Carbon dynamics in agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and removals: a comprehensive review

Kamyab Hesam,SaberiKamarposhti Morteza,Hashim Haslenda,Yusuf Mohammad 한국탄소학회 2024 Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.1

Agriculture is a pivotal player in the climate change narrative, contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while offering potential mitigation solutions. This study delved into agriculture’s climate impact. It comprehensively analysed emissions from diverse agricultural sources, carbon sequestration possibilities, and the repercussions of agricultural emissions on climate and ecosystems. The study began by contextualising the historical and societal importance of agricultural GHG emissions within the broader climate change discourse. It then discussed into GHG emitted from agricultural activities, examining carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions individually, including their sources and mitigation strategies. This research extended beyond emissions, scrutinising their effects on climate change and potential feedback loops in agricultural systems. It underscored the importance of considering both the positive and negative implications of emissions reduction policies in agriculture. In addition, the review explored various avenues for mitigating agricultural emissions and categorised them as sustainable agricultural practices, improved livestock management, and precision agriculture. Within each category, different subsections explain innovative methods and technologies that promise emissions reduction while enhancing agricultural sustainability. Furthermore, the study addressed carbon sequestration and removal in agriculture, focussing on soil carbon sequestration, afforestation, and reforestation. It highlighted agriculture’s potential not only to reduce emissions, but also to serve as a carbon reservoir, lowering overall GHG impact. The research also scrutinised the multifaceted nature of agriculture, examining the obstacles hindering mitigation strategies, including socioeconomic constraints and regulatory hurdles. This study emphasises the need for equitable and accessible solutions, especially for smallholder farmers. It envisioned the future of agricultural emissions reduction, emphasising the advancements in measurement, climate-smart agricultural technologies, and cross-sectoral collaboration. It highlighted agriculture’s role in achieving sustainability and resilience amid a warming world, advocating collective efforts and innovative approaches. In summary, this comprehensive analysis recognised agriculture’s capacity to mitigate emissions while safeguarding food security, biodiversity, and sustainable development. It presents a compelling vision of agriculture as a driver of a sustainable and resilient future.

전기가열방식 스크러버의 NF₃ 제거 효율

문동민,이진복,이지연,김동현,이석현,이명규,김진석,Moon, Dong Min,Lee, Jin Bok,Lee, Jee-Yon,Kim, Dong Hyun,Lee, Suk Hyun,Lee, Myung Gyu,Kim, Jin Seog 한국분석과학회 2006 분석과학 Vol.19 No.6

현재 반도체 및 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 제조 공정에 널리 사용하는 $NF_3$는 국제적으로 대기중 배출량에 대한 규제를 실시 중인 온실가스 중의 하나다. 온실가스의 배출량 감축을 위하여 국내 대상 산업체들은 $NF_3$ 배출량의 감소에 지속적으로 노력을 해 오고 있다. 본 연구는 LCD를 제조하는 국내 3사에 설치된 $NF_3$ 처리용 전기가열방식 스크러버(scrubber)의 제거효율(DRE, Destruction and Removal Efficiency)과 process chamber에서의 $NF_3$ 사용 비율(use rate in process)을 측정하였다. 스크러버의 효율을 정확하게 측정하기 위하여, 비활성 기체인 He을 일정 유량으로 주입시켜주는 방법으로 시료를 채취하고, 정밀 가스질량분석기(Gas-MS)를 이용하여 시료 중 화학종들의 분압을 측정하였다. 세 회사에 설치되어 있는 스크러버의 효율을 측정한 결과, 2004년 이전에 설치한 스크러버의와 그 이후 개선한 스크러버의 DRE는 각각 52%와 95% 이상임을 확인하였다. 또한 Process chamber의 $NF_3$ 사용 효율은 1세대 및 2세대 공정라인에 설치한 RFSC(Radio Frequency Source Chamber)의 경우 75% 보다 낮지만, 3세대 이상 라인에 설치한 RPSC(Remote Plasma Source Chamber)의 경우는 95% 이상으로 측정이 되었다. 반도체 및 디스플레이 공정에 개선된 스크러버와 RPSC식 process chamber를 사용할 경우 $NF_3$ 배출량을 99.95% 이상 줄일 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 $NF_3$에 대한 국내 3사의 온실가스 감축 목표가 성공적으로 이루어 질 것으로 예상된다.

THERMAL PLASMA DECOMPOSITION OF FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GASES

Choi, Soo-Seok,Park, Dong-Wha,Watanabe, Takyuki Korean Nuclear Society 2012 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.44 No.1

Fluorinated compounds mainly used in the semiconductor industry are potent greenhouse gases. Recently, thermal plasma gas scrubbers have been gradually replacing conventional burn-wet type gas scrubbers which are based on the combustion of fossil fuels because high conversion efficiency and control of byproduct generation are achievable in chemically reactive high temperature thermal plasma. Chemical equilibrium composition at high temperature and numerical analysis on a complex thermal flow in the thermal plasma decomposition system are used to predict the process of thermal decomposition of fluorinated gas. In order to increase economic feasibility of the thermal plasma decomposition process, increase of thermal efficiency of the plasma torch and enhancement of gas mixing between the thermal plasma jet and waste gas are discussed. In addition, noble thermal plasma systems to be applied in the thermal plasma gas treatment are introduced in the present paper.

THERMAL PLASMA DECOMPOSITION OF FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GASES

SOOSEOK CHOI,Dong Wha Park,TAKAYUKI WATANABE,박동화 한국원자력학회 2012 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.44 No.1

Fluorinated compounds mainly used in the semiconductor industry are potent greenhouse gases. Recently, thermal plasma gas scrubbers have been gradually replacing conventional burn-wet type gas scrubbers which are based on the combustion of fossil fuels because high conversion efficiency and control of byproduct generation are achievable in chemically reactive high temperature thermal plasma. Chemical equilibrium composition at high temperature and numerical analysis on a complex thermal flow in the thermal plasma decomposition system are used to predict the process of thermal decomposition of fluorinated gas. In order to increase economic feasibility of the thermal plasma decomposition process, increase of thermal efficiency of the plasma torch and enhancement of gas mixing between the thermal plasma jet and waste gas are discussed. In addition,noble thermal plasma systems to be applied in the thermal plasma gas treatment are introduced in the present paper.

SF₆ removal at ambient temperature using electrogenerated Ni(I) electron mediator at electroscrubber

( A. G. Ramu ),( G. Muthuraman ),문일식 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.0

Removal of SF₆ gas has many rooms due to its removal stage is in infancy. This is the first report deals ambient temperature removal of SF₆ using mediated electrochemical reduction at electro-scrubbing process. First, [Ni(I)(CN)₄]^3- was generated by electrochemical way using paired electrolysis at cathodic half-cell in 10 M KOH solution. The concentration of electrogenerated Ni(I) was derived from potentiometric titration and different applied current density used to establish the suitable condition. The electrogenerated Ni(I) pumped on the scrubber column to remove the SF₆ which was entered under the wet scrubbing column. The removal of SF₆ was monitored by online FTIR gas analyzer which was attached to the column exit. The feed concentration and gas flow rate effect were analyzed on SF₆ removal and discussed.

Sustainable removal of N₂O at room temperature using electrogenerated Ni(I) electron mediator at electroscrubber

( A. G. Ramu ),( G. Muthuraman ),문일식 한국공업화학회 2018 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2018 No.0

N₂O removal at room temperature is in underdevelopment process. This is the first report deals room temperature removal of N₂O using mediated electrochemical reduction at electro-scrubbing process. First, [Ni(I)(CN)₄]^3- was generated by electrochemical way using paired elec-trolysis at cathodic half-cell in 10 M KOH solution. The concentration of electrogenerated Ni(I) was derived from potentiometric titration and different applied current density used to establish the suitable condi-tion. The electrogenerated Ni(I) pumped on the scrubber column to remove the N₂O which was entered under the wet scrubbing column. The removal of N₂O was monitored by online FTIR gas analyzer which was attached to the column exit. The feed concentration and gas flow rate effect were analyzed on N₂O removal and discussed. On line GC results compared for the removal of N₂O and product analysis.

우리나라 과수 바이오매스의 온실가스 배출・흡수량 적정 산정 방법에 관한 연구

이경학,이창배 경상국립대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2022 농업생명과학연구 Vol.56 No.6

This study was conducted to find an appropriate method for estimating greenhouse gas emissions・removals in the biomass sector of fruit trees for reporting Korea's national greenhouse gas inventory. According to the 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines, in terms of accuracy, Tier 2, which uses country-specific activity data and emission・removal factors, would be appropriate for the sector. At present, as there are annual statistics for activity data and no country-specific emission·removal factors, it would be appropriate to adopt stock difference method in Tier 1. In Tier 2, considering the low importance of this sector and the simplicity and cost of the calculation, it would be more appropriate to use simplified sub-categories and not to classify mature and immature trees in activity data. On the other hand, considering the sensitivity according to greenhouse gas reduction policies, an approach that classifies mature and immature trees would be appropriate. It was found that the overall uncertainty is quite largely influenced by the uncertainty of country-specific emission・removal factors rather than that of the activity data. Therefore, in order to reduce overall uncertainty in this sector, the development of highly reliable country-specific factors is required. 본 연구는 다년생 목본작물인 과수 바이오매스 부문의 온실가스 배출・흡수량을 우리나라 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 보고 시 고려되어야 할 적정산정 방법을 모색하고자 수행되었다. IPCC 가이드라인에 따라 적정 산정 수준을 모색한 결과, 향후 우리나라에 알맞은 적정 산정 수준 (Tier)은국가 고유의 활동자료와 국가 고유 배출흡수계수를 활용하는 수준 2 (Tier 2)로 나타났다. 국가 고유 배출흡수계수가 없어 수준 1 (Tier 1)을적용해야 하는 현 시점에서는 매년 활동자료인 과수 재배면적 통계를 발표하기 때문에 손실획득법보다 축적차이법으로 산정하는 것이 적정하다. 수준 2에서 시범 산정한 결과, 이 부문의 상대적으로 낮은 중요도와 산정의 단순성 및 비용을 고려할 경우, 활동자료에 있어 단순화한 하위 범주를사용하고 성숙목과 미성숙목을 구분하지 않는 것이 적정하다. 반면 온실가스 감축정책에 따른 반응성을 고려한다면, 성숙목과 미성숙목을 구분하는접근 방법이 적정하다. 산정된 탄소축적량의 불확도는 활동자료보다는 국가 고유 배출계수의 불확도에 의해 크게 좌우되어 향후 신뢰도 높은국가 고유 배출계수의 개발이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

NH₃ formation identified from an ambient removal of N₂O gas by electrogenerated Ni(I) electron mediator at electroscrubber

( A. G. Ramu ),( G. Muthuraman ),문일식 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.0

N₂O removal at room temperature with value added product is a highly needed method. This is the first report deals ambient temperature removal of N₂O to NH₃ using mediated electrochemical reduction at electro-scrubbing process. First, [Ni(I)(CN)₄]^3- was generated by electrochemical way using paired electrolysis at cathodic half-cell in 10 M KOH solution. The concentration of electrogenerated Ni(I) was derived from potentiometric titration and different applied current density used to establish the suitable condition. The electrogenerated Ni(I) pumped on the scrubber column to remove the N₂O which was entered under the wet scrubbing column. The removal of N₂O was monitored by online FTIR gas analyzer which was attached to the column exit. The feed concentration and gas flow rate effect were analyzed on N₂O removal and discussed. On line GC results compared for the formation of NH₃ during removal of N₂O.

Combination of wet-scrubbing and electrochemical generation of homogeneous Ni(I) electron mediator expedites sustainable removal SF6 at ambient temperature

( A. G. Ramu ),( G. Muthuraman ),문일식 한국공업화학회 2019 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2019 No.1

The most recalcitrant SF₆ removal is in infancy and deserved for more investigations. This work reports sustainable ambient temperature removal of SF₆ using homogeneous Ni(I) electron mediator by mediated electrochemical reduction at electro-scrubbing process. First, [Ni(I) (CN)₄]^3- (Ni(I)) was generated by paired electrolysis at cathodic half-cell in 10 M KOH solution. The concentration of electrogenerated Ni(I) was derived from potentiometric titration and optimized conditions for high efficiency. The electrogenerated Ni(I) pumped on the scrubber column to remove the SF₆ which was entered under the wet scrubbing column. The removal of SF₆ was monitored by online FTIR gas analyzer which was attached to the column exit. The feed concentration and gas flow rate effect were analyzed on SF₆ removal and discussed.

Ambient temperature removal of N₂O using electrogenerated Ni(I) electron mediator at electroscrubber

( A. G. Ramu ),( G. MUTHURAMAN ),문일식 한국공업화학회 2018 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2018 No.1