Effects of Skin Surface Lipids on Skin Health

Faqing Feng,Laiji Ma,Zhaohui Qu,Yinmao Dong,Fan Yi 한국피부과학연구원 2019 아시안뷰티화장품학술지 Vol.17 No.1

Skin surface lipids are composed of sebaceous glands secreting lipids and epidermal disintegration lipids. The main components include triglycerides, free fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol and so on. Skin surface lipids adhere to the surface of the skin and rely on their physical, chemical and biological properties to be important for skin health. This article reviews the relevant literatures at home and abroad, briefly describes the effects of skin surface lipids on skin moisturization, anti-oxidation and maintenance of micro-ecology, and mainly introduces the oxidation/metabolism of squalene/free fatty acids, which is more affected by external harmful factors than other skin surface lipids. As well as, the effects on skin health of squalene oxidation products and triglyceride metabolites are introduced. Above all, the oxidation/metabolism of skin surface lipids and the role of their products are illustrated in order to reveal the relationship between skin surface lipids and skin health and to provide a theoretical reference for the research and development of cosmetics by regulating skin surface lipids. Keywords: Skin surface lipids, Squalene, Free fatty acids, Oxidation

Immune Enhancement Effects of Neutral Lipids, Glycolipids, Phospholipids from Halocynthia aurantium Tunic on RAW264.7 Macrophages

( A-yeong Jang ),( Weerawan Rod-in ),( Il-shik Shin ),( Woo Jung Park ) 한국미생물생명공학회 2024 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.34 No.2

Fractionated lipids of Halocynthia aurantium (Pyuridae) have been demonstrated to possess antiinflammatory properties. However, their modulatory properties have not been reported yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine immune enhancing effects of fractionated lipids from H. aurantium tunic on macrophage cells. The tunic of H. aurantium was used to isolate total lipids, which were then subsequently separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0%) of each fractionated lipid. Cytotoxicity, production of NO, expression levels of immune-associated genes, and signaling pathways were then determined. Neutral lipids and glycolipids significantly stimulated NO and PGE₂ production and expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner, while phospholipids ineffectively induced NO production and mRNA expression. Furthermore, it was found that both neutral lipids and glycolipids increased NF-κB p-65, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK phosphorylation, suggesting that these lipids might enhance immunity by activating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, H. aurantium lipids-induced TNF-α expression was decreased by blocking MAPK or NF-κB signaling pathways. Phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells was also significantly enhanced by neutral lipids and glycolipids. These results suggest that neutral lipids and glycolipids from H. aurantium tunic have potential as immune-enhancing materials.

皮肤表面脂质与皮肤健康的关系

풍법청,마래기,곡조휘,동은묘,역범 한국피부과학연구원 2019 아시안뷰티화장품학술지 Vol.17 No.1

Skin surface lipids are composed of sebaceous glands secreting lipids and epidermal disintegration lipids. The main components include triglycerides, free fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol and so on. Skin surface lipids adhere to the surface of the skin and rely on their physical, chemical and biological properties to be important for skin health. This article reviews the relevant literatures at home and abroad, briefly describes the effects of skin surface lipids on skin moisturization, anti-oxidation and maintenance of micro-ecology, and mainly introduces the oxidation/metabolism of squalene/free fatty acids, which is more affected by external harmful factors than other skin surface lipids. As well as, the effects on skin health of squalene oxidation products and triglyceride metabolites are introduced. Above all, the oxidation/metabolism of skin surface lipids and the role of their products are illustrated in order to reveal the relationship between skin surface lipids and skin health and to provide a theoretical reference for the research and development of cosmetics by regulating skin surface lipids. 皮肤表面脂质是由皮脂腺分泌脂质和脱落表皮崩解脂质组成,主要成分包括甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸、蜡酯、角 鲨烯、胆固醇等。皮肤表面脂质附着于皮肤表面,依赖其物理、化学及生物特性对皮肤健康具有重要的意义。 本文综述了国内外相关文献,简述了皮肤表面脂质对皮肤的润泽、抗氧化和维护微生态的作用,并主要介绍皮 肤表面脂质中受外界有害因素影响较明显的角鲨烯/游离脂肪酸的氧化/代谢过程,以及产物如角鲨烯氧化产物、 甘油三酯代谢物游离脂肪酸等对皮肤健康的影响,来说明皮肤表面脂质的氧化/代谢过程及产物的作用,以期揭 示皮肤表面脂质对皮肤健康的关系,为调节皮皮表面脂质的化妆品的开发提供理论参考。

Egg yolk lipids: separation, characterization, and utilization

Edirisingha Dewage Nalaka Sandun Abeyrathne,남기창,Xi Huang,AhnDongUk 한국식품과학회 2022 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.31 No.10

Egg yolk contains very high levels of lipids, which comprise 33% of whole egg yolk. Although triglyceride is the main lipid, egg yolk is the richest source of phospholipids and cholesterol in nature. The egg yolk phospholipids have a unique composition with high levels of phosphatidylcholine followed by phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, plasmalogen, and phosphatidylinositol. All the egg yolk lipids are embedded inside the HDL and LDL micelles or granular particles. Egg yolk lipids can be easily extracted using solvents or supercritical extraction methods but their commercial applications of egg yolk lipids are limited. Egg yolk lipids have excellent potential as a food ingredient or cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical agents because they have excellent functional and biological characteristics. This review summarizes the current knowledge on egg yolk lipids' extraction methods and functions and discusses their current and future use, which will be important to increase the use and value of the egg.

The Role of Lipids in Development of Allergic Responses

Manuel Gómez del Moral,Eduardo Martínez-Naves 대한면역학회 2017 Immune Network Vol.17 No.3

Most allergic diseases are caused by activation of Th2 type immune responses resulting in the production of specific IgE against proteins found in normally harmless substances such as pollen, mites, epithelia or food. Allergenic substances are composed, in addition to proteins, of other compounds such as carbohydrates and lipids. Those lipids are able to promote the development of Th2-type responses associated with allergy. There are lipids found in pollen, milk or insect venom that are specifically recognized by CD1 restricted unconventional T lymphocytes, which can promote allergic reactions. Furthermore, a large number of allergens are proteins containing hydrophobic parts that specifically bind lipids that are capable to favor allergenic immune responses. Also, lipids associated to substances like pollen, dander, epithelia or the bacteria can act on cells of the innate system, including dendritic cells, which in turn lead to the differentiation of Th2-type clones. Finally, lipids may also influence the ability of allergens to be exposed to the immune system within the oral, respiratory or intestinal mucosa where allergic response occurs with great frequency.

무모생쥐에서 용매의 극성에 따른 피부장벽대의 변화

최태진,윤두희,김형옥,김정원 ( Tae Jin Choi,Dou Hee Yoon,Hyung Ok Kim,Chung Won Kim ) 대한피부과학회 1997 대한피부과학회지 Vol.35 No.4

Background: The stratom corneum lipids, responsible for the epidermal water bar rier, consist mainly of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids. However, little has been studied about the effects of non-polar, polar and mixed organic solvents on the changes of the stratum corneum lipids bilayer. Objective : We designed this study in order to investigate the effect of non-polar, polar and mixed organic solvents on the lipids bilayer in hairless mice Methods : Twenty four hairless mice were evenly divided into 4 groups; a control group, chloroform treated group, methanol treated group and mixed solvent(chloroform/methanol(2: 1) ) treated gr oup. The changes in transepidermal water loss, as measured with an evaporimeter, were recorded after topical application of either chloroform, methanol or mixed solvents at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours respectiveh. For electron microscopy, the skin samples taken from the mice of ea.:h group were t.rented with osmium tetroxide and ruthenium tetroxide after the treatment with each solvent. Results . The results were as follows ; 1. From 0 to 24 hours after treatment with each solvent transepidermal water loss was significantly increased in the chloroform and the mixed solvent[chloroform/methanol(2:1)] treated groups, compared to the methanol treated group and control group(p<0.001). 2. 48 hours after treatment with each solvent,, the differences in the values of transepidermal water loss in all groups were insignificant. 3. On electronmicroscopic examination, separation of intercellular lipid bilayers and a decrease in the numher of lamellar bodies were more severe in the chloroform treated and mixed solvent (chloroforrn,'methanol(2:1)] treated groups than in the methanol treated group. Application of non-polar organic solvents, especially mixed solvents[chloroform/methanol(2:1)] resulted in an increase in transepidermal water loss and greater structural changes than with polar organic solvents. Conclusion : Our results suggest that non-polar lipids may play a more important role in the protection of water vaporization of the stratum corneum lipids barrier than polar lipids. (Kor J Dermatol 1997;35(4): 660-666)

P154 :Quantitative study of stratum corneum lipids in Koreans

( Yong Se Cho ),( Kyungmi Joo ),( Sungwon Yi ),( Hyun Choi ),( Bomi Ryu ),( Bo Young Chung ),( Chun Wook Park ),( Hye one Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2015 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.67 No.2

Background: Stratum corneum lipids composed of ceramide, cholesterol and fatty acids play a predominant role in maintaining skin barrier functions. Although several studies have reported associations between aging and seasonal variation and the lipid composition, the evidence remains contradictory. Objectives: To understand the biological variation in the levels and composition of stratum corneum lipids of different age groups and seasonal variation. Methods: 27 male and 308 female volunteers were divided in 5 age decades from the 20s to the 60s. Skin samples were removed from the cheek by sequential stripping with D-squame tape strips. The main lipid species including ceramide, cholesterol and fatty acids were quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and individual fatty acids using gas chromatography. Results: Our findings showed that there was no significant alteration in levels of all major lipid species with aging. But ceramide levels were significantly lower only in women in their 30s compared with any other age group. The levels of ceramide and cholesterol were dramatically depleted in winter compared with summer, whereas fatty acid levels remained fairly constant between winter and summer. Conclusion: In our study, age and seasons influenced the levels and composition of stratum corneum lipids. It is assumed that changes in female hormones might affect stratum corneum lipids, although further studies are needed to this.

Preparation and Characterization of a Polar Milk Lipid-enriched Component from Whey Powder

Kwanhyoung Lee,Ara Kim,Ki-Bae Hong,Hyung Joo Suh,Kyungae Jo 한국축산식품학회 2020 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.40 No.2

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a lipid carrier in mammals including humans that consists mainly of polar lipids, like phospholipids and glycolipids. In this study, a process to enrich polar lipids in commercial butter and whey powder, including polar lipids of MFGM, was developed. WPC (whey protein concentrate) 60 was selected as the most suitable raw material based on the yield, phospholipid, protein, and lactose content of the polar lipid fraction obtained by ethanol extraction of two WPC (WPC60 and WPC70) and two buttermilk (A and B). After fractionation under optimum conditions, the polar-lipid enriched fraction from WPC60 contained 38.56% phospholipids. The content of glycolipids, cerebroside, lactosylceramide, ganglioside GM3, ganglioside GD3, was 0.97%, 0.55%, 0.09%, and 0.14%, respectively. Rancimat results showed that the oxidation stability of fish oil increased with an increase in the polar-lipid fraction by more than 30 times. In addition, the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with 0.1 to 100 ppm of the polar lipid fraction. In this study, polar lipid concentrates with antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity, were prepared from milk processing by-products. The MFGM polar lipid concentrates made from by-products are not only additives for infants, but are also likely to be used as antioxidants in cooking oils and as active ingredients for functional foods.

Lipids in Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and Their Analysis

김소현,김석영,최형균 한국생약학회 2018 Natural Product Sciences Vol.24 No.1

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is recognized as one of the most valuable medicinal herbs in Asia and it contains diverse phytochemicals that contribute to its pharmacological effects. Although lipids represent a major component of ginseng, ginseng lipids are still far from being fully explored. This review is focused on ginseng lipid components and methodologies of their analysis. The ginseng lipid compounds were categorized according to the structural features of each lipid class. This basic information on ginseng lipid components and the analysis methods will be applicable to authentification or quality control of ginseng products, and development of lipid-based pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals from ginseng.

Epidermal Lipid Homeostasis

Lee, Seung Hun,Chung, Hae-Shin,Lew, Wook Korean Dermatological Association 1995 Annals of Dermatology Vol.7 No.2