67 kW급 농업용 트랙터의 엔진 부하율 분석

백승윤(Seung-Yun Baek),김완수(Wan-Soo Kim),백승민(Seung-Min Baek),전현호(Hyeon-Ho Jeon),박수한(Su-Han Park),김진식(Jin-Sik Kim),유철(Chul Yoo),김용주(Yong-Joo Kim) 대한기계학회 2022 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.46 No.3

본 연구는 국가 배출량 산정을 위한 기초연구로써 67 kW급 농업용 트랙터의 엔진 부하율을 분석하기 위하여 수행되었다. 엔진 출력은 부하 계측 시스템을 통해 계측한 엔진 CAN(controller area network) 데이터를 통해 계산하였다. 주요 농작업은 주로 중형 마력급 트랙터로 수행되는 플라우 경운, 로터리 경운, 필드 및 도로 주행 작업으로 선정하였으며, 필드시험은 작업 단수 및 초기 엔진 회전속도를 주요 변수로 고려하여 수행하였다. 부하율은 작업 중 발생하는 엔진 출력과 엔진 정격 출력의 비로 계산하였으며, 사용 비율에 따른 가중치(플라우 경운: 35.1%, 로터리 경운: 39.8%, 필드 및 도로 주행: 25.1%)를 적용하였다. 엔진 부하율은 플라우 경운 작업, 로터리 경운 작업, 필드 및 도로 주행 작업 조건에서 각각 평균 0.85, 0.93, 0.32로 나타났으며, 통합 엔진 부하율은 가중치를 적용하여 0.75로 계산되었다. 이는 현행 적용되고 있는 부하율인 0.48 대비 약 1.56배 더 높은 것으로 나타났다. This study aims to analyze the engine load factor of a 67 kW agricultural tractor to calculate national emission. Engine power was calculated using engine CAN data measured by the load measurement system. Plow tillage, rotary tillage and driving (field and road) operations were selected as major agricultural operations, and the field test was conducted considering the gear stage and initial engine rotational speed as major variables. The engine load factor was calculated as the ratio of the engine power during operations and the engine rated power, and a weight factor according to the usage ratio (plow tillage: 35.1%, rotary tillage: 39.8%, driving operation: 25.1%) was applied. The engine load factor was 0.85, 0.93, and 0.32 on average in plow tillage, rotary tillage, and driving operations. The integrated engine load factor was calculated as 0.75. This was found to be about 1.56 times higher than the conventional engine load factor of 0.48.

병원건물 냉열원장비 용량의 적정성 평가를 위한 실태 조사연구

김세환(Kim Se-Hwan),김삼열(Kim Sam-Uel) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.3

The basic factors determining the amount of energy used in hospital buildings are weather conditions and building factors. But the real energy consumer is central plant equipments such as boilers and chillers that produce thermal energy for heating and cooling. Inaccurate decision of the primary equipment's size can cause a high initial-cost, an excessive equipment space, a wasted energy by low operation-efficiency and shortening of the machine's life. In this reason, the decision of optimal size for a central plant equipment is very important. There are several factors for the decision such as an operating factor, a factor(equipment factor), piping losses and a simultaneous usage factor applied in the sizing process except a basic cooling load. But there is no standard method for applying those factors. Usually, factors are applied individually by an experience or custom of each engineer. In this study, the authors emphasize the meaning and the problem of those factors, examine them by analyzing factors which were applied to actual practices, and propose the recommendation value of safety, load, operation factors and application methods.

업무용 건물에서의 냉열원 장비용량 적정성 평가를 위한 조사연구

김세환,김동규 대한건축학회 2007 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.23 No.8

The basic factors determining the amount of energy used in office buildings are the weather conditions and building factors. But the real energy consumer is central plant equipment such as boilers and chillers that produce thermal energy for heating and cooling. Inaccurate decision of the primary equipment's size can cause a high initial-cost, an excessive equipment space, a wasted energy by low operation-efficiency and shortening of the machine's life.In this reason, the decision of optimal size for a central plant equipment is very important. There are several factors for the decision such as an orientating factor, a safety factor(equipment factor), piping losses and simultaneous usage factor applied in the sizing process except a basic cooling load. But there is no standard method for applying those factors. Usually, factors are applied individually by experience or custom of each engineer.In this study, the authors emphasize the meaning and the problem of those factors, examine them by analyzing factors which was applied to actual practices, and propose the recommendation value of safety, load, operation factors and application methods.

상암 DMC 지역냉방 냉열사용량 분석에 의한 실제 부하율 예측

류동원(Dong-Won Lyu),정주현(Ju-Hyun Jeong),고명준(Myeong-Jun Ko),허진혁(Jin-Huek Hur),문승재(Seung-Jae Moon),이재헌(Jae-Heon Lee),유호선(Hoseon Yoo),이창준(Changjun Lee),김진배(Jinbae Kim) 대한설비공학회 2011 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.7

In order to estimate the capacity increase of cooling plant for the case of saturated occupancy in Sangam DMC, various load factors including diversity factor are analyzed based on the user data during summer season in 2010. The loss rate between supply and demand sides is also evaluated. The most meaningful results include that the predicted diversity factor and loss rate are found to be 0.67 and 0.03, respectively. Further studies, e.g. multi-year data analysis and alternative cooling load-occupancy rate relation, are needed for determining more reasonable load factors.

엔진 부하율에 따른 트랙터 경운 작업 시 배기가스 분석

이준호,전현호,백승윤,백승민,김완수,아윱,김용주 사단법인 유공압건설기계학회 2022 드라이브·컨트롤 Vol.19 No.4

This is a basic study analyzing emissions of an agricultural tractor during tillage operations. In this study, CO, THC, NOx, and PM considered as emission factor were analyzed during plow and rotary tillage operation by the tractor. Engine torque and rotational speed were measured through ECU. Engine power was calculated using engine torque and rotational speed. The emissions was calculated based on the number of units, rated power, load factor, and operating time. Results showed that the load factor was calculated almost twice, which was higher than 0.48. It was also observed that the emission of the tractor was variable for different agricultural operations because tractor loads were different based on operations. There was a difference in emissions due to differences in plow and rotary working hours. To estimate the emission of agricultural tractor based field operations in detail, it is necessary to consider TAF (Transient Adjustment Factor) and DFA (Deterioration factor). In the future, TAF and DFA will be considered to estimate emissions of the agricultural tractor. Finally, results of this study can contribute to the literature to estimate tractor emissions accurately.

완전이진트리의 교차큐브에 대한 임베딩

김숙연(Sook-Yeon Kim) 한국정보과학회 2009 정보과학회논문지 : 시스템 및 이론 Vol.36 No.3

교차큐브는 하이퍼큐브의 변형으로서 하이퍼큐브의 절반정도의 지름을 가지는 등의 개선된 망성질을 가진다. N-노드 완전이진트리는 (N+1)-노드 교차큐브의 부그래프임이 알려져 있으나 [P. Kulasinghe and S. Bettayeb, 1995] 완전이진트리의 노드 개수가 교차큐브의 노드 개수보다 더 큰 경우에 대한 효과적인 임베딩 방법은 알려져 있지 않다. 본 논문에서는 N-노드 완전이진트리를 M-노드 교차큐브에 연장율 1, 부하율 「N/M」로 임베딩할 수 있음을 보인다(N > M ≥ 2). 여기서 연장율과 부하율은 최적이다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 임베딩 방법은 같은 레벨의 트리 노드들을 교차큐브의 노드들에 골고루 분포시키는 특징도 가지고 있다. 이 특징은 트리 구조 알고리즘을 교차큐브에서 레벨 단위로 실행할 때 특히 유용하다. The crossed cube, a variation of the hypercube, possesses a better topological property than the hypercube in its diameter that is about half of that of the hypercube. It has been known that an N-node complete binary tree is a subgraph of an (N+1)-node crossed cube [P. Kulasinghe and S. Bettayeb, 1995]. However, efficient embedding methods have not been known for the case that the number of nodes of the complete binary tree is greater than that of the crossed cube. In this paper, we show that an N-node complete binary tree can be embedded into an M-node crossed cube with dilation 1 and load factor 「N/M」, N > M ≥ 2. The dilation and load factor is optimal. Our embedding has a property that the tree nodes on the same level are evenly distributed over the crossed cube nodes. The property is especially useful when tree-structured algorithms are processed on a crossed cube in a level-by-level way.

건물에너지 시스템 설계를 위한 최적설계 방법론에 관한 연구

공동석(Kong, Dong-Seok),장용성(Jang, Yong-Sung),허정호(Huh, Jung-Ho) 한국건축친환경설비학회 2012 한국건축친환경설비학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2012 No.10

This study presented a new method to use a genetic algorithm for the optimum design of a building energy system. It is essential to apply high-performance equipment and renewable energy source for energy efficiency and reduction of energy consumption. What and how much the equipment used changes the actual energy efficiency in buildings because fuel consumption of equipment has non-linear properties reflected on the partial load. Using the equipment load factor and size as variables, this study conducted optimization to minimize primary energy use. According to the result of the optimization using the genetic algorithm, this design method have led to a potential energy reduction of 10%-18%.

우리나라 산업용 전기요금의 적정성에 대한 연구

김대욱(Kim Dae-Wook),김광인(Kim Kwang-In),최우진(Choi Woo-Jin) 한국경제연구원 2015 규제연구 Vol.24 No.2

2000년 여름부터 2003년 4월까지 산업용 전기요금은 40%가 인상되어 다른 부문에 비하여 큰 폭의 인상률을 기록하였다. 본 연구는 산업용 전기요금의 적정성을 분석하기 위하여 발전원가 측면에서 산업용 전기요금의 적정성을 분석하고 이를 통하여 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 본 연구의 분석결과에 따르면, 산업용 전력의 경우, 고압수전으로 인한 발전원가의 절감효과, 높은 부하율로 인한 발전소 건설투자비의 절감효과 및 배전선로 건설회피 비용의 발생 등으로 인하여 다른 부문에 비하여 발전원가가 저렴한 것으로 추정되었다. 또한, 향후 기저발전기를 필두로 한 신규발전기의 진입, 가스가격을 포함한 연료가격의 하락 및 전력수요의 정체 등으로 인하여 전력도매가격은 하락할 것으로 전망된다. 이러한 논의를 종합하면, 그동안 산업용 전기요금은 실제 공급비용에 비하여 과도하게 인상되어 온 것으로 보이며, 특히 현 시점에서는 전력의 수급여건 등을 고려할 때에 오히려 전기요금의 인하여력이 존재한다는 점도 주목할 필요가 있다. 따라서 그동안 산업용 전기요금에 대한 급격한 요금인상으로 인해서 원가부담 상승으로 인하여 경쟁력에 어려움을 겪고 있는 기업이 경쟁력을 회복할 수 있도록 제도적인 보완장치를 마련하려는 노력이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. In this paper, we attempt to measure the adequacy of the industrial electricity price in the aspect of generation cost in the situation that the recent industrial electricity experiences intensive and a sharp increase. The results of our study suggest that the effect of generating cost savings in the industrial sector are larger compared to other sectors. This is because generation cost are cheaper from high voltage usage, higher load factor from the plant from construction investment amount of savings, transmission line saving costs. In particular, we can expect that the room for reducing electricity prices exist when taking into account the power supply, demand conditions and institutional conditions. To summarize the discussion on these, industrial electricity prices than the actual costs of supply are determined to be overly been rising when compared to the actual generation costs increase. These results suggest that Korean regulation authorities needs to draw up measures to help improve the competitiveness of those firms which possess high portion of electricity costs, but experience the rapid rate increases in recent years.

우리나라 산업용 전기요금의 적정성에 대한 연구

김대욱,김광인,최우진 한국규제학회 2015 규제연구 Vol.24 No.4

In this paper, we attempt to measure the adequacy of the industrial electricity price in the aspect of generation cost in the situation that the recent industrial electricity experiences intensive and a sharp increase. The results of our study suggest that the effect of generating cost savings in the industrial sector are larger compared to other sectors. This is because generation cost are cheaper from high voltage usage, higher load factor from the plant from construction investment amount of savings, transmission line saving costs. In particular, we can expect that the room for reducing electricity prices exist when taking into account the power supply, demand conditions and institutional conditions. To summarize the discussion on these, industrial electricity prices than the actual costs of supply are determined to be overly been rising when compared to the actual generation costs increase. These results suggest that Korean regulation authorities needs to draw up measures to help improve the competitiveness of those firms which possess high portion of electricity costs, but experience the rapid rate increases in recent years. 2000년 여름부터 2003년 4월까지 산업용 전기요금은 40%가 인상되어 다른 부문에 비하여 큰 폭의 인상률을 기록하였다. 본 연구는 산업용 전기요금의 적정성을 분석하기 위하여 발전원가 측면에서 산업용 전기요금의 적정성을 분석하고 이를 통하여 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 본 연구의 분석결과에 따르면, 산업용 전력의 경우, 고압수전으로 인한 발전원가의 절감효과, 높은 부하율로 인한 발전소 건설투자비의 절감효과 및 배전선로 건설회피 비용의 발생 등으로 인하여 다른 부문에 비하여 발전원가가 저렴한 것으로 추정되었다. 또한, 향후 기저발전기를 필두로 한 신규발전기의 진입, 가스가격을 포함한 연료가격의 하락 및 전력수요의 정체 등으로 인하여 전력도매가격은 하락할 것으로 전망된다. 이러한 논의를 종합하면, 그동안 산업용 전기요금은 실제 공급비용에 비하여 과도하게 인상되어 온 것으로 보이며, 특히 현 시점에서는 전력의 수급여건 등을 고려할 때에 오히려 전기요금의 인하여력이 존재한다는 점도 주목할 필요가 있다. 따라서 그동안 산업용 전기요금에 대한 급격한 요금인상으로 인해서 원가부담 상승으로 인하여 경쟁력에 어려움을 겪고 있는 기업이 경쟁력을 회복할 수 있도록 제도적인 보완장치를 마련하려는 노력이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Stocker 서보모터 토크 부하율을 이용한 사전고장예측 방법연구

권오준(O-Jun Kwon),주병윤(Byoung-Yun Joo) 대한기계학회 2012 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2012 No.11

Stocker is the main cassette transfer equipment of TFT-LCD industry. Breakdown of stocker causes a serious production problem by stopping cassette transfer. Therefore, Prevention of breakdown of stocker is crucial factor of yield. The main problem is failure of servo motor which driving stocker. Acceleration vibrograph sensor, which uses piezoelectric effect, is commonly used to analysis problem of servo motor. However, high cost is the wall to adapt acceleration vibrograph sensor. Therefore, this paper proposes a load factor based preliminary failure detection method. We adapt two algorithm, set point and SPC-mixture, to check problem of servo motor. Our novel method effectively detects servo motor problem of stocker.