxis, is a methodology of church education aiming at “wholistic and sense-oriented education”(Ganzheitlich- sinnorientiert erziehen und bilden), which developed in Germany during 1972-1978. It is known as a child-centered eduction based upon the educational thoughts of Jean-Jacque Rousseau and Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi whose background was the German reforma- tional pedagogy, and it uses an inductive educational method started and developed from educational fields. This RPP belongs to a cate- gory of constructive methodology in that it modifies, supplements and reconstructs the acquired knowledge in its interaction with the environment. This study suggests as a model for integrative biblical learning a biblical learning example of youth camp. For, based upon the ele- mentarization theory and the constructivist pedagogy, it focuses upon symbols and experience, and the ground picture(das Bodenbild), which outwardly expresses them.