Анализ механизмов формирования цен на газ на мировом рынке и бизнес-модели «Сheniere Energy»

성진석 사단법인 코리아컨센서스연구원 2021 분석과 대안 Vol.5 No.2

Natural gas consumption in Asia is growing at fast tempo because of various factors such as economic growth in the region, urbanization, coal-to-gas switch at power and industry sector. Due to geographical characteristics and lack of international pipeline connections between countries in the continent, majority of natural gas exported to Asian consumers is transported by tankers on the sea in the form of liquefied natural gas. As Asian market is the most lucrative market with the fastest demand growth, the competitions between LNG sellers for market share in Asian market are strengthening. The competitions accelerated, especially after the introduction of large volume of incremental supply into the market by new exporters from the U.S., Australia, and Russia. Cheniere Energy, the first exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the lower 48 states of U.S. has not adopted the traditional price formation mechanism and business model. Traditionally, prices of long-term LNG contracts have been indexed to the price of competing fuels, such as crude oil. The company adopted a pricing mechanism and business model based on a cost-plus system. Cheniere Energy opted for the safer and the risk-free pricing system, that annually guarantees a fixed amount of revenue to the seller. The company earns the same amount of money, regardless of natural gas price dynamics in the domestic and international market, but possibly with less revenue. However, by introducing and successfully implementing the safer and risk- free business model, Cheniere Energy, a company of a relatively smaller size in comparison with major oil and gas companies, became an example to other smaller-sized companies in the U.S. The company’s business model demonstrated how to enter and operate LNG business amid increasing competitions among sellers in the U.S. and international market.

천연가스 액화를 위한 캐스케이드 냉동사이클의 전산모사에 대한 연구 [2]

조정호(Cho, Jung-Ho),김유미(Kim, Yoo-Mi) 한국산학기술학회 2011 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.12 No.2

본 논문에서는 천연가스를 액화시키기 위해서 프로판, 에틸렌 및 메탄 냉매를 이용한 다단 캐스케이드 냉동 사이클에 대한 전산모사를 PRO/II with PROVISION 8.3에 내장되어 있는 Peng-Robinson 상태방정식을 활용하여 수행 하였다. 천연가스의 조성은 한국가스공사로부터 제공받은 것을 적용하였으며, 유량은 연간 500만톤으로 가정하였다. 프로판 냉매의 공급온도는 -40˚C로, 에틸렌 냉매의 공급온도는 -95˚C로 메탄 냉매의 공급온도는 -155˚C로 각각 정하 였으며, 천연가스와 각각의 냉매의 최소 접근온도는 3˚C로 정하였다. 다단 냉동을 위한 프로판 냉동 사이클은 3단 냉 동을 가정하였으며, 에틸렌 냉동 사이클은 2단 냉동을 그리고 메탄 냉동 사이클은 3단 냉동을 가정하였다. 메탄 냉매 에 의해서 -152˚C까지 냉각된 천연가스는 줄-톰슨 팽창에 의해서 -162˚C까지 냉각되어 액화가 일어나도록 하였다. 결 론적으로 캐스케이드 냉동 사이클과 줄-톰슨 팽창을 통한 천연가스의 액화율은 몰 비로 91.71%이며, 액화천연가스 1.0 kg/hr당 0.433 kW의 압축 일이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. In this paper, simulation works for a multi-stage cascade refrigeration cycle using propane, ethylene and methane as refrigerants have been performed for the liquefaction of natural gas using Peng-Robinson equation of state built-in PRO/II with PROVISION release 8.3. The natural gas feed compositions were supplied from Korea Gas Corporation and the flow rate was assumed to be 5.0 million tons per annual. Supply temperature for propane refrigerant was fixed as -40˚C, that for ethylene refrigerant as -95˚C, and that for methane refrigerant as -155˚C. For the multi-stage refrigeration cycle, three-stage refrigeration was assumed for propane refrigeration cycle, two-stage refrigeration for ethylene refrigeration cycle and three-stage refrigeration for methane refrigeration cycle. Natural gas was finally cooled and liquefied to -162˚C by Joule-Thomson expansion. Conclusively, 91.71% by mole of the natural gas liquefaction ratio was obtained through a cascade refrigeration cycle and Joule-Thomson expansion and 0.433 kW of compression power was consumed for the liquefaction of 1.0 kg/hr of natural gas.

멤브레인형 LNG선박 화물탱크 벤트 마스트 출구에서의 BOG 확산 특성에 관한 연구

강호근 해양환경안전학회 2013 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.19 No.2

일반적으로 액체가스운반선은 인화성 화물이나 독성물질을 운반한다. 이러한 화물들은 폭발, 화재 및 인명손상을 가져올 수 있기 때문에, 액체가스운반선의 거주구역, 서비스 구역 및 통제실은 가스의 유입이 원천적으로 차단되도록 설계한다. 이러한 이유로, IMO IGC 코드의 멤브레인형 LNG선박의 화물탱크에 설치되는 벤트 출구의 높이는 노출갑판상 B/3 또는 6m 중 큰 것 이상으로 하고 작업구역 및 전후부 통행로, 갑판상의 저장탱크 및 화물설계 액위보다 6m 이상 높게 설치하여야 한다라고 규정하고 있다. 또한 LNG 시장이 점진적으로 증가하면서, LNG선박의 크기도 증가해 왔다. 때문에 현 규정에 의하면 LNG선박의 벤트의 높이는 선박 폭(B)에 비례하기 때문에 상당히 높아져야 할 것이며, 이는 높은 벤트 마스트(Mast)로 인하여 작업의 어려움 및 전방 시야를 방해하는 등 항해의 어려움을 초래한다. 본 연구에서는 멤브레인형 LNG선의 Sea-trial시에 측정하였던 데이터 및 CFD유동해석을 통해 LNG선박 화물탱크의 벤트 출구의 높이에 대한 적합성 평가를 수행한다. Liquefied gas carriers generally transport cargoes of flammable or toxic nature. Since these cargoes may cause an explosion, fire or human casualty, the accommodation spaces, service spaces and control stations of liquefied gas carriers should be so located as to avoid ingress of gas. For this reason, the paragraph 8.2.9 of IGC Code in IMO requires that the height of vent exits should be not less than B/3 or 6 m whichever is greater, above the weather deck and 6 m above the working area and the fore and aft gangway to prevent any concentration of cargo vapor or gas at such spaces. Besides as known, the LNG market has been growing continually, which has led to LNG carriers becoming larger in size. Under this trend, the height of a vent will have to be raised considerably since the height of a vent pipe is generally decided by a breadth of a corresponding vessel. Accordingly, we have initiated an examination to find an alternative method which can be used to determine the safe height of vent masts, instead of the current rule requirement. This paper describes the dispersion characteristics of boil-off gas spouted from a vent mast under cargo tank cool-down conditions in the membrane type LNG carriers.

내연기관엔진의 가스혼소발전 경제성 예측모델 개발

허광범,장혁준,이형원 한국수소및신에너지학회 2020 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.31 No.4

This paper represents an analysis of the economic impact of firing natural gas/diesel and natural gas/by-product oil mixtures in diesel engine power plants. The objects of analysis is a power plant with electricity generation capacity (300 kW). Using performance data of original diesel engines, the fuel consumption characteristics of the duel fuel engines were simulated. Then, economic assessment was carried out using the performance data and the net present value method. A special focus was given to the evaluation of fuel cost saving when firing natural gas/diesel and natural gas/by-product oil mixtures instead of the pure diesel firing case. Analyses were performed by assuming fuel price changes in the market as well as by using current prices. The analysis results showed that co-firing of natural gas/diesel and natural gas/by-product oil would provide considerable fuel cost saving, leading to meaningful economic benefits.

Coal to clean energy: Energy-efficient single-loop mixed-refrigerant-based schemes for the liquefaction of synthetic natural gas

Qyyum, Muhammad Abdul,Chaniago, Yus Donald,Ali, Wahid,Qadeer, Kinza,Lee, Moonyong Elsevier 2019 Journal of Cleaner Production Vol.211 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Higher air-pollutant (CO<SUB>2</SUB>, SO<SUB>2</SUB>, particulates, etc.) emission from coal burning prohibits the direct use of coal. The demand for clean and sustainable energy is increasing with the growth of population and living standards. Considering the current energy challenges, coal-enriched countries have focused on the green utilization of coal by converting it to a clean energy source, such as synthetic natural gas (SNG). To fulfill the global clean energy demand, liquefaction is a promising and feasible approach enabling safe storage and transportation. However, the liquefaction of SNG is an energy- and cost-intensive process, primarily owing to the presence of low-boiling impurities such as hydrogen and nitrogen. This paper describes the major challenges and issues associated with the SNG liquefaction process for its commercialization and attempts to solve the issues inherent to the SNG liquefaction industry. The optimal energy-efficient single-loop mixed-refrigerant-based liquefaction schemes, with the separation of low-boiling impurities (hydrogen and/or nitrogen), are presented as a major contribution of this study. The proposed SNG liquefaction schemes are analyzed in comparison with the latest SNG liquefaction study. Liquefied SNG can be produced with energy savings of up to 30.4% compared to the published base case.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Green utilization of coal to convert it to clean energy i.e., LNG. </LI> <LI> Synthetic natural gas liquefaction with the removal of low-boiling impurities. </LI> <LI> Single-loop mixed refrigerant for energy-efficient liquefaction. </LI> <LI> Hydrogen (H<SUB>2</SUB>) and nitrogen (N<SUB>2</SUB>) removal from synthetic natural gas. </LI> <LI> Flash, stripper, and distillation-based separation for H<SUB>2</SUB> and N<SUB>2</SUB> recovery. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Storage system for distributed-energy generation using liquid air combined with liquefied natural gas

Kim, Juwon,Noh, Yeelyong,Chang, Daejun Elsevier 2018 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.212 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study proposed a storage-generation system for a distributed-energy generation using liquid air combined with liquefied natural gas (LNG). The system comprised three main sites: the renewable-electricity sources (RESs), liquid-air energy storage (LAES), and natural-gas combustion. The low-priced off-peak electricity generated by the RESs was supplied to the LAES. The supplied electricity and previously stored cold energies liquefied the air. At the on-peak time, the liquid air and LNG were pressurized, re-gasified, and burnt immediately after mixing to generate the high-priced electricity while their cold energy was stored in thermal media. The proposed system was evaluated in terms of the thermodynamic, environmental, and economic performances. Its round-trip and storage efficiencies were 64.2% and 73.4%, respectively. The exergy efficiency of the storage-site, the generation-site, and the system was 70.2%, 75.1%, and 62.1%, respectively. The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) ranged from 142.5 to 190.0 $/MWh depending on the sizes and the storage time. The proposed system was compared to the diabatic compressed air-energy storage (CAES) systems and the adiabatic LAES system. The sensitivity analyses compared the systems for the fixed power output and storage time, and for the option to use natural gas. The proposed system showed better storage and round-trip efficiencies than those of comparison systems. Its LCOE was competitive with those of the compared systems except for the under-ground CAES system. The proposed system was an economic and viable option considering the geographical limitations and the environment impacts of the CAES system.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A storage-generation system using liquid air and liquefied natural gas is proposed. </LI> <LI> Round-trip and storage efficiencies of the system are 64.2% and 73.4% respectively. </LI> <LI> Exergy efficiencies of the storage and the system are 70.2% and 62.1% respectively. </LI> <LI> LCOE ranges from 142.5 to 190.0 $/MWh, depending on the sizes and the storage time. </LI> <LI> The proposed system is an economic option without geographical limitations. </LI> </UL> </P>

해양플랜트 프로세스 배관 Pressure Leak Test의 품질 특성에 관한 연구

박창수,김형우 한국산업융합학회 2018 한국산업융합학회 논문집 Vol.21 No.6

The process gas piping of the offshore plant can cause a massive explosion if the gas leakage occurs during operation. For the purpose of precaution of gas leakage accident, an air pressure test is performed on the process equipment tests using a test pump as much as the power to the piping inner side, mix 99% nitrogen gas and 1% helium gas. The purpose of the air pressure test is to check the work conformity process by handling and regulation for initial piping process, assembly, installation of module, welding, center alignment of the pipes assembling flange gasket in an unrestrained free state. In this paper, the regulation of the problematic air pressure test was analyzed and the solution criteria were established. And leakage tests of existing equipment were performed applying these solution methods. As a result, it was confirmed that there was no problem.

Analytical Approach on Fuel Tank Design for LPG Vehicle

최슬기,백두성 사단법인 미래융합기술연구학회 2020 아시아태평양융합연구교류논문지 Vol.6 No.6

LPG vehicles are advantageous in terms of emissions and fine dust compared to diesel cars, but the power performance is low, and LPDI (Liquified Petroleum Gas Direct Injection) system using turbo direct injection technology is currently being developed. Nevertheless, LPG prices are expected to continue to decline due to the increase in shale gas production, and are expected to contribute to eco-friendly vehicles through the development of commercial LPG vehicles. In 2017, the public can own LPG cars that have been registered for more than 5 years, and the “Safety Management and Business Law of Liquefied Petroleum Gas” was revised. Therefore, from October 2017, the general public has been able to purchase LPG RVs, etc. that use LPG fuel. Since 2018, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has given the first grade to electric hydrogen vehicles, the first to third grades for gasoline, the first to fifth grades for gasoline and gas, and the third to fifth grade for diesel vehicles. Therefore, it is expected that customers will be interested in purchasing LPG vehicles in the future. Moreover, in March 2019, the Ministry of Environment made it possible for the general public to purchase LPG vehicles as part of countermeasures against fine dust. The purpose of this study was to develop an optimal fuel tank in the form of a donut by utilizing the tire space stored in the existing trunk to secure the LPG storage tank in the LPG passenger car as the demand for LPG cars increased. As a development method, structural analysis and destruction experiments according to the internal pressure on the tank were applied.

Numerical model to predict deformation of corrugated austenitic stainless steel sheet under cryogenic temperatures for design of liquefied natural gas insulation system

Kim, J.H.,Kim, S.K.,Kim, M.H.,Lee, J.M. BUTTERWORTH - HEINEMANN 2014 MATERIALS AND DESIGN Vol.57 No.-

Austenitic stainless steel exhibits nonlinear hardening behavior at low temperature and under various strain rate conditions caused by the phenomenon of transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP). In this study, a uniaxial tensile test for 304L austenitic stainless steel was performed below ambient temperature (-163, -140, -120, -50, and 20<SUP>o</SUP>C) and at strain rates (10<SUP>-4</SUP>, 10<SUP>-3</SUP>, and 10<SUP>-2</SUP>s<SUP>-1</SUP>) to identify nonlinear mechanical characteristics. In addition, a viscoplastic damage model was proposed and implemented in a user-defined material subroutine to provide a theoretical explanation of the nonlinear hardening features. The verification was conducted not only by a material-based comparative study involving experimental investigations, but also by a structural application to the corrugated steel membrane of a Mark-III-type cargo containment system for liquefied natural gas. In addition, an accumulated damage contour was represented to predict the failure location by using a continuum damage mechanics approach.

우리나라 기업의 동유럽 천연가스 플랜트시장 진출전략에 관한 연구

박상철 ( Sang Chul Park ) 한국EU학회 2013 EU학연구 Vol.18 No.1

천연가스는 매장량이 석유보다 풍부하고 청정성, 안정성, 편리성이 뛰어나 글로벌 시장에서 수요가 지속적으로 빠르게 증가하고 있다. 따라서 천연가스 소비량은 제 1차 글로벌 에너지시장에서 2010년 23%를 차지하고 있으며 석탄, 석유 다음으로 가장 중요한 에너지 자원으로 활용되고 있다. 21세기에 천연가스는 신재생에너지와 더불어 가장 선호되는 에너지원으로서 급성장하고 있으며 향후 2030년까지 글로벌 에너지시장에서 천연가스 소비량이 급증하게 될 것으로 예측되고 있다. 동유럽의 천연가스 소비량은 서유럽과 비교할 때 상대적으로 매우 적은 규모이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 동유럽 천연가스 시장의 중요성이 대두되는 것은 북아프리카, 중동, 중앙아시아 등으로부터 수입되는 파이프라인 천연가스 및 액화천연가스 등이 동유럽 시장의 수요만을 위한 것이 아니라 서유럽 시장 공급에 지리적으로 매우 중요한 특성이 있기 때문이다. 또한 동유럽 내 천연가스 관련 시장진입은 상대적으로 낮은 신흥시장으로 인식되고 있다. 특히 2007년 이후에 새롭게 유럽연합 신규회원국으로 가입한 동유럽국가의 경제발전 및 서유럽으로의 천연가스 수송을 위해서는 동유럽국가에 액화천연가스 (LNG) 터미널 및 플랜트 시설을 건설하여야 한다. 타 지역에 비하여 시장규모는 작지만 서유럽이라는 거대규모의 배후시장의 존재로 인하여 잠재성이 매우 큰 시장이다. 따라서 우리나라 에너지기업의 동유럽시장 진입을 위한 전략적 접근방법 및 분석이 필요하다. The consumption of natural gas on the global market has continuously increased rapidly because it has an abundance of reserves compared to crude oil and is superior to the crude oil in terms of purity, safety, and conveniency. As a result, the total consumption of natural gas in the global primary energy market accounted for 23 percent in 2010 that ranked the third important energy resources in the world along with coal and petroleum. In the 21st century, natural gas is regarded as one of the most preferable energy resources along with renewable energy resources and its demand increases rapidly. Accordingly it is expected that the demand of natural gas will increase continuously in the global energy market until 2030. The total consumption of natural gas in the Eastern Europe is rather little compared with the Western Europe``s consumption. Despite its small size of consumption of natural gas, the importance of natural gas market in the Eastern Europe emerged due to its geographical importance. The Eastern Europe plays a role of the gate to import pipeline natural gas (PNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Russia, North Africa, Middle East, and Central Asia on the one hand, and it also plays important roles to deliver natural gas further to the West Europe. Additionally, the natural gas market in the Eastern Europe is regarded as a low barrier market to enter. In order to secure a further economic development for the 10 EU member nations in the Eastern Europe since 2007 and to supply natural gas to the Western Europe, it is absolutely necessary to build LNG terminals and plants in the Eastern European countries. It means that the market has a high potential to grow continuously that can be a huge business opportunity for South Korean corporations to enter the new market. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how to analyze the new market and to enter it strategically.