Effects of Feeding and Processing Methods of Diets on Performance, Morphological Changes in the Small Intestine and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing-Finishing Pigs

Yang, J.S.,Jung, H.J.,Xuan, Z.N.,Kim, J.H.,Kim, D.S.,Chae, B.J.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.10

These experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different feeding and processing methods of diets on performance, morphological changes in the small intestine and nutrient digestibility of growing-finishing pigs. One-hundred fifty growing pigs ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Duroc$; initial body weight of $23.33{\pm}0.75kg$) and one-hundred twenty finishing pigs ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Duroc$; initial body weight of $59.22{\pm}0.56kg$) were used in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2, respectively. Pigs were grouped on the basis of body weight and gender, and randomly allotted into 6 different treatments with 5 replications in each treatment in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement. Treatments were 1) dry feeding with a mash diet (DM), 2) dry feeding with a pelleted diet (DP), 3) dry feeding with an expanded crumble diet (DEC), 4) dry/wet feeding with a mash diet (WM), 5) dry/wet feeding with a pelleted diet (WP), and 6) dry/wet feeding with an expanded crumble diet (WEC). In Exp. 1 (growing phase), there was no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among treatments during the entire experimental period, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (p<0.05) improved in pigs fed pelleted diets regardless of feeding method. FCR was best in pigs fed a DP diet and worst in pigs fed a WM diet. Pigs fed a pelleted diet showed a 6.2% or 4.0% improvement in FCR compared with those fed a mash diet or an expanded crumble diet. Water disappearance was not significantly affected by dry/wet feeding or feed processing. Significant differences in villus height were not found among treatments, but villus height tended to be improved by dry/wet feeding. Dry/wet feeding or feed processing did not affect crypt depth. Digestibilities of calcium and phosphorus were significantly (p<0.05) improved in pigs fed an expanded crumble diet compared with pigs fed mash diets. Especially, pigs fed a WEC diet digested 8.1% more P than those fed a DM diet. Feed cost per kg weight gain (FCG) tended to be increased by dry/wet feeding rather than dry feeding. In Exp. 2 (finishing phase), ADG and ADFI were not significantly different among treatments, but a significant difference in FCR was found among feed processing forms. The best FCR was obtained in pigs fed a pelleted diet. Pigs fed a DP diet showed a 11.3% improvement compared with those fed a DEC diet. Water disappearance was significantly (p=0.0408) decreased by feeding the mash diet. However, water disappearance was not affected by dry/wet feeding during the finishing period. The villus height and crypt depth were not significantly different among treatments. However, crypt depth tended to be decreased by dry/wet feeding at the mid part of the small intestine. Fat digestibility was improved by dry feeding rather than dry/wet feeding, and was improved by 4.8% by feeding pellet diets compared with expanded crumble diets. Except for carcass grade, carcass characteristics were not significantly (p<0.05) different among treatments. Carcass grade was the best in pigs fed a WP diet. Feed cost per kg weight gain (FCG) was significantly decreased in pigs fed a pelleted diet compared with those fed an expanded crumble diet, and tended to be decreased by dry/wet feeding. In conclusion, these studies suggest that feeding the pelleted diet to growing-finishing pigs can be beneficial in terms of FCR and production cost. Dry/wet feeding can be helpful for the maintenance of villus height, but may not be reflected in improved growth performance or reduction of production costs.

돈방바닥 면적과 형태가 비육돈의 생산과 행동 및 도체품질에 미치는 영향

김두환,하덕민,송준익,전중환,Kim, Doo Hwan,Ha, Duck Min,Song, Jun Ik,Jeon, Jung Hwan 한국축산환경학회 2012 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.18 No.3

비육돈사의 돈방 바닥면적과 형태가 체중 80 kg 이상 버크셔종 비육돈의 생산효율과 행동특성 및 도체품질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 총 336두를 공시하여 시험을 수행하였다. 비육돈사 돈방바닥 형태는 콘크리트 슬랏 바닥과 톱밥바닥으로 하여 비교하였으며, 두당 바닥면적은 $1.0m^2$와 $2.5m^2$를 비교하였는데, 사료섭취량, 증체량 및 사료요구율 등 생산효율과 눕고, 걷고 먹는 등의 동작으로 보낸 시간의 비율 등 행동특성 및 부분육 생산량 비교, 등심근 pH, 보수성, 육즙손실, 전단력과 같은 도체품질 특성을 조사, 비교하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 비육돈의 두당 바닥면적과 바닥형태 차이는 사료섭취량과 증체량 및 사료요구율 등 생산효율에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 두당 바닥 면적을 증가시키거나 돈방바닥을 톱밥으로 처리하여도 생산효율 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 두당 바닥면적과 바닥형태 차이는 옆으로 누운 자세와 걷는 동작으로 보낸 시간 비율에 영향을 미치지만, 앉고 걷고 먹고 마시는 행동에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 두당 바닥면적과 바닥형태 차이는 돈육 등심근의 수분함량, pH, 보수성, 육즙손실 및 전단력에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, $1.0m^2$와 $2.5m^2$의 두당 바닥면적 및 콘크리트 슬랏 바닥과 톱밥바닥 간에 등심근의 육질특성 차이는 인정되지 않았다. This study was designed to determine the effect of different floor space and type of finishing building on performance, behaviour and carcass quality of finishing pig. Three hundred and thirty six finishing pigs were alloted into two space allowance ($1.0m^2$and $2.5m^2$/pig) and two floor type (concrete slat and bedded with sawdust) of finishing building. There was no significant difference between the different space allowance in the body gain, feed intake and feed per gain. And also floor type of finishing building was not affected by the performance of finishing pig. Space allowance per pig affected the maintenance behaviour, but there was no significant difference between the floor type of finishing building in the spent time on lying, sitting and standing. Floor type was affected by the occurrence of standing behaviour, the finishing pigs in the bedded with sawdust showed less occurrence of standing. Carcass traits did not show any significant difference due to the difference of space allowance and floor type of finishing building. There was no significant difference in the chemical compositions of pork loin between the space allowance and floor type of finishing building.

Effect of Phase Feeding on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Carcass Characteristics in Finishing Pigs

Lee, J.H.,Kim, J.D.,Kim, J.H.,Jin, J.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.8

This study was carried out to establish an optimum number of phase feeding regimen which enable to reduce nutrients excretion without affecting growth performance and to investigate the effects of different feeding regimens on growth performance, nutrients excretion and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 120 finishing pigs (an average initial body weight of 54.3 kg) were assigned to the feeding trial and 12 pigs were assigned to the metabolic trial. Treatments included one phase (54 to 104 kg), two phase (54 to 80 and 80 to 104 kg), three phase (54 to 70, 70 to 90 and 90 to 104 kg) and four phase (54 to 65, 65 to 80, 80 to 95, 95 to 104 kg) feeding regimens. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 16% crude protein for one phase feeding regimen, 16% and 12% crude protein for two phase feeding regimen, 16%, 14% and 12% crude protein for three phase feeding regimen, and 16%, 14.7%, 13.4% and 12% crude protein for four phase feeding regimen, respectively. Although there were no significant differences in any criteria measured during the entire experimental period, pigs reared in three phase feeding regimen grew slightly faster than those reared in other feeding regimens and showed a tendency to increase ADFI during the whole experimental period. The metabolic trial indicated that there were no significant differences in DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein) and P (phosphorus) digestibilities. However, fecal nutrient excretion except P was significantly influenced by feeding regimens. DM excretion of one phase feeding group was significantly higher than that of three phase feeding group and daily fecal N (nitrogen) excretion of one phase feeding group was higher than that of other phase feeding groups (p<0.05). Three and four phase feeding regimens resulted in 12% lower fecal N and DM excretion than one phase feeding regimen. Blood urea concentrations were lower for pigs reared in two, three and four phase feeding regimens than for those reared in one phase feeding regimen (p<0.05). Three phase feeding regimen for the finishing period showed better carcass grade than one phase feeding regimen, though the difference was not significant. The tenth rib fat thickness of pigs fed on four phase feeding regimen was reduced most and there was a trend that backfat thickness decreased as the number of phases increased. Feed cost per kg weight gain was significantly low in four phase feeding group than one phase feeding group (p<0.05). In summary, it seemed that producers generally oversupply the expensive nutrients for the finishing pigs. High nutrient diets do not always guarantee high growth rate of pigs and cause more unwanted nutrient excretion. It rather seems that meeting nutrient requirements for the each growth phase is more important for the reduction of pollutants and economical pork production.

Effects of different space allowances on growth performance, blood profile and pork quality in a grow-to-finish production system

J.C. Jang,X. H. Jin,J.S. Hong,김유용 아세아·태평양축산학회 2017 Animal Bioscience Vol.30 No.12

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the optimal space allowance on growth performance, blood profile and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of ninety crossbred pigs [(Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc, 30.25±1.13 kg] were allocated into three treatments (0.96: four pigs/pen, 0.96 m2/pig; 0.80: five pigs/pen, 0.80 m2/pig; 0.69: six pigs/pen, 0.69 m2/pig) in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were housed in balanced sex and had free access to feed in all phases for 14 weeks (growing phase I, growing phase II, finishing phase I, and finishing phase II). Results: There was no statistical difference in growing phase, but a linear decrease was observed on average daily gain (ADG, p<0.01), average daily feed intake (ADFI, p<0.01), and body weight (BW, p<0.01) with decreasing space allowance in late finishing phase. On the other hand, a quadratic effect was observed on gain to feed ratio in early finishing phase (p<0.03). Consequently, overall ADG, ADFI, and final BW linearly declined in response to decreased space allowance (p<0.01). The pH of pork had no significant difference in 1 hour after slaughter, whereas there was a linear decrease in 24 h after slaughter with decreasing space allowance. Floor area allowance did not affect pork colors, but shear force linearly increased as floor space decreased (p<0.01). There was a linear increase in serum cortisol concentration on 14 week (p<0.05) with decreased space allocation. Serum IgG was linearly ameliorated as space allowance increased on 10 week (p<0.05) and 14 week (p<0.01). Conclusion: Data from current study indicated that stress derived from reduced space allowance deteriorates the immune system as well as growth performance of pigs, resulting in poor pork quality. Recommended adequate space allowance in a grow-to-finish production system is more than 0.80 m2/pig for maximizing growth performance and production efficiency.

Effect of reducing dietary crude protein level on growth performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs

Aaron Niyonsaba,Xing Hao Jin,Yoo Yong Kim Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2023 Animal Bioscience Vol.36 No.10

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a low-protein diet on growth performance, carcass traits, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and odor emissions in growing-finishing pigs. Methods: A total of 126 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire×Landrace]×Duroc) with an average body weight (BW) of 38.56±0.53 kg were used for a 14-week feeding trial. Experimental pigs were allotted to one of 6 treatments in 3 replicates of 7 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed each treatment diet with different levels of crude protein (CP). Phase 1 (early growing): 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%; phase 2 (late growing): 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%; phase 3 (early finishing): 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%; phase 4 (late finishing): 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%. All experimental diets in each phase were contained the same concentration of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), and tryptophan (Trp). Results: Over the entire experimental period, there was no significant difference in BW, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio among all treatments (p>0.05), but a quadratic effect (p = 0.04) was observed in average daily gain (ADG) during the late finishing phase with higher ADG in Group D. Blood urea nitrogen concentration linearly increased with an increase in dietary CP levels (p<0.01). Regarding nutrient digestibility, excreted nitrogen in urine and feces and nitrogen retention linearly increased as the CP level increased (p<0.01). A linear effect was observed with increasing CP levels in amines, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide in odor emissions (p<0.01). No significant effects were observed in the measurements of carcass traits and meat characteristics (p>0.05). Conclusion: In phase feeding, reducing the CP level to 14% in early-growing pigs, 13% in late-growing pigs, 12% in early-finishing pigs, and 11% in late-finishing pigs is recommended.

돈방바닥과 출하체중 증가가 비육돈의 생산효율과 돈육품질에 미치는 영향

김두환,강재두,하덕민,Kim D. H.,Kang J. D.,Ha D. M. 한국축산환경학회 2005 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.11 No.3

비육돈사의 돈방바닥 형태와 출하체중 증가가 체중 80kg 이상 버크션종 비육돈의 생산효율과 도체품질 및 육질특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 총 444두를 공시하여 시험을 수행하였다. 비육돈사 돈방바닥 형태는 콘크리트 슬랏바닥과 톱밥바닥으로 하여 비교하였으며, 출하체중은 관행으로 시행중인 110kg과 130kg으로 체중을 늘릴 경우를 비교하였는데, 사료섭취량, 증체량 및 사료요구율 등 생산효율과 부분육 생산량 비교 및 등심근 pH, 보수성, 육즙 손실, 전단력, 육색과 같은 육질특성을 조사, 비교하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 돈방바닥 형태와 출하체중 증가는 사료 섭취량과 증체량 및 사료요구율에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 출하체중을 130kg으로 증가시키거나 돈방바닥을 톱밥으로 처리하여도 생산효율 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 2. 출하체중 증가는 부분육 생산량을 비례적으로 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 삼겹살 부위 생산량이 상대적으로 크게 증가하는 것으로 조사되었으나 등지방두께는 차이가 없었다. 그러나 돈방바닥 형태에 의한 부분육 생산량 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 3. 돈방바닥 형태와 출하체중 증가는 돈육 등심근의 수분 함량, pH, 보수성, 육즙 손실 및 전단력에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 출하체중 110kg과 130kg 간 및 콘크리트 슬랏 바닥과 톱밥바닥 간에 등심근의 육질특성의 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 4. 출하체중은 돈육 등심근의 밝기를 나타내는 명도 값과 황색도 값에는 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 적색도 값에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으며, 돈방바닥 형태에 의한 돈육 등심근의 명도, 적색도 및 황색도 차이는 인정되지 않았다.신의 숭고한 고유-독창성(Originality)이 피드백의 경로를 투과하면서 자신을 남에게 투영시켜 얻어내는 것이 고유성의 변종이다. 피드백은 단순한 작품의 일부가 아니라 작품을 이루는 뼈대이다 기술의 과시만으로는 예술의 행위가 될 수 없다. 작가의 예술성이 관객의 감성에 피드백 되도록 노력해야 한다 그러기 위해서는 예정된 피드백이란 느낌을 관객이 갖지 않도록 하여야 한다. 인터렉티브 미디어 아트는 초기의 형태에서 벗어나 새로운 집적된 피드백 기술로 전환하여야 할 시기가 온 것이다.료된다.시한 개체의 수술 전 방사선학적 평균 고관절 등급은 양측 모두 $3.2\pm0.9$이었고 수술 직후의 좌 우측 평균 고관절 등급은 각각 $2.7\pml.1,\;2.7\pm0.9$ (n=36) 이었다. 수술 직후와 2, 4, 8, 12, 24주 후의 고관절 등급이 수술 전에 비하여 유의적으로 개선된 것을 확인하였다.(P<0.01). 수술 후 정기적인 검사 시에 측정한 Norberg angle, percentage of femoral head coverage도 수술 전과 비교해 유의성 있게 증가하였다(P<0.01). 변형 3중 골반 절골술 직후의 평균 골반직경은 수술 전의 골반직경보다 유의적으로 증가하였으며(P<0.01)(n=36) 수술 후 평균 9.3L2.7주에 절골선 유합이 종료되었다(n=21). 반면 편측 3중 골반 절골술을 실시한 경우에는 수술 후 골반경이 수술 전과 비교해 증가하지 않았다. 변형 3중 골반 절골술후에 장액종 형성(1마리), 스크류 변위(4마리), 스크류 부러짐(1마리), 편측성 신경마비(1마리) 등의 부작용이 발생하였다. 이상의 결과를 토대로, 변형 3중 This study was conducted to determine the effect of floor type of finishing building and increasing market weight of finishing Pigs on Performance, carcass traits and pork quality. Four hundred and forty-four finishing pigs were confined and administered with different floor type(concrete slat and bedded with sawdust) and increasing market weight(110kg to 130kg) of finishing building. The result obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. There was no significant difference between the floor type of finishing building in the body weight gain, feed intake and gain per feed. And also increasing market weight of finishing pigs was not affected the performance of finishing pigs. 2. Increasing market weight of finishing pigs affect the carcass yield. The market weight at 130kg showed more amount of each cut of carcass, especially the belly portion was higher, but backfat thickness was not different. 3. Carcass traits did not show any significant difference due to the difference of market weight of finishing pig and floor type of finishing building. 4. There was no significant difference in the chemical compositions and meat color of pork loin between the floor type of finishing building and increasing market weight of finishing pigs.

비육돈에 있어 옥수수 입자도 및 익스펜더 가공에 따른 성장율과 영양소 소화율에 미치는 효과

이상환,김인호,홍종옥,권오석,김종관,김용철 한국동물자원과학회 2001 한국축산학회지 Vol.43 No.6

비육돈에서 옥수수 입자도와 expander 가공에 따른 성장 능력과 영양소 소화율의 효과를 알아보기 위해서 전기와 후기로 나누어 두 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 1과 2의 처리구는 1) 고운 옥수수 가루 사료(fine corn-mash diet; FM), 2) 거친 옥수수 가루 사료 (coarse corn-mash diet; CM), 3) 고운 옥수수 가공 사료(fine corn-expanded crushing diet; FE) 그리고 4) 거친 옥수수 가공 사료(coarse corn-expanded crushing diet; CE)로 구성되었다. 시험 1은 비육전기인 60두(개시체중 59.64±0.79㎏)를 공시하여 28일간 사양 시험하였다. 시험 기간동안, 일당증체량은 EP 사료에서 가루 사료보다 높았고((P<0.05), EP 사료 중 FE 사료에서 CE 사료에 비해 일당증체량이 향상되었다.(P<0.05). 일당사료섭취량은 CM 사료에서 FM 사료보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 또한, 가공 사료에서는 FE 사료가 CE 사료보다 높았다(P<0.05). 사료효율은 가루 사료와 EP 사료 모두 고운 옥수수 입자도에서 유의적인 증가를 보였다(P<0.05). DM과 N 소화율은 EP 사료에서 가루 사료와 비교하여 유의적인 향상을 보였다(P<0.05). 하지만, FM 처리구는 CE 처리구에 비해 건물과 질소 소화율이 같은 경향을 보였다. 시험 2에서는, 비육후기인 40두(개시체중 95.23±0.92㎏)를 공시하여 소화시험을 실시하였다. DM과 N 섭취량은 CM 처리구에서 다른 처리구보다 높았다(P<0.05). 영양소 소화율(DM과 N)은 고운 옥수수 입자도에서 거친 옥수수 입자도보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 또한 DM과 N의 분 배설량은 FE 처리구가 다른 처리구보다 적게 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 EP 사료에 옥수수의 입자도를 곱게 함으로써 성장의 극대화 및 분중 영양소 배설량의 감소를 보였다. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of corn particle size and expander processing on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in early- and late-finishing pigs. In Exp. 1 and 2, treatments were 1) fine corn-mash diet (FM), 2) coarse corm-mash diet (CM), 3) fine corn-expanded diet (FE), and 4) coarse corn-expanded diet (CE). In Exp. 1, sixty pigs(Duroc×Yorkshire×Landrace, average initial body weight of 59.64±0.79㎏) of early-finishing phase were used in a 28 day growth assay. Each treatment had five replicates with three pigs per replicate. During the experimental period, pigs fed EP(expanded diet) were higher (P<0.05) in average daily gain(ADG) than pigs fed MS(mash diet), whereas pigs fed FE was higher(P<0.05) in ADG over those fed CE. In average daily feed intake(ADFI), FM was higher(P<0.05) than CM. Also, pigs fed FE were higher(P<0.05) in ADFI than pigs fed CE. Gain/feed was significantly improved(P<0.05) with fine particle size of both MS and EP. In DM and N digestibility, EP was significantly higher compared to MS(P<0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of forty pigs(Duroc×Yorkshire×Landrace, average initial body weight of 95.23±0.92㎏) of late-finishing phase were used in digestibility trial. Each treatment had five replicates with two pigs per replicate. Intake of DM and N were higher(P<0.05) in CM than in other treatments. Nutrient digestibility(DM and N) was greater(P<0.05) by fine corn particle size than by coarse corn particle size. Also fecal excretions of DM and N in FE were less(P<0.05) than other treatments. In conclusion, even when using expanded crushing diet to maximize efficiency of gain and nutrient digestibility, fine particle size could help to reduce fecal nutrient excretion.

The Ratio of Dietary n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Influences the Fat Composition and Lipogenic Enzyme Activity in Adipose Tissue of Growing Pigs

Chang Hyun Song,Seung Min Oh,SuHyup Lee,YoHan Choi,Jeong Dae Kim,Aera Jang,JinSoo Kim 한국축산식품학회 2020 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.40 No.2

Currently, there is a growing interest among consumers in selecting healthier meat with a greater proportion of essential fatty acids (FA). This experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different ratios of dietary n-6:n-3 on growth performance, FA profile of longissimus dorsi (LD), relative gene expression of cytokines, meat quality, and blood parameters in finishing pigs. A total of 108 finishing pigs was randomly allotted to three treatments including a control (basal diet) and low ratios (4:1 and 2:1) of n-6:n-3. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets decreased the overall stearic acid in LD. There were reductions in the content of stearic acid, palmitoleic acid, total saturated acid, and n-6:n-3 ratio of LD in pigs fed 4:1 and 2:1 diet compared with the control diet. The 4:1 and 2:1 diets increased the concentration of α-Linolenic acid and polyunsaturated FA in the LD of pigs. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme gene was down-regulated in pigs fed 2:1 diet compared with finishing pigs fed the control or 4:1 diets. The relative expression of hormonesensitive lipase was increased in pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 ratio diets. Lower total cholesterol of plasma was observed in finishing pigs fed 2:1 and 4:1 diets. The cooking loss ratio of meat was lower in pigs fed the 2:1 and 4:1 diets compared with the control diet. Pigs fed the 4:1 and 2:1 diets had greater final body weight. In conclusion, the 2:1 and 4:1 diets have the potential to increase the meat quality and growth performance of pigs.

Growth Associated Hormones Response and Fat Metabolism Change in Finishing Pigs Fed with n-Methyl-d, L-Aspartate

Xi, Gang,Xu, Zirong,Xiao, Ping Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.7

A trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary NMA on several growth associated hormones and fat metabolism in finishing pigs. A total of 84 crossbred finishing pigs (average initial BW of $56{\pm}$0.37kg) were divided into 6 pens, 14 pigs per pen (7 gilts and 7 barrows per pen). 3 pens of pigs were fed with control diet (corn-soybean meal) and the others were fed control diet addition with 50 mg/kg NMA. During the trial, all pigs were given free access to feed and water. After 44 days trial, 8 pigs from each treatment (4 gilts and 4 barrows, weight similar to average group weight, $86.94{\pm}0.71kg$ for control group, and $90.55{\pm}1.51kg$ for NMA treated group) were sacrificed to collect the sample of the liver, longissimus muscle, subcutaneous fat (10th rib). The addition of NMA in diet increased the IGF-I, Insulin, T3, T4 levels in serum by 50.68% (p<0.05), 38.36% (p<0.05), 123.33% (p<0.01), 60.58% (p<0.03), respectively. Meanwhile, IGF-I level in the liver and the muscle were increased with 17.83% (p<0.03) and 26.00% (p<0.03) with addition of NMA. The data from subcutaneous fat (10th rib) analysis showed that supplement of 50 mg/kg NMA decreased the total activities of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) by 20.54% (p<0.05), glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-DPH) by 16.97% (p<0.05), and decreased the specific activities of MDH and G-6-DPH by 37.46% (p<0.01) and 35.06% (p<0.01), respectively. The hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) total activity was increased by 25.00% (p<0.05) in NMA treated pigs. These results indicated that addition of 50 mg/kg NMA to diet can induce the endocrine great change in finishing pigs, furthermore, inhibit the fat synthesis through suppressing lipogenic enzymes and promote the fat degradation by elevating HSL activity in finishing pigs.

장난감 제공과 장난감 모양이 비육돈의 스트레스 관련 이상행동에 미치는 영향

김두환,하덕민,한정철,박태환 강원대학교 동물생명과학연구소 2022 동물자원연구 Vol.33 No.1

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of toy provision for stress reduction, welfare improvement and toy preference in finishing pigs. Toy shape was expected to exert effects on stress related behaviors including fighting, bothering, and feed competition. Three different toy shapes (i.e. square, round, and oval) were given to groups of finishing pigs. A no toy control group was also included. The duration and frequency of abnormal behaviors and use time for toy preference were compared among groups. The duration and frequency of stress related behaviors was higher (p<0.01) among the non-toy-using finishing pigs on 20 minutes and 118 times than 16 minutes and 57 times of toy-using finishing pigs. Toy shape exerted no significant effects, however, toy use displayed a clear ability to reduce stress related behaviors among finishing pigs. Toy use time and shape both displayed no clear effect on the duration of stress related behaviors. These behaviors were most frequently displayed in the afternoons when the finishing pigs become most active, and were not affected by toy shape. Overall, the square shaped toy was used much longer (9.7 hours) and more frequently (566 times) in a 24 hour period by the finishing pigs (p<0.01). In conclusion, providing toys to finishing pigs reduces stress and stress related behaviors. This finding is expected to positively impact welfare and improve finishing pig productivity. Square shaped toys were most preferred by the finishing pigs, therefore adopting toys with square features is recommended 비육돈의 스트레스 저감, 복지개선 및 생산성 향상을 위한 장난감 제공 효과와 장난감 모양이 스트레스 관련 이상행동에 미치는 영향과 비육돈이 선호하는 장난감 모양을 확인하고자 하였다. 장난감을 제공하지 않거나 사각형, 원형 및 타원형 장난감을 제공한 돈방으로 구분하여 서로 싸우거나 상대를 괴롭히거나 심한 사료섭취 경쟁 등 이상행동의 발현시간과 빈도 및 장난감 모양에 따른 사용시간을 비교하였다. 비육돈의 이상행동 발현시간과 빈도를 합산한 결과는 장난감 제공이 최대 16분, 57회인데 비하여 장난감을 제공하지 않으면 20분, 118회로 높게 나타나(p<0.01) 장난감의 모양에 따라 약간의 차이는 있지만, 장난감 제공이 비육돈의 이상행동 발현을 줄이는 효과는 분명한 것으로 판단된다. 장난감 제공 후 경과 일자와 장난감 모양에 따른 비육돈의 이상행동 발현시간은 어떤 일정한 경향과 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 하루 중 시간대에 따라서는 비육돈의 활동이 가장 활발한 오후 시간대에 장난감 제공 여부에 관계없이 가장 많은 이상행동을 나타내었으며, 장난감 모양별 이상행동 발현시간의 차이는 없었다. 장난감 모양에 따른 비육돈의 하루 중 장난감 사용시간과 빈도는 사각형 모양의 장난감이 9.7시간 및 566회로 월등히 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 결론적으로 장난감 제공은 비육돈의 이상행동 발현을 감소시키고 스트레스 저감과 복지개선 및 생산성 향상으로 이어질 것으로 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 사각형 모양 장난감의 사용시간이 월등히 길어 비육돈이 선호하는 장난감 모양은 사각형이며, 향후 비육돈용 장난감 개발을 위해 사각형 모양의 장난감 특성을 반영하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.