내현적 자기애 성향과 편집 성향 집단의 자기개념과 우울

김채영, 송현주 서울여자대학교 특수치료전문대학원 2018 심리치료: 다학제적 접근 Vol.18 No.1

본 연구는 내현적 자기애 성향과 편집 성향에 따라 집단을 구분하고 집단 간 자기개념과 우울을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구대상자는 만 19세–29세까지의 남녀 410명(남자205, 여자 205)이며 내현적 자기애 척도, 편집 척도, 자기개념 척도, 우울 척도를 사용하여 온라인 설 문을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서의 집단 구분 결과에 따르면 편집 성향과 내현적 자기애 성향 을 단독으로 가지고 있는 집단은 소수(편집5명, 내현적 자기애12명)였던 반면, 편집 성향과 내현적 자기애 성향 모두 가지고 있는 집단(75명)은 상대적으로 많게 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 내현적 자기애 성향과 편집 성향 모두 높은 집단과 모두 낮은 집단을 중심으로 결과를 분석하였고 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 내현적 자기애와 편집 성향이 모두 높은 집단에서 부정적인 자기개념과 우울감이 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 자기개념의 하위요인 중 내현 적 자기애 성향과 편집 성향을 가장 유의미하게 예측하는 요인을 확인하기 위해 단계적 회 귀 분석을 실시하였다. 편집 성향의 경우 정서안정성과 대인신뢰감이 낮을수록, 대인관계능 력과 자아존중감이 높을수록 편집 성향이 높은 것으로 예측되었다. 내현적 자기애 성향의 경우 정서안정성, 대인신뢰감, 문제해결능력이 낮을수록 내현적 자기애 성향을 높게 예측하 는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 종합해 보았을 때, 내현적 자기애 성향과 편집 성향은 낮은 정서안정성과 대인신뢰감이라는 공통된 특성을 공유하고 있으며, 이와 관련하여 내현 적 자기애 성향이 높을수록 편집 성향이 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 내현적 자기애와 편집성향의 치료나 상담 시에 두 성향의 관련성과 동반 상승 정도를 염두 에 두고 함께 다루는 것이 유용할 수 있음을 시사한다. This research aimed to separate groups according to covert narcissistic tendencies and paranoid tendencies and to compare self-concept between the groups. To conduct the study, male and female adults aged between 19 and 29(male, 205 female, 205) were recruited. The participants were divided into different groups based on scores of paranoid scale and covert narcissism scale. In this study, there were fewer people in the group with only paranoid tendencies or covert narcissistic tendencies than group with both paranoid tendencies and covert narcissistic tendencies ( paranoid tendencies 5, narcissistic tendencies 12) The results were analyzed by focusing on the group that had high level in both covert narcissistic tendencies and paranoid tendencies and the group with low level of them. The major results of this research are summarized as follows: First, covert narcissistic tendencies and paranoid tendencies, the higher group showed lower self-concept and higher depression. Second, stepwise regression analysis was performed to identify sub-factors of self-concept that predicted covert narcissistic tendencies and paranoid tendencies the most significantly. From paranoid tendencies, showed that lower emotional stability and interpersonal reliability and the higher the interpersonal skills and self-esteem could predict higher the paranoid tendencies. As for covert narcissistic tendencies, estimated that low emotional stability, interpersonal reliability, and problem-solving skills could highly predict covert narcissistic tendencies. According to this study, narcissistic tendencies and paranoid tendencies shared common characteristics of lower emotional stability and interpersonal reliability. Also, it could be possible that the two groups may have positive correlation in the scores of the tendencies. As there were more people with both covert narcissistic tendencies and paranoid tendencies than single type, it is necessary to conduct research about characteristics of the group with high levels of the both tendencies and proper therapeutic intervention. As a result, treatment or consultation could be helpful to consider the correlation between covert narcissism and paranoid tendencies and the level of synergistic effect.

중년기 부부의 편집증과 심리치료 - 도널드 위니캇의 이론을 중심으로 -

임미숙 한국실천신학회 2016 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.51

인간발달 과정에서 중년기는 성인 초기의 지식과 경험을 바탕으로 하여 가정적, 사회적, 경제적으로 더욱 안정된 위치에서 생산적으로 일하게 되는 시기이다. 이 중년기에 자신의 지나온 삶을 되돌아보고 자신의 존재에 대하여 생각하게 되며 자존심, 실패감, 경제적 위기감과 같은 중년의 위기를 겪게 되고, 그에 따라 수면 패턴의 변화, 식욕감퇴, 성생활에 대한 관심의 저하와 염려가 나타난다. 이때 중년기 부부에게는 의심증이라는 이른바 편집증이 서서히 고개를 들기 시작한다. 특히 중년기에서의 편집증은 개인이 중년기에 이르기까지 외부적인 가치를 추구하면서 많은 에너지를 소비하게 되고, 또한 중년기에 이르기까지 외부적인 가치를 추구해왔다고 보아야 한다. 그 반면에 자신의 내면 가치를 이루지 못한 것이라는 무의식의 신호에 의해 점점 피곤하고, 쉬고 싶은 생각이 강하고, 그리고 무기력이나 절망의 상태로 빠지게 된 데서 비롯되는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이런 점을 고려하여 본 논문에서는 도널드 위니캇(D. W. Winnicott) 이론이 중년기 부부의 편집증의 극복에 도움이 되는지를 연구한다. 중년기 부부의 편집증은 중년기에 발병하기 쉬운 증상으로서 노인성 편집증과는 그 증상적인 측면에서 다른 매우 특이한 점이 있다는 점에 초점을 두어 연구한 것이다. 특히 이 편집증, 즉 의처증이나 의부증은 중년기 부부에게는 자기실현과 관련하여 가장 큰 심리적인 상처가 됨에 주목한 것이다. 이들의 상처가 잘못되는 경우에는 결혼생활의 파탄으로까지 이어질 수 있다는 점을 고려하여 연구자는 중년기 부부의 편집증적인 증상을 분석하고 파악하고자 시도했다. In human development, middle aged is a time to work productively in a more stable position in homey, social and economic, based on the knowledge and the experience of early adulthood. In this middle-aged, people reflect on their own past lives, think about their own existence, and undergo a mid-life crisis such as self-esteem, failure, or economic crisis. Accordingly, they have a sleep pattern change, a loss of appetite, a loss of interest in sex, and an anxiety. At this time, middle-aged couples slowly begin to show suspicion symptom so-called paranoid. Individuals consume a lot of energy while seeking external value when they grow up to middle aged. On the other hand, the unconscious signal sends a message that they did not achieve their inner worth. Therefore they are getting tired, strongly feel like resting, and fall into a state of helplessness and of despair. Paranoid, especially in middle-aged seems to be derived from this. Considering this, in this paper, it is studied whether Winnicott's theory is helpful to overcome the paranoid of middle-aged couples. The paranoid of middle-aged couples is a symptom which easily occurs in middle aged. It shows very unique symptom which is different from senile paranoid. This research is focused on it. Indeed, the paranoid, that is a morbid suspicion about one’s wife’s or husband's chastity, is the biggest psychological wounds which is related to the self-realization of middle-aged couples. If goes wrong, it could lead to the collapse of marriage. Considering this, the researcher tries to analyze and to understand the symptoms of paranoid of middle-aged couples.

The Mobius Strip of Paranoid and Depression in the Name of Motherhood

정윤길 한국동서비교문학학회 2024 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.67

This paper delves into the psychological exploration of motherhood in Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night and Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie. The paper analyzes the characters of Mary Tyrone and Amanda Wingfield through the lens of Melanie Klein’s object relations theory, specifically focusing on the paranoid-schizoid position to unravel the intricate web of psychological struggles faced by these female protagonists. The progression from the paranoid-schizoid to the depressive position represents a maturation of emotional capacities. By examining the complex web of psychological struggles faced by the female protagonists, centered on the intricacies of their past traumas, family relationships, and coping mechanisms, this study reveals that they have not fully passed through this stage of emotional maturity, which has led to their internal conflicts and fantasies. Through a comparative analysis, the paper highlights the divergences in how Mary and Amanda navigate their internal conflicts and construct illusions to shield themselves from harsh realities. This allows us to know that Mary’s internal conflicts are deeply rooted in familial ties and past traumas, whereas Amanda constructs elaborate illusions to shield herself from the harshness of the external world. The exploration of these characters provides insights into the multifaceted nature of the paranoid-schizoid position and its manifestation in diverse ways across individuals. The study also touches on themes of escapism, fantasy, societal expectations, and the interplay of projection and introjection within the family dynamic. Overall, the paper offers a deep and nuanced examination of motherhood, mental health, and the complexities of human relationships in the works.

라이트노벨과 미성년 욕망의 매커니즘

이선경(李宣慶) 동북아시아문화학회 2018 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.56

This article examines the juvenile desiring mechanism of Light Novel centered on the analysis of Isin Nisio’s works. Given the prolific Light Novel creating almost 20 years, Nisio’s works are emblematic of Light Novel and its mechanism. Light Novel, one of the representative genres of Otaku subculture, is operated by two desire in regard to juveniles: one is the desire to stay the position of juvenile as a subject and the other is to posses the other juveniles as objects. What’s important here is that the gender identity of juvenile subject of Otaku subculture is male, in other words, they desire to be boys to obtain girls. Even if they are no longer juveniles in actual ages, they would like to stay the position of boys as ever. Within the mechanism in regard to juveniles, Otaku subculture has secured their contents users almost 40 years. From the psychoanalytical point of view, especially in terms of the Melanie Klein’s theory, Light Novel may be viewed that they stay the early stage of Oedipus, to be concrete, between the paranoid-schizoid position and the depressive position. The juvenile subjects repeat the progress and the regression between those two positions. In Nisio’s Light Novel, the progress to the depressive position is presented by misogyny: the cliché sexualising of girls, which is a sort of literacy of Otaku subculture, reproduces at Nisio’s works. Meanwhile, the regression towards the paranoid-schizoid position is expressed as desire for degrowth and they show solidarity in their Otaku community. At the same time, however, they express anxiety about being adults and being influenced by their older generation, especially the influence by their senior writers. That anxious identity revels the position of Light Novel as a new form of Literature.

영화 『더 파더(The Father)』를 통한 애도의 정신분석적 이해

김수현,안은숙,유재학 한국정신분석학회 2023 精神分析 (Psychoanalysis) Vol.34 No.4

Mourning has been an important theme in the history of psychoanalysis. Life is interrupted by a series of losses and mourning. This paper attempts a psychoanalytic analysis of various mourning responses to losses in the film “The Father,” which details the inner life of a character who loses his memory due to dementia and the characters facing their own or others’ aging and death. The following are the main findings of this study: 1) Anne’s mourning over her separation from her father Anthony can be understood as aggressive phantasies and ambivalence; 2) Anthony’s mourning over his separation from Anne shows the process of moving from a paranoid-schizoid position to a depressive position; 3) Anthony’s mourning over his aging and death shows a narcissistic collapse; and 4) Anthony’s mourning over Lucy’s death is an example of an unmourned loss. There are also therapeutic implications for therapists working with patients in the mourning stage.

심리적 측면에서 살펴본 이반(Иван) 4세의 분노와 폭력성

이규영 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2020 외국학연구 Vol.- No.53

This study examines Ivan IV's anger and violence from a psychological point of view. In the premodern political environment of Russia in the 16th century, the brutal violence of Ivan IV was also the product of the confrontation between the royal power and the retainer. However the lists of ‘Sinodik Opal'nyh’ show that his violent disposition is not just a matter of political conflict. Specifically We reviewed his correspondences to look at his personality such as the feeling of anger. The specific style of the text of Ivan IV reflected not only his emotions but also his real lifestyle. Ivan IV's letters reveal his ideology for power, sense of betrayal, anger, sadness and loneliness. Ivan IV's capricious life attitude was cunning and intentional. His violence was not a momentary feeling of agitation, but a defense mechanism against those who invading the world of imagination he built. It would have been difficult for ordinary people of that era to grasp the spiritual world of Ivan IV, who apparently carried out his everyday life. However, when the symptoms of Ivan IV are diagnosed from a modern psychoanalytic point of view, it seems clear that the phenomena surrounding him are paranoid. It is because Ivan IV lived in the real world and the closed world of his own imagination at the same time. Arbitrary and persistent enumeration of controversial subjects in church history, adult puppet-like clown play, and the asceticism of suffering and anti-human obscene acts are the result of Ivan IV's living in two worlds.

멜라니 클라인의 대상관계이론 관점에서 본 놀이치료 임상사례 연구

장정은 ( Jung Eun Jang ) 한국목회상담학회 2015 목회와 상담 Vol.25 No.-

In this paper, a clinical case of play therapy is presented through the lens of Melanie Klein’s Object Relations Theory, which even today is often used as a key approach to the psychoanalytic play therapy with children. Klein considered the play of children as equivalent to free association of adults. In a reliable and safe environment with child analysts, children can project their inner stories and express them without resistance by using play figures through which their own unconscious representations and conflicts are discovered. They can also re-experience past events that have affected their lives. Reliving these through play therapy can weaken their influence on the children’s psyches. In this clinical case, which lasted for around three years, a 7 year-old boy reenacted through play a traumatic event and a series of unfortunate consequences. This reenactment was closely related to his need to master his own traumatic experiences. He was able to control his anxiety and aggressiveness by bringing his inner object relations and conflicts into the play, which allowed him to step into the unresolved developmental path from a paranoid-schizoid position to a depressive position. In the beginning, he separated toy figures into good guys and bad guys, which symbolized dichotomous thinking in his mind. Through the intervention of play therapy, he was able to attain the mental capacity that made it possible for him to have a whole object relationship. This argument illuminates that play is an area where meanings are created and possibilities are brought into being. Pastoral counseling can be called a form of play whose area is filled with religious symbols and resources. The representative resource for the play of pastoral counseling and care is the Bible, into whose stories and figures clients can transfer their own inner problems. They can have the opportunity not only to find their own inner object relations through the stories but also to realize a new alternate way to resolve their own psychological problems. The therapeutic process of play therapy can provide a methodological guideline for pastoral counselors to build up their own identity.

분열의 통합공간으로서 목회상담

홍순아,강혜정 한국실천신학회 2018 신학과 실천 Vol.0 No.62

요즘 한국 대중문화 현상을 대표하는 핵심어 중 하나는 ‘여혐’과 ‘남혐’으로, 이는 ‘여성혐오’와 ‘남성혐오’의 줄인 말이다. 타자 성(gender)을 격하게 혐오하는 여성혐오 가 형성하는 강력한 연대감의 근저에는‘전적으로 좋음(all good)’과 ‘전적으로 나쁨(all bad)’의 분열기제가 깔려있다. 본 연구는 멜라니 클라인(Melanie Reizes Klein)의 두 자리 이론을 토대로 ‘편집-분열자리’에서의 분열이 외현화되어 나타나는 여성혐오에 대해 조명하고, ‘우울자리’에서의 통합과정을 통해 서로가 소통해 나갈 수 있는 방안 을 모색하고자 한다. 극단적 혐오주의 안에 나타나는 분열로 인해 형성된 간극 (interval)이 빠져죽는 틈(gap)으로서가 아니라, 담고 담기는 살리는 공간(space)으로의 변모 가능성을 제기하는 것이다. 여성혐오가 파편화된 부분대상 관계에서 전체대상 관계로 그 지평이 확장되는 우울자리에 이르면 통합이라는 창조적 공간이 펼쳐지게 된다. 그롯슈타인은 정신분석적이고 인식론적인 측면에서 인간의 내재된 초월성에 대 해 말하고, 편집-분열자리와 우울자리 너머에 어떤 자리가 있다는 것을 제안한다. ‘이는 초월적 자리’로서 목회상담은 은혜의 흔적을 가진 공간(space)이라 할 수 있다. 멸 절될 것 같은 자신의 내적 불안이 끊임없이 투사된 혐오의 화살촉들이 십자가의 사랑 으로 녹아져 내리기까지 목회상담의 공간은 확장되어져야 한다. 이천년 전 예수님이 ‘이미’ 이루신 통합을 주님 다시 오실 그날까지 ‘아직은’ 분열된 세상의 회복을 위해 적어도 목회상담자로서 우리가 가진 분깃의 몫을 감당할 필요를 가진다. Recently, in Korea, there is an emerging term Yeohyum –abbreviation meaning female-directed hatred- as one of the key words representing a state of Korean popular culture. Popularly created and consumed, this hatred discourse serves to give rise to social atmosphere that takes hostility and violence toward female for granted. At the bottom of strong misogynic solidarity supported by intense hatred of the other gender lies a splitting mechanism that attempts to separate‘all good’from‘all bad.’ Based on Melanie Klein’s theory of dual positions, this study seeks to shed lights on misogyny coming from externalization of splitting in the paranoid-schizoid position, as well as to find a way to facilitate communication with one another through the integration process in the depressive position. This means to propose a possibility to shift the interval developed by splitting within extreme misogyny, from rather than a gap to sink into and die in, to a life-giving space of containing and being contained. With misogyny drawn near to the depressive position where fragmented, partial object relations expand their horizon toward whole object relations, a creative space of integration begins to emerge. In a word, this study, from the perspectives of both the object relations theory and pastoral counseling, is on the journey from splitting in misogyny to integration being self and other together. Furthermore, James Grotstein’s concept of the transcendent position embracing Bion’s concept of ‘O’ provides a new horizon for pastoral counseling. Joseph, standing before God, is suggested as the biblical person in the transcendent position beyond Klein’s dual positions. The transcendent or spiritual position provides new horizon for pastoral counselors to tolerate the state of‘already but not yet’with clients, the seekers for basileia.

시기심에 대한 Melanie Klein의 정신분석학적 고찰

임선미 ( Lim Sun-mi ) 한국정신분석심리상담학회 2020 정신분석심리상담(구 정신역동치료) Vol.3 No.-

클라인(Melanie Klein)은 시기심에 대하여 인간이 태어날 때부터 가지고 있는 매우 원초적인 특성이며, 모든 원시적인 정신과정 중에 서 가장 파괴적인 것으로 보았다. 시기심을 인간이 타고난 공격성의 하나라고 여겼으며, 어머니의 젖가슴에서 시기심이 기인한다고 보았다. 시기심의 문제점은 나쁜 대상을 향한 증오와는 달리 좋은 대 상을 파괴하므로, 좋은 대상과 나쁜 대상의 구분을 무너뜨리고, 그 결과로 박해 불안과 공포가 더욱 증가한다는 점이다. 즉, 시기심은 희망의 가능성을 파괴한다. 그러나 좋은 젖가슴의 상실은 유아로부터 회복하려는 충동을 발생하게 하는데, 손상되지 않고 원래의 상태로 대상을 완전하게 복구하는 회복 충동은 비통함과 죄책감을 극복 하게 하면서 감사와 통합의 단계로 접어들게 한다. 본 논문은 일상 생활에서 다양한 모습으로 우리의 삶에 영향을 주는 감정인 시기심을 클라인의 이론을 중심으로 한 정신분석학적 관점에서 바라보고, 먼저 정신활동 부분에서는 환상과 공격성, 편집 분열적 자리, 우울 적 자리에 대해, 그리고 시기심이 발생하는 원인과 시기심을 극복할 수 있는 방법을 살펴보았다. Melanie Klein considered that envy is the most primitive of human births and the most destructive of all primitive mental processes. She regarded envy as one of the natural aggression of man is due to mother's breast. Unlike hate toward bad objects, the problem with envy is that it destroys good objects, and it breaks down the distinction between good and bad objects resulting in more persecution anxiety and fear. In other words, envy destroys the possibility of hope. But the loss of good breasts leads to the urge to recover from the infant, and the impulse to restore the object to its original state intactly, leads to a stage of gratitude and integration, overcoming bitterness and guilt. In this paper, I look at envy from a psychoanalytic perspective based on Melanie Klein's theory about the envy that affects our lives in various ways in everyday life, and first of all, in the mental activity section, I examined the fantasy, aggression, paranoid-schizoid position and depressive position, and the causes of envy and how to overcome it.

Developmental Mourning Process in Job’s Suffering: Psychoanalytic Reading of the Book of Job

장정은 한국목회상담학회 2014 목회와 상담 Vol.23 No.-

In this paper, Job’s suffering is read through the lens of the developmental mourning process theorized by Freud and Klein who are both psychoanalytic theorists. For Freud, morning means finding out a new object which can substitute the lost object. But, later, he talked about the requisite internalization of the lost object for the healthy inner structure which is one of the characteristics of melancholia. Klein understood mourning process as the positive internalization of the lost object and the re-establishment of the internal good objects using her extraordinary concept of positions, paranoid-schizoid position, and depressive position. The book of Job can be analyzed in terms of this developmental mourning process through which Job lost a perfect God who provides perfect love and security to those who observe religious laws and customs, but, instead, he was able to restore the good internal objects with a new conception of God.