A Comparative Study on the Export Potential of the Digital Service Trade between China and Korea: Based on RCEP Country Data

Wen-Si Cheng 한국무역학회 2023 Journal of Korea trade Vol.27 No.2

Purpose – The digital service trade has become an important driver of the global service trade. The main purpose of this study is to explore the influencing factors of digital service exports from China and Korea to RCEP sample countries respectively, and to comprehensively study the export potential of China and Korea to RCEP countries, so as to provide theoretical guidance and a decision-making reference to promote digital service trade exports and digital economy development in China and Korea. Design/methodology – First, the stochastic frontier gravity model was improved by introducing nonefficiency factors affecting digital services trade, extending the gravity model of traditional services trade exports to digital services trade exports. Secondly, the panel data of China and Korea for the eight sample countries of RCEP from 2011 to 2021 were adopted for the empirical analysis of digital service export potential by a stochastic frontier model. Findings – China's economic growth plays a role in increasing China's digital service trade exports, while Korea's economic growth does not play a significant role in increasing Korea's digital service trade exports. However, the economic growth of trading partner countries can play a significant role in boosting the digital service trade in both China and Korea, and comparison shows that Korea has higher resilience in the digital services trade than China. In addition, the market size of target countries plays a positive role in promoting the digital service trade exports of both China and Korea, and the increase in the value-added share of services in target countries will lead to a decrease in the digital service trade exports of both China and Korea. Originality/value – This study is innovative in terms of research perspective and method. Academic research on the export potential of international trade has been extensive, but most studies are based on the perspective of the goods trade, fewer studies are based on the perspective of the service trade, and there are almost no studies based on the perspective of digital service trade. There is a gap based on the comparative analysis of the export potential of the digital service trade between China and Korea. This study extends the gravitational model of traditional service trade exports to digital service trade exports to comparatively analyze the export potential of China and Korea to RCEP countries. This study addresses this limitation by analyzing a comparative analysis of the digital service trade export potential of China and Korea.

A Study on the Determinants of Trade Costs and Exports in Laos

푸사이 수카미사이,장승욱 아시아.유럽미래학회 2020 유라시아연구 Vol.17 No.2

Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, and due to its geographical location, it is expected that trade costs will be higher than those of other countries due to higher transportation and logistics costs than its neighbors. Thus, a strategy that can reduce trade costs through verification of factors affecting trade costs is deemed necessary to revitalize Laos’ economy. Additionally, policies that can bring about an increase in exports through analysis of factors affecting Laos’ exports are also deemed important and necessary for Laos’ economic development. Thus, in this study, we would like to analyze the factors affecting the trade costs in Laos and suggest ways to reduce the trade costs. And based on the determinants of exports, it presents ways to bring about an increase in exports. This will be achieved by analyzing 43 countries and the trade-related data during the period 2005-2017. The paper extends the standard gravity model to identify the effect of the factors on comprehensive trade costs and exports. In this study, we employed Ordinary Least Squares(OLS), Random Effects(RE) and Fama-Macbeth(F-M), etc. to estimate the parameters. The results of the regression analysis of comprehensive trade costs showed that the estimated coefficient value of geographical distance had a significantly positive at the 1% level, indicating that trade costs increase significantly as the distance between trading partners increases. Meanwhile, the value of the estimated coefficient of geographical distance2 was shown to have a significantly negative, indicating that the comprehensive trade costs increased sensitively as the distance increased. And the value of the estimated coefficient of the tariffs, exchange rates, and the number of documents is also shown to be a significant impact, indicating that the tariffs, the number of documents, and the exchange rates between trading partners increase in the comprehensive trade costs, it increases significantly. Also, im- provement of the liner shipping connectivity index and the number of Internet of trading partners could reduce time costs and transaction costs by improving the country’s ICT infrastructure and services. Next, if we look at the results of the regression analysis on the determinants of exports. First of all, the estimated coefficient of the gross domestic product has a positive impact, indicating that as Laos’ gross domestic product (GDP) increases, exports increase significantly. Meanwhile, the value of the esti- mated coefficient of distance was shown to have a significantly negative, and the decrease in tariff rates and the number of documents affects the increase in exports. Also, the estimated coefficient of the liner shipping connectivity index and the number of internet users in the trading partner has a significantly positive, indicating that exports increase as the liner shipping connectivity index and the number of internet users of trading partners increases. Finally, we could see that exports increase significantly as the free trade agreements(FTAs) and the similarity in culture with other countries increases. To reduce trade costs through this study, trade costs increase as the distance between trading partners increases, but beyond to longer distance, the comprehensive trade costs decreased as distance. Decreasing of tariff rates, exchange rates, and the number of documents is expected to result in a drop in trade costs. Also, it was found that necessary to increase the shipping connectivity index and the number of internet users to reduce trade costs. To increase exports, the GDP of Laos and trading countries has been shown to play an important role in exports, and a drop in tariff rates and the number of related documents is believed to lead to an increase in exports. It also found that an increase in the shipping connectivity index and the number of Internet users could lead to an increase in exports. And Laos tended to engage in m...

내수기업 수출활성화를 위한 무역전문인력 양성 방안에 대한 연구

강호연(Ho Yeon KANG),정윤세(Yoon Say JEONG) 한국무역상무학회 2018 貿易商務硏究 Vol.78 No.-

In all countries of theworld, the development of trade is an important factor for the survival of the national economy. Increased export will lead to national economic growth. Export is directly linked to employment, and the industrial structurewill be developed in the direction to produce products of comparative advantages. Therefore, every country around the world is trying to promote export regardless of the size of its economy. Accordingly, this paper focused on the promotion of export of domestic companies. It proposed to cultivate trade experts to promote export of domestic companies. The following five methods were proposed to materialize the proposal. First, it is important to foster trade experts to expand and foster the one-person creative companies. In particular, it is important to develop a professional education curriculum. It is necessary to design and conduct a systematic curriculum throughout the process including follow-up after education such as teaching detailed procedures for establishing a trade business, identification of relevant regulations and related organizations, understanding of special features of each exporting country, and details of exporting procedures through specialist training for the individual industries, helping themto keep their network steady so that they can easily get help from consultants. Second, it is necessary to educate tradersworking in the field tomake them trade experts and utilize themin on-the-job training and consulting. To do this, it is necessary to introduce systematic consultant selection process, and to introduce a systemto educate andmanage them. It is because,wemust select themost appropriate candidates, educate themto be lecturers and consultants, and dispatch themto the field, in order tomake the best achievement in export. Nurturing trading professionals utilizing the current tradingworkers to activate export of domestic companies can be more efficient through cooperation of trading education agencies and related agencies in various industries. Third, it is also proposed to cultivate female trade experts by educating female tradeworkerswhose career has been disrupted. It is to provide career disrupted women with opportunities to work after training them as trade professionals and to give manpower pool to domestic companies that are preparing for export. Fourth, it is also proposed to educate foreign students living in Korea to be trading experts and to utilize them as trading infra. They can be trading professionalswhowill contribute to the promotion of export. In the short term, theywill be providedwith opportunities for employment and start-upin the field of trade, and in themid- to long-term, theymay develop a business network between Korea and their own countries. To this end, we need to improve the visa system, expand free trade education opportunities, and support themso that they can establish small but strong enterprises. Fifth, it is proposed to proactively expand trade education to specialized high school students. Considering that most of domestic companies pursuing activation of export are small but strong companies or small andmediumsized companies, they may prefer high school graduates rather than university graduates because of financial limitations. Besides, the specialized high school studentsmay occupy better position in the jobmarket if they are equippedwith expertise in trading. This study can bemeaningful, in that it is the first research that focuses on cultivating trading experts to contribute to the export activation of domestic companies. However, it also has a limitation that it has failed to reflect themore specific field voices. It is hoped that detailed plans will be derived from the opinions of the employees of domestic companiesmaking efforts to become an export company in the related researches in the future.

무역보험계약상 사기방지를 위한 개선방안에 관한 연구

유주선,김동민 한국기업법학회 2018 企業法硏究 Vol.32 No.2

Due to a shortage of raw materials, South Korea imports the raw materials from other countries, and then exports them after processing. A capital is necessary to import and export certain materials. When an accident happens during the processing export, exporters’ effort in exporting processed raw materials would result in vain. In addition, even if buyers have properly received the exports, the exporters may not receive the payment due to importing country’s economic or political instability. The trade insurance system is designed to prepare for such situations to promote smooth trade between countries. The trade insurance system can offer positive effect by encouraging exports in a country, however, it could also expose a problem when exporters attempt a trade insurance fraud. Like other countries, Korea's trade insurance system has also promoted exports of various items to various countries. However, there are frequent cases in which Korea Trade Insurance Corporation pays insurance premiums even though insurance accidents do not occur by manipulating export documents. Because the trade is carried out at a distance between countries, it is difficult for Korea Trade Insurance Corporation to investigate the fact of insurance fraud. Korea Trade Insurance Corporation not only has responsibility for insurance payment but also has responsibility to prevent malicious trade insurance frauds. The focus of this research is to study trade insurance system which prevent risks during trades. Especially, this study investigates the types of trade insurance fraud that receive insurance payments through manipulation of false export documents and proposes improvement plans to prevent such trade insurance frauds. 우리나라는 원자재가 부족하기 때문에 다른 국가로부터 원자재를 우선 수입한 후 가공하여 수출을 하게 된다. 일정한 자재를 수입하기 위해서는 자본이 필요하다. 수입한 원자재를 가공하여 수출업자가 수출하는 도중에 사고가 발생하는 경우 수출업자의 수고와 노력은 헛된 것이 되고 만다. 또한, 수출 물품이 매수인에게 잘 수령했다고 할지라도 수입국의 경제적 여건이나 정치적 불안으로 인하여, 수출업자 대금을 받지 못하는 경우가 발생할 수 있다. 무역보험제도는 이러한 경우를 대비하여 국가 간 무역을 원활하게 하기 위하여 고안된 제도이다. 한 국가의 수출을 장려한다는 측면에서 무역보험제도는 긍정적인 효과를 야기할 수 있지만, 보험계약자인 수출업자가 무역보험을 악의적으로 이용하여 보험금을 수령하고자 하는 경우도 발생할 수 있다. 다른 국가와 마찬가지로, 우리나라의 무역보험제도 역시 여러 국가로 다양한 품목에 대한 수출을 증진시켜 왔다. 그러나 다른 한편으로 무역거래 현황을 조작하고 보험사고 발생하지 않았음에도 불구하고 무역보험공사로부터 보험금을 지급하는 사례가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 무역거래는 국가와 국가 사이, 즉 원거리에서 이루어지기 때문에 무역보험공사가 보험사기의 사실을 파악하기 어려운 점이 있다. 무역보험공사는 보험사고 시 보험금을 지급해야 할 의무도 있지만, 악의적인 보험금청구를 예방해야 할 책무도 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 무역거래에서 발생하는 위험을 예방하는 기능을 하는 무역보험제도에 관한 내용을 다루고 있다. 특히, 무역보험 거래 중 허위 수출 서류나 가공의 실적 등을 통하여 무역보험공사로부터 보험금액을 취득하는 보험사기의 제 유형이 고찰되고, 이러한 보험사기를 예방하기 위한 개선방안이 제시된다.

A Study on the License for Intermediate Trade and Merchandising Trade of Trigger List Items

Su-Hyeon Kim,Han-Sol Ko 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.2

Trades are classified as a direct trade, in which an exporter and an importer directly conclude a contract to execute a transaction, and an indirect trade, in which a transaction is conducted through a third party. A license issued by NSSC is required for the indirect trade of Trigger List Items although the items do not cross the Korea’s borders. This study would summarize characteristics for each type of the indirect trade, and suggest things considered from the perspective of regulations. Sensitive items such as weapons of mass destruction could be illegally transferred through black trade, and the role of brokers is important. Therefore, Korea controls indirect trade of Trigger List Items in a more conservative approach, although NSG guidelines does not include it as a control scope. Advanced countries in export control field such as the US, UK, and Canada also controls on indirect trade. One of the indirect trade types is an intermediate trade in which the goods are imported from a foreign country and exported to another foreign country without being brought into the trader’s country. Another type is a merchandising trade which is a form of brokerage between exporter from a foreign country and importer from another foreign country. Both types have one thing in common that the goods are not crossed the trader’s country. The difference is that an intermediate trader directly participates in the contract and earn a difference between import and export amount, whereas a merchandising trader just arranges the transaction and earns a brokerage fee. The profits from the intermediate trade are considered as export records, while merchandising trade profits are not considered export records. In other words, only the intermediary trade is considered as an export. Also, the license types are different for each of them. An export license should be issued for the intermediate trade of Trigger List Items, whereas a brokerage license should be issued for the merchandising trade of Trigger List Items. The definition of export in the Foreign Trade Act includes intermediate trade for only goods, but technology is missing, although the sub-regulation specifies the intermediate trade including both. The technology need to be added as it can be the subject of intermediate trade in spite of intangible characteristics. Also, outreach activities are more needed as nuclear industry awareness on export control for both trades is low.

Impact of Trade Facilitation on the Efficiency of Cameroon’s Exports to its Trading Partners: A Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model (SFGM) Approach

Mbante II Appolinaire Roland,고종환 Ko, Jong-Hwan 한독경상학회 2024 經商論叢 Vol.42 No.1

Trade facilitation is vital in reducing cross-border trade costs and increasing economic benefits regionally and globally. This study aims to examine the impact of trade facilitation on the efficiency of Cameroon’s exports to its trading partners. This study applies a time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model (SFGM) approach and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) using panel data from 2010 to 2021. The results reveal that the exporter's GDP per capita negatively affects export flows, while the importing countries' population size positively affects Cameroon's export efficiency, and distance reduces export flows. Examining trade facilitation variables indicates that Cameroon's average untapped export potential is US$ 44.7 million. In addition, variables such as exchange rate, free trade agreements, political stability, and port infrastructure have a significant impact on export efficiency. Meanwhile, import tariffs and the exporter’s corruption index remain trade barriers. This study provides a comprehensive empirical assessment of the impact of trade facilitation on Cameroon's export efficiency by applying the SFGM. The findings of this study suggest the following policy recommendations: Cameroon should engage in multiple trade agreements to reduce tariffs on imports from Cameroon by its trading partners, modernize the port infrastructure in Douala and Kribi to reduce the time required to transport goods, and create an anti-corruption agency to reduce the rate of corruptions in the economy. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is the first to empirically analyze the impact of trade facilitation on the export efficiency of Cameroon using the time-varying SFGM approach.

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Trade Facilitation on China's Export Trade

Xinyu ZHAO,Fan ZHANG 한국유통과학회 2020 The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business( Vol.11 No.9

Purpose: Many studies show that promoting the development of trade facilitation has a positive role in stimulating the country's foreign trade. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the development level of trade facilitation for China's export trade. Research design, data and methodology:This study analyzes the growth trend of China's export trade volume in 2009-2019, the characteristics of China's export trade market according to the top 18 major exporting countries in 2017-2018, the structure of export commodities to understand China's economic development level, and compares the total amount of trade exported to all uses this to measure the level of trade development. On this basis, this paper selects the 2011-2018 Trade Facilitation Index and C continents to study the development trend. Based on the theory of trade facilitation, this paper constructs the Trade Facilitation Index, and hina's export trade volume for empirical research. Results: The results show that trade facilitation has a positive and significant impact on the development of China's export trade. Conclusions: Based on the analysis of the actual situations and empirical results, this paper puts forward some suggestions to promote the level of trade facilitation in order to promote the development of import and export trade

A Study on Export Trade Efficiency and Potential of Korean Semiconductor Industry: Empirical Evidence from 72 Trade Export Countries

Xiao-Hui Li,이양기 한국무역연구원 2024 무역연구 Vol.20 No.2

Purpose – The semiconductor industry is an integral part of the Korean economy. Trade competition in semiconductors, the core component of the fourth industrial revolution, has become increasingly fierce. In this context, this study aims to empirically analyze the current situation, international competitiveness, and challenges faced by Korea’s semiconductor export trade from the perspective of trade efficiency by using Korea’s semiconductor export trade data. Design/Methodology/Approach – Using a stochastic frontier gravity model, this study analyzes the data of 72 countries and regions that have been the main targets of Korea’s semiconductor exports for the past 22 years using an empirical approach to investigate the main factors affecting Korea’s semiconductor export trade, trade efficiency, and trade potential. Findings – From the division of semiconductor export market type, there are 13 saturated countries, and the trade volume accounts for 77.86% of the total trade volume of Korea’s semiconductor exports. There were 31, 16, and 12 expansion, development, and iceberg-type countries, respectively. In addition, the regression results show that Korea’s population size and the R&D expenditures of the countries with which it trades have a significantly positive effect on semiconductor exports. Research Implications – To date, no more systematic empirical research literature on the efficiency of Korean semiconductor export trade has been found, and this study fills the gap in the literature in this area through an empirical analysis approach. This study aims to provide a reference value in Korea’s semiconductor export trade.

Comparative Advantage, Complementarity, Market Diversification and Trade Instability : A Case Study of Pakistan

Chaudhary, M. Aslam,Saleem, Mohammad 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 2001 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.16 No.4

In this paper pattern of Packistan's exports, comparative advantage of exports, Complementarity and commodity concentration of exports and export instability of Pakistan are analyzed. The mismatch between Pakistan's exports and world import is also identified. Different indices have been utilized to draw empirical evidences, such as comparative advantage index, commodity concentration index, and export instability index and Complementarity index etc. The results of the study indicated that, from 1972 to 1998, the growth rate of Pakistan's exports has increased, despite the wide variation in growth rates of demand for exports, across the trading member states. Packistan is one of those countries of the South Asia whose exports grew faster than other i.e. south asian association for Regional Cooperation Countries (SAARC)ㆍㆍ. However, compared with Japan and south Korea, Pakistan's exports have grown at a much slower pace. The results of Complementary Index suggests that Pakistan's exports are not closely linked to the dominant trading partners imports. The result of commodity concentration index indicates that Pakistan's exports consist upon few products, concentrated in few markets. It is also noted that during the early period of liberalization (1972-1982), commodity concretion increased, while it started to decline during the period of (1983-92), and continued to decline during the recent economic reform period(1993-89). The result of comparative advantage index shows mixed results. Only the minor exports group, i.e. carpets and rugs, has enjoyed comparative advantage, while major exports like textile and leather group did not experience comparative advantage. It was clear that all these product categories are losing competitive strength in the world market. If the same trends continue it is likely that Pakistan's exports will face serious problems in the new emerging world of globalization and free trade. The export Instability Index indicates that Pakistan's exports exhibits instability. Over time, export instability has increased for Pakistan while the same has shown decreasing trend for the rest of the world. Thus, the export performance of Pakistan is not consistent with the rest of the world. To overcome the above-mentioned problems, there is a need to follow aggressive trade policies, focused to decrease commodity concentration, increase in the number of exports, diversification of exports and markets and specialize in exports to improve upon comparative advantage. Besides, fluctuations in exports must be brought under control for smooth and stable flow of foreign exchange earnings. All the above requires drastic changes in the trade policy. Targeted trade policy to achieve the above could lead to bear fruitful results. It requires drastic changes in the trage policy. Targeted trade policy to achieve the above could lead to bear fruitful results.

Estimating the Impact of Trade Cost on Export: A Case Study Vietnam

Mai Thi Cam Tu,Huynh Thi Thuy Giang 한국유통과학회 2018 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.5 No.3

The paper aims to investigate the impact of trade cost on export: A Case Study Vietnam. The study conducts a static linear panel data analysis on annual data covering bilateral export between Vietnam and 70 major importers of Vietnam from 2001 to 2013. The gravity model has been one of the most successful applications in empirical trade. In this paper we apply the gravity model to estimate the impact of trade cost on Vietnamese bilateral export value. The paper uses gravity model to estimate the impact of trade cost on Vietnamese bilateral export value. The empirical results derive from a static linear panel data analysis (fixed effects model) indicates that trade cost plays a crucial role in determining the export value that occurs between Vietnam and trading partners. Besides, population of importing country, trade openness of importing country, gross domestic product of importing country and gross domestic product of Vietnam are also significant determinants of Vietnamese bilateral export value. The main findings indicates that trade cost plays a very important role in the Vietnamese bilateral export performance. This suggests that the Vietnamese government should attempt to improve domestic trade costs to enhance competitiveness and increase export growth sustainably.