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關於南宋時代南渡人的考察 - 以對兩浙路經濟上的影響中心 -
金容完 전북사학회 2018 전북사학 Vol.0 No.53
南宋時代에는 北方에 거주하고 있던 사람들 중 상당수가 대규모로 고향을 버리고 江을 건너 남쪽으로 이주하였다. 이런 사람들을 南渡人이라고 부른다. 남송시대 北人의 南渡는 南宋 초기 宋 皇室이 南渡할 당시, 南宋과 金이 대치하던 시기 그리고 金이 망하고 南宋과 蒙古가 대치하던 시기에 집중적으로 이루어졌는데 그 중에서 규모가 가장 컸던 시기는 남송 초기였다. 北方의 移住民들이 南渡한 후 定着한 곳은 廣東 · 廣西 · 福建 · 江西 · 湖南 · 湖北 · 兩浙 등의 南方 각지였다. 그러나 정치 · 경제 · 지리적인 요인 때문에 兩浙에 가장 많은 수가 정착하였다. 南渡人들은 兩浙의 정치 · 경제 · 문화 등 각 방면에 커다란 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 경제의 발전에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 즉 南渡人들의 流入으로 兩浙은 農業 · 手工業 · 商業 · 飲食業 등이 전례를 찾아 볼 수 없을 정도로 발전하였고, 建築業과 運輸業 등도 그러하였으며, 도시 또한 크게 번영하였다. 南渡人들의 流入은 양절의 경제를 한 단계 발전시키는 요인이었지만 사회 질서를 파괴시키는 요인으로도 작용하였다. Considerable number of residents who had resided in the northern area immigrated to the southern area across the river leaving their hometown in the Southern Sung Dynasty. Those people are so-called as Nan-Tu-Jen(南渡人). The immigration of northerners to the southern area tended to be intensive at the time of imperial family’s move to the south area during Northern Sung Dynasty and at the time of confrontation between the Southern Sung Dynasty and Mongolia. The largest immigration occurred in the early years of the Southern Sung Dynasty. Most of the immigrants from the northern area settled down in various places like Guǎngdōng(廣東), Guǎngxī(廣西), Fújiàn(福建), jiāngxi(江西), Húnán(湖南), Húběi(湖北) and liǎngzhè(兩浙) widely located in southern area. The largest number of immigrants moved into liǎngzhè(兩浙) because of political, economic and geographical factors. Nan-Tu-Jen(南渡人) had great influence on politics, economy and culture of liǎngzhè(兩浙). They particularly had tremendous influence on economic development in this area. Unprecedented development in agriculture, manual industry, trade and food industry was possible from inflow of Nan-Tu-Jen. The city of liǎngzhè(兩浙) also flourished in construction and transportation industry. The immerse inflow of Nan-Tu-Jen(南渡人) immigrants played a positive factor which took the local economy to next level but also played a negative element which destructed the social order.
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이성배(Lee Sung-bae) 湖西史學會 2011 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.60
The adoption of the governing policy focused on civil administration had greatly contributed to the prosperity of literary and noble people in the period of the Northern Sung Dynasty. With the sense of responsibility and ideals, these people took the lead in the area of literature and arts during the period. In particular, their works and interest were mostly concentrated on paintings in the literary artist's style and calligraphic works dedicated to expressing their thoughts. As King Taejong, who had great interest in calligraphic works, published "Sunghawgakcheop (淳化閣帖)", at the early Northern Sung period, a trend to consider the calligraphic style developed by Wang Xizhi and his son important had been widely established among literary people. The calligraphic style of the period was evolved again during the period of King Injong, Sinjong, Cheoljong and Hwijong, trying to interpret the notion of old style freshly and even more emphasizing the importance of individuality and faith. Gu Yangsu (1007~1072), Chae Yang (1012~1067), So Sik (1036~1101, Hwang Jeonggyeon (1045~1105) and Mi Bul (1051~1107) were among the most representative figures who had lead such changes. They not only discussed and mentioned about calligraphic works and the four precious things of the study in their poetry and prose, Ganchals (Letters) and Jebalmuns (postscript) but also collected, appreciated and possessed them enthusiastically. As they did, the literary and noble class in Song Dynasty took calligraphy and the four precious things as the subjects of discourse and considered them as a method of communication. As a result of that, a new semantic structure for paintings and calligraphic works and the four precious objects was created. The people's interest in the four objects of the study was generally considered to have been established during the period of Sung Dynasty. Among many records, Munbangsabo written by So I Gan (957~995) was thought to be a kind of technical book that provided information about the notion of the four precious objects at that time as well as the development process before and after the period. These works and literatures indicate that the taste of literary people in calligraphic tools have been diversified and grown professionally.
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朴眞奭(Park, Jin-Seok) 백산학회 2004 白山學報 Vol.- No.68
The internation trades of Sung and Koryo had two kinds, in field of nation to mation base and private level. After in the year of 962, Koryo and Sung had official contacts, and repeated the open and closed political situations. The two-nation maintained official deplomacy by tributary system and retarn courtesy named Sa-Mul. And we can find the non-government trades between two nations, therefore the Sung’s merchant’s launching to Koryo were increased And they made a political and deplomatic roles. But even though, the frade-goods were luxulies of ruling class, the relation ships were useful to two nations in political and cultural status. The routes of trade were two directions, in south & north. The northern route made use of Shantung peninsula from Dung-Jou, and Sea-side of Korean peninsula. On the other hand, the southern route put to practical use of crossing Yellow sea from port Ye Sung to Ming-Jou.
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한국중세사학회 2009 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.26
<P>This is a study on people"s conception on the Kitan Liao and jin dynasty during the early Goryeo dynasty. All terminologies on the Kitan Liao, Jin dynasty, Kitai tribes and Jurchens were gathered and analyzed in their meaning. Kitai tribes had built the Kitan Liao in 907, Jurchens had built Jin dynasty in 1115.</P><P> At the beginning of the founding country, Goryeo had conception that the Kitan and Jurchen tribes are barbaric and culturally declasse. Sung dynasty by Hans was the real anna in their Conception. But the two dynasties had been powerful in "Chinese World". Goryeo dynasty had to establish diplomatic relations with the Kitan Liao after intrusion of the Kitan in 993, and with Jin in 1126. In this period, Goryeo was a tributary, and the Kitan Liao and Jin were investitures. Was it possible that they regarded two investiture nations as a savage?</P><P> Instead of being hostile to the Kitan and Jurchen, ordinary people including the king and ruling party of Goryeo allowed two nations as a investiture. But some still considered Jin as a savage just as Myochung. Goryeo was impressed with the Kitan"s brilliant and elaborate culture, so that it became popular regardless of a prohibition order. Their previous recognition on the Kitan Liao and Jin had changed.</P><P> However they never represented the two dynasties as China[中國, 中華], that is the center of Sinocentrism. Despite of a break or diplomatic relations with Sung, Goryeo considered it as the real China.</P>
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關於南宋時代南渡人的貢獻硏究 -以對兩浙文化和風俗的影響中心-
김용완 ( Kim Yong Wan ) 충남대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 인문학연구 Vol.57 No.3
南宋時代에는 北方에 거주하던 주민의 상당수가 江을 건너 南方으로 移住하였다. 이런 사람들을 南渡人이라 칭한다. 南渡人들이 定着한 곳은 廣東· 廣西· 福建· 江西· 湖南· 湖北· 兩浙등의 南方各地였다. 그러나 정치적 · 경제적 · 지리적인 요인 때문에 양절에 가장 많은 수가 정착하였다. 남도인들은 양절 지역의 각 방면에 커다란 영향을 미쳤다. 특히 정치 · 사상 · 문학 · 예술 · 종교 · 방언 방면에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 이 지역의 복식과 節日風俗에도 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 양절지역에서는 남송시대에 들어와서 사람이 죽었을 때 화장을 하는 풍조가 생겨났는데 이는 남도인의 유입에서 기인한 것이었다. 이 지역에서는 이 시기에 상업 경영에 종사하는 자의 수가 급증하였고, 사치를 하는 풍조도 성행하였는데 이 또한 남도인의 유입과 밀접한 관련이 있다. This thesis is concerned with the study of Nan-Du-Ren during the Southern Sung Dynasty. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1. During the Southern Sung Dynasty the people in the northern area migrated to various places like Guangdong(廣東), Guangxi(廣 西), Fujian(福建), jiangxi(江西), Hunan(湖南), Hubei(湖北) and liangzhe(兩浙) widely located in southern area. The largest number of immigrants moved into liangzhe because of political, economic and geographical factors. 2. Nan-Du-Ren have had a lot of influence in many areas of liangzhe. They particularly have had a great impact on the politics, ideology, literature, art, religion and dialect in liangzhe area. Nan-Du-Ren also have had a great impact on Clothing and its ornaments, holiday, Cremation method, the extravagance tendency and tendency of business management.
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방병선 ( Byung Sun Bang ) 한국불교미술사학회 ( 구 한국미술사연구소 ) 2010 강좌미술사 Vol.35 No.-
이 논문은 오대·북송 요주요의 제작기술을 살펴보고 그 기술의 혁신과 전파의 고찰을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 먼저 요주요와 관련된 문헌사료와 발굴보고서, 연구 논저 등과 중국 국내 외 수장된 작품을 검토하여 요주요의 원료와 성형, 장식과 문양, 번조기술 등을 살펴보았다. 다음으로 요주요의 기술적 혁신의 양상과 인근 섬서와 하남을 비롯해서 멀리 광서와 산서에 이르기까지 범요주요계를 이루며 기술이 전파되었음을 파악하였다. 기술적 혁신으로는 초벌구이와 다충시유, 천청색 유색, 화조의 사용, 통풍도와 灰坑을 설치한 만두가마, 석탄 연료의 사용, 전면시유와 支釘 사용, 인화와 각화 등의 다양한 장식기법, 도범사용 등에 대해 고찰하였다. 끝으로 요주요의 제작기술이 고려청자에 미친 영향에 대해 초벌구이와 천청색 유색, 전면시유와 지정사용, 인화 장식과 陶範 사용, 도류호와 같은 성형 기법의 유사성 등에 관해 논의하였다. This paper aimed at the investigation of the innovation and spread of the celadon producing techniques of Yaozhou kiln during the five dynasty and the northern Sung dynasty. First I examined the materials, motifs, forms, decoration and firing techniques of Yaozhou kiln based on not only the historic records and the excavation reports but also Yaozhou ceramics, excavated and collected in the home and abroad museums. Next how the technical innovations of Yaozhou kiln happened were surveyed. The biscuit firing, multi glazing, sky blue color, use of firing temperature mark, air dud arid ash pit of the Mantou kiln, use of coal fuel, full glazing and quartz spur supports, moulding and incising decoration were examined. And the techniques of Yaozhou kiln were supposed to spread to the neighboring Shanxi and Henan kilns, even Guangdong and Guangxi kilns. They formed the group of the pan-Yaozhou kilns. Finally I argued that the techniques of Yaozhou kiln had influence on the Koryo kilns; especially biscuit firing, multi glazing, sky blue color, full glazing and use of quartz spur supports, moulding and incising decoration.
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