창업경험과 창업의도의 관계에 대한 연구:사회인지적 요인의 매개효과 및 성별의 조절효과

박정현 한국벤처창업학회 2022 벤처창업연구 Vol.17 No.3

Identifying the factors that influence the formation of the entrepreneurial intention is important in cultivating entrepreneurs and inducing entrepreneurial innovation in the country. Previous studies have mainly examined the direct effects of social cognition attributes as predictors on entrepreneurial intentions or entrepreneurial activities. However, the fundamental factors that these social cognition attributes are derived from have not been sufficiently addressed in the field of entrepreneurship. Based on social cognitive theory and schema theory, this study assumes that an individual's entrepreneurial experience is an important antecedent factor in forming social cognitive attributes, and reveals the mechanism for how experience forms entrepreneurial intention. To this end, this study analyzes the influence of entrepreneurs' prior experience of entrepreneurial activities on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, opportunity recognition, and fear of failure which are considered to be the main variables that shape entrepreneurial intention. And it analyzes how these factors have a significant effect on entrepreneurship intention. Along with this, the mediating role of these social cognitive attributes is analyzed in order to understand the path that leads from entrepreneurial experience to entrepreneurial intention. This study also suggests how gender moderates the effect of entrepreneurship experience on social cognitive attributes. As a result of the analysis, it was found that entrepreneurial experience increase entrepreneurial self-efficacy and opportunity recognition of entrepreneurs, and decrease the fear of failure. These social perception attribute significantly mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial intention. This study also found that there are significant moderating effects of gender on the relationship of entrepreneurial experience and both of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and fear of failure. This study also analyzed the impact of the entrepreneurial experience of failure, which corresponds to the detailed experience. Similar to the results of entrepreneurial experience analysis, entrepreneurial experience of failure plays a role in enhancing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. However, its effect on opportunity recognition and fear of failure were not significant. An empirical analysis of data related to 25,047 entrepreneurs from 87 countries, using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), shows the differences in the formation of individuals' entrepreneurial intentions according to entrepreneurial experience and the mediating role of social cognitive attributes. The study has embodied the social cognitive theory on entrepreneurial intention by shedding light on the variables that are important but alienated for increasing entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the study enhances the understanding of cognitive processes leading from individual experiences to entrepreneurial intentions. This study also emphasizes the importance of differentiated approach by gender for boosting entrepreneurial intention through analysis of moderating effect of gender. 창업의도(Entrepreneurial intention)를 형성하는 데 영향을 주는 요인이 무엇인지 밝혀내는 것은 창업가를 양성하고 국가 내 기업가적 혁신이 활발히 일어나도록 유도하는 데 있어서 참고할 수 있는 중요한 일이다. 그동안의 연구들이 사회인지 속성을 예측인자로 활용해 창업의도 혹은 기업가적 활동에 직접적으로 미치는 영향을 주로 제시해왔지만, 이러한 사회인지 속성들이 무엇에서 비롯되는지 근본적 요인에 대해서는 기업가정신 분야에서 충분히 다뤄지지 않았다. 본 연구는 사회인지이론과 스키마이론을 기반으로 개인의 창업경험(Entrepreneurial experience)이 사회인지 속성을 형성하는 중요한 선행요인임을 가정하며, 경험이 창업의도를 어떻게 형성하는지에 대한 메커니즘을 밝힌다. 이를 위하여 기업가의 창업경험이 사회인지이론에서 창업의도를 형성하는 주요 변수로 꼽히는 기업가적 자기효능감(Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy), 기회인식(Opportunity recognition), 실패두려움(Fear of failure) 등에 미치는 영향을 분석하며, 이러한 요인이 어떻게 창업의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는지 분석한다. 이와 함께 창업 경험과 창업의도 사이에 이어지는 경로를 파악하기 위하여 이러한 사회인지속성이 어떤 매개 역할을 하는지를 분석한다. 또한 성별에 따라 생물학적 차이 뿐만 아니라 사회적 상호 작용의 결과로 나타나는 사회적 차이, 그리고 인지적 차이가 만들어지는 점을 고려, 성별에 따라 개인의 창업경험이 사회인지 속성 및 창업의도에 미치는 영향이 어떻게 조절되는지를 분석한다. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)의 87개국의 25,047명 기업가 데이터에 기반한 계량 분석을 한 결과, 창업경험은 기업가적 자기효능감과 기회인식을 높이고, 실패두려움은 줄이는 것으로 나타났으며 이러한 사회인지속성은 창업경험과 창업의도의 관계를 유의하게 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 성별에 따른 조절효과도 유의해, 남성과 여성은 창업경험으로부터 창업의도가 형성되는 양상이 다르게 나타났다. 기업가정신 분야의 선행연구에서 과거 경험의 역할은 중요하지만 충준히 다뤄지지 않았다. 이 연구는 구조방정식을 이용하여 창업경험의 매개효과 및 성별의 조절효과를 통해 창업의도 형성의 메커니즘을 구체적으로 밝혀냈다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

금융기관 종사자의 이직 및 창업의도에 영향을 미치는 요인 연구

이재명,강신기 한국벤처창업학회 2015 벤처창업연구 Vol.10 No.5

This study aims to clarify factors having effect on the turnover and entrepreneurial intention of financial institution workers. Particularly, this study analyzed the effect of job satisfaction, job insecurity, retirement expectation and retirement preparation activities. As research subjects, this study selected financial institution workers residing in Seoul and the capital area and used a total of 508 samples as analysis data. This study analyzed job satisfaction, job insecurity, retirement expectation and retirement preparation activities as factors having effect on the turnover and entrepreneurial intention of financial institution workers. The research results can be summarized as follows; Firstly, all the factors of job satisfaction had negative (-) effect on their turnover intention, and compensation satisfaction and interpersonal relation satisfaction also had negative (-) effect on their entrepreneurial intention. Secondly, since job insecurity had positive (+) effect on their turnover intention and entrepreneurial intentions, the more insecure their jobs became, the more their turnover and entrepreneurial intention increased. Thirdly, in the retirement expectation, forced frustration and continuation had positive (+) effect on their turnover intention, and forced frustration, new start and continuation also had positive (+) effect on their entrepreneurial intention. Fourthly, in the retirement preparation activity, entrepreneurial preparation, social preparation and physical preparation of retirement preparation activity had positive (+) effect on their turnover intention, but economical preparation had negative (-) effect on their turnover intention, while entrepreneurial preparation had positive (+) effect on their entrepreneurial intention. In other words, as they prepare business start-up more for retirement, their turnover and entrepreneurial intentions increase more. Although they receive higher wages than other workers in different job fields as financial institution workers, they showed significant results about turnover and entrepreneurial intentions, which indicates that job satisfaction, job insecurity, retirement expectation and preparation activities function as important variables in the relation with their turnover and entrepreneurial intentions. Such research results imply that it is necessary to develop various educational programs and turnover and business start-up support programs so that financial institution workers may have better understanding of both success and failure cases when they actually work on business start-ups. 본 연구의 목적은 금융기관 종사자의 이직 및 창업의도의 영향 요인을 밝히는데 있으며, 직무만족과 직무불안정, 은퇴기대 및 은퇴준비활동이 이직 및 창업의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 조사대상은 서울 및 수도권에 거주하는 금융기관 종사자이며, 총 508명의 표본이 분석 자료로 활용되었다. 금융기관 종사자의 이직 및 창업의도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서 직무만족, 직무불안정, 은퇴기대, 은퇴준비활동을 분석하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 첫째, 직무만족의 모든 요인이 이직의도에 부(-)적인 영향을 미치고 있었고, 보상만족과 대인관계만족이 창업의도에 부(-)적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 둘째, 직무불안정은 이직의도와 창업의도에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치고 있어 직무가 불안정할수록 이직 및 창업의도가 높아지고 있었다. 셋째, 은퇴기대의 강요된 좌절과 계속이 이직의도에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 강요된 좌절과 새로운 출발, 계속은 창업의도에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 넷째, 은퇴준비활동의 창업준비와 사회적 준비, 신체적 준비가 이직의도에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치고 있었고, 경제적 준비는 이직의도에 부(-)적인 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 창업준비는 창업의도에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 즉, 은퇴를 대비하여 창업준비를 많이 할수록 이직 및 창업의도가 높아진다고 할 수 있다. 금융기관 종사자 특성상 타 업종 대비 높은 임금에도 불구하고 이직의도와 창업의도에 대해 나타난 유의미한 결과는 직무만족과 직무불안정, 은퇴에 대한 기대와 준비활동이 이직 및 창업의도와의 관계에서 중요한 변수로 작용하고 있다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 금융기관 종사자들이 실제 창업을 했을 때의 성공사례와 실패사례에 대한 이해를 증가 시킬 수 있는 다양한 교육 프로그램과 이직 및 창업지원 프로그램 개발의 필요성을 시사하고 있다.

한‧중 대학생 창업의도의 영향요인에 관한 다중집단 경로분석

정대용,김춘광,양준환 한국경영교육학회 2014 경영교육연구 Vol.29 No.3

Unlike social atmosphere surrounding the startup, college student prefers being hired by a firm to self-employment. Since startup takes place throughout intentional and planned behavioral process, this low level of entrepreneurial intention of young people reflects poor effectiveness of Government political efforts to encourage them for creating new business. This study was designed to better understanding of entrepreneurial process by modeling entrepreneurial intention, personal psychological characteristic and environmental variable. Our aim was to review the startup activities of college students closely by testing the relationship between self-efficacy, entrepreneurial participation and entrepreneurial intention. The data abstracted from total 238 respondents by both Korean(n= 79) and Chinese students(n=159). Followings refer to summary of our findings. Self-efficacy of both countries showed giving positive impact on entrepreneurial intention significantly. Self-efficacy has influenced positively on both entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial participation. Also entrepreneurial participation has affected entrepreneurial intention positively. In addition, the result of multiple group path analysis for testing statistical significance of the difference of structural equation model shows self-efficacy has a positive relationship with entrepreneurial intention. And then, the relationship between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial participation as well as entrepreneurial participation and entrepreneurial intention has no statistic significance. The implication of this study can be presented as followings, based on the result of the analysis. Self-efficacy was identified as an critical antecedent of entrepreneurial intention, and so government policy need to move forward actively to foster self-efficacy of college students. Again, as self-efficacy gives positive effect on entrepreneurial participation, we suggest that self-efficacy need to be promoted so as to lead them to participate in various startup programs provided by Government. Also, the finding of this study implies that the greater participation of startup program, the greater entrepreneurial intention the students have. Finally, the highlight of this study is to review the effect of both of personal psychological variable and the degree of entrepreneurial participation on entrepreneurial intention simultaneously. Accordingly, the merit of this research is to present how and what aspects government policy should focus on in terms of startup supportive program for young people. Based on the result of this study, we suggest that generalization can be attained by considering all critical factors together such as cultural, historical and social background as well as by collecting much more samples for further study. 창업에 주목하는 국가적 분위기와는 별개로 대학생들은 여전히 창업보다는 취업을 선호한다. 대학생들의 창업의도가 낮다는 것은 그동안 대학생을 비롯한 청년창업을 장려해 온 정부의 정책이 효과적이지 못했다는 반증일 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 창업 행위의 대표적 예측변수인 창업의도를 중심으로 개인 심리특성 변수와 환경, 정황을 함께 고려한 연구모형을 수립, 검증함으로써 창업과정에 대한 이해를 돕고자 하였다. 특히 정부가 주요 정책 대상으로 삼고 있는 대학생을 대상으로 자기효능감, 창업참여도 그리고 창업의도의 관계를 살펴봄으로써 창업활동과 대학생을 연계하여 살펴보았다. 여기에 한국과 중국의 자료를 함께 수집하여 비교함으로써 한‧중 대학생이 어떤 차이를 갖는지 확인하였다. 수립된 연구모형을 중심으로 한국(n=79)과 중국(n=159)에서 수집된 총 238명의 응답을 실증분석에 활용하였다. 구체적으로, 양국 데이터를 적용하여 각각의 구조방정식모형 분석을 실시하고, 다중집단 경로분석 통해 경로값의 통계적 차이까지 검증하였다. 분석결과, 양국 공히 모든 가설이 채택되었다. 즉, 자기효능감은 창업의도와 창업참여도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 창업참여도는 창업의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 다중집단 경로분석에서는 자기효능감이 창업의도에 미치는 효과가 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나는 것으로 확인되었다. 연구결과를 통해 정부의 정책적 지원과정에서 대학생의 자기효능감을 높이는 교육․훈련방안이 포함․강조되어야 함을 밝혔다. 특히 중국 대학생보다 한국 대학생들이 창업관련 활동과 창업의도에 자기효능감의 영향을 강하게 받는 것으로 확인된 바, 저하된 우리나라 대학생들의 자기효능감 회복과 고취를 통해 각종 지원정책의 생산성을 높일 수 있음을 제언하였다.

창업멘토링이 창업의도에 미치는 영향 연구: 사회적지지, 창업자기효능감의 매개효과

조한준,최대수,성창수 한국벤처창업학회 2020 벤처창업연구 Vol.15 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial mentoring as an effective support method to increase the awareness and entrepreneurial intention of university students. Therefore, the mediating effect of social support and entrepreneurial self-efficacy was demonstrated in the relationship between entrepreneurial mentoring and entrepreneurial intention. As a result of the analysis, the positive role of entrepreneurial mentoring was confirmed as an influencing factor to increase the intention of young prospective entrepreneurs to set up and increase their expectations for social support. Specifically, entrepreneurial mentoring had a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial intention, social support, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Social support had a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention, respectively, and partially mediated the relationship between entrepreneurial mentoring and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy had a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy fully mediated between entrepreneurial mentoring and entrepreneurial intention. Through this study, it was proved that entrepreneurial mentoring is an important factor that positively influences entrepreneurial intention, social support, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In addition, by identifying the effect of social support on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, it was confirmed that the individual's self-confidence and efficacy increased when they recognized the belief or utilization of social support. Finally, by confirming that entrepreneurial mentoring has a positive effect on social support and that social support mediates between entrepreneurial mentoring and entrepreneurial intention, the entrepreneurial mentoring program raises the entrepreneurial intention to start a business and helps founders to social support. It has been confirmed that it can be used as a way to raise the awareness and effect of startup supporting policy in practice as well. 본 연구는 대학생들의 창업에 대한 인식과 창업의도를 높이는 효과적인 지원 방안으로서 창업멘토링의 영향을 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 이에 창업멘토링이 창업의도에 미치는 영향관계에서 사회적지지, 창업자기효능감의 매개효과를 실증하였다. 분석결과 청년 예비창업자들의 창업의도를 높이고 사회적지지에 대한 창업자의 기대감을 높이는 영향요인으로서 창업멘토링의 긍정적인 역할을 확인하였다. 구체적으로, 창업멘토링은 창업의도, 사회적지지, 창업자기효능감에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 사회적지지는 창업자기효능감과 창업의도에 각각 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 창업멘토링과 창업의도의 관계를 부분매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 창업자기효능감은 창업의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며 창업자기효능감은 창업멘토링과 창업의도 사이를 완전매개하는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해 대학생들에게 창업전문가의 멘토링은 가까운 미래에 창업을 선택하려는 개인의 욕구를 나타내는 창업의도, 주변인이나 학교, 정부의 지원을 통하여 사회적인 도움을 제공받을 수 있다는 믿음을 나타내는 사회적지지, 그리고 창업가로서 수행해야 하는 역할과 과업을 계획하고 성공적으로 수행할 수 있다는 자신감과 신념을 나타내는 창업자기효능감에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인임을 실증하였다. 또한 사회적지지가 창업자기효능감에 미치는 영향을 확인함으로써 사회적지원에 대한 믿음이나 활용을 높게 인식할 때 개인 스스로 자신에 대한 믿음과 효능감도 높아진다는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 창업멘토링이 사회적지지에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 사회적지지는 창업멘토링과 창업의도를 매개하는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 ‘창업멘토링 프로그램’이 창업지원 정책을 포함하는 사회적지지에 대한 창업자의 인식 개선과 창업의도를 높이는 효과적인 방안으로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

창업교육이 예비창업자의 창업의지에 미치는 영향: 고객인터뷰와 문제해결능력의 매개효과를 중심으로

이지은(Jieun Lee) 학습자중심교과교육학회 2024 학습자중심교과교육연구 Vol.24 No.17

목적 본 연구는 창업교육을 독립변수로 예비창업자의 창업의지를 결과변수로 상정하고, 창업교육이 고객인터뷰와 문제해결능력을 매개로 창업의지에 미치는 부분매개모형을 설정하고 이들 간의 관계를 검정하고자 하였다. 방법 연구목적 달성을 위해 한국기업가정신재단에서 수행하는 2023년도 KDB 창업교육 프로그램을 수행하였던 16개 대학의 수강 학습자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시한 자료를 분석하였다. 총 389명의 학습자의 응답을 통해 변인 간 관계 및 분포를 살펴보고자 STATA 17 version을 활용하여 기초통계분석, 상관관계분석을 실시하였고, 부분매개모형 분석과 유의성 검정을 위해 khb 분석방법을 통해 검정하였다. 독립변수는 창업교육, 결과변수는 예비창업자의 창업의지, 매개변수는 고객인터뷰와 문제해결능력이다. 결과 첫째, 창업교육은 예비창업자의 창업의지에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 창업교육은 고객인터뷰를 통해 예비창업자의 창업의지에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 창업교육은 문제해결능력 향상을 통해 예비창업자의 창업의지에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 통해 예비창업자의 창업의지를 강화시키기 위해 창업교육이 필요하다는 것을 확인하였으며, 창업교육의 효과를 높이기 위해서는 창업교육을 진행하는 과정에서 고객인터뷰와 문제해결능력이 중요하고 이러한 교육방법이 창업의지를 향상시킨다는 것을 확인하였다. 결론 창업교육이 예비창업자의 창업의지에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타난 결과는 창업교육의 효과성 및 필요성을 확인했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한, 창업교육과 예비창업자의 창업의지 향상 간 고객인터뷰와 문제해결능력이 어떤 역할을 하는지 부분매개효과를 검증하고 확인했다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 창업교육이 창업의지 향상으로 발현되는 과정에서 고객인터뷰와 문제해결능력이 그 효과를 매개하는지 확인함으로써 창업교육 효과가 창업의지로 이어질 수 있다는 점을 세부적으로 밝혀낸 기여점이 있다. 또한, 창업교육 효과가 나타나는 과정에서 고객인터뷰와 문제해결능력이라는 중간변수의 역할을 확인했다는 점에서도 학술적⋅실무적 의미가 있다. Objectives This study aims to examine the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention of prospective entrepreneur, considering entrepreneurship education as the independent variable and entrepreneurial intention as the dependent variable. A partial mediation model was established to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention through customer interviews and problem-solving skills. Methods To do this, a mediation model analysis was conducted through the responses of 389 learners from 16 universities who performed the KDB entrepreneurial education program conducted by the Korea Entrepreneurship Foundation. The study employed STATA 17 version to conduct basic statistical analysis, correlation analysis, as well as partial mediation analysis and significance testing using the khb analysis method. Entrepreneurship education was assumed as an independent variable, entrepreneurial intention of prospective entrepreneurs was assumed as a dependent variable, and customer interviews and problem-solving skills as mediating variables. Results Firstly, entrepreneurship education had a positive (+) effect on entrepreneurial intention of prospective entrepreneur. Secondly, entrepreneurship education positively influenced entrepreneurial intention of prospective entrepreneur through customer interviews. Thirdly, entrepreneurship education positively influenced entrepreneurial intention of prospective entrepreneur through the improvement of problem-solving skills. Through the results of this study, it was confirmed that entrepreneurship education is necessary to strengthen entrepreneurial intention. To enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education, it was found that customer interviews and problem-solving skills are important during the process of entrepreneurship education, and these educational methods improve entrepreneurial intention of prospective entrepreneur. Conclusions The finding that entrepreneurship education positively influences entrepreneurial intention of prospective entrepreneur is significant in confirming the effectiveness and necessity of entrepreneurship education. Additionally, the study is significant in verifying and confirming the partial mediating effect of customer interviews and problem-solving skills in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and the enhancement of entrepreneurial intention. By confirming whether customer interviews and problem-solving skills mediate the effect in the process where entrepreneurship education manifests as improved entrepreneurial intention, this study contributes to elucidating in detail that the effects of entrepreneurship education can lead to entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, the academic and practical implications are also found in identifying the role of intermediate variables such as customer interviews and problem-solving skills in the process where the effects of entrepreneurship education emerge.

각국의 경제발전 수준과 대학생 창업의지 사이의 관계에 관한 탐색적 연구

박석민,양동우 대한경영학회 2024 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구는 경제발전 수준과 대학생 창업의지 사이의 관계를 논의하기 위해, Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey(GUESSS)의 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 실증분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 많은선행연구가 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)의 일반 성인 대상 자료를 기준으로 연구를 진행한 것과 비교하여, 미래의 주축으로서 대학생 창업의지에 특화된 연구를 진행하는 데 있다. 이를 위해, 본 연구는 첫째, 저소득 국가와고소득 국가 대학생들의 창업의지를 비교함으로써 두 집단 간 창업의지의 차이를 검증하고, 둘째, 경제발전 수준과대학생 창업의지 간의 U자형 관계에 대해 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 저소득 국가와 고소득 국가 간 대학생 창업의지에차이가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 경제발전 수준과 대학생 창업의지 간 비선형 관계 분석을 통해 두 변수 사이에U자형 관계가 존재함을 실증하였다. 본 연구는 경제발전 수준과 대학생 창업의지 간 U자형 관계를 확인한 많지 않은연구 중 하나로 본 연구의 결과는 연구자들에게 대학생 창업의지에 대한 거시적 환경요인의 이해를 높일 뿐만 아니라, 정책입안자들에게 경제발전의 시기에 따른 대학생 창업정책의 방향을 제시하고 있다. U자형 관계를 근거로 후진국과개발도상국의 정책입안자들은 대학생들이 창업에 긍정적 인식을 유지할 수 있도록 다양한 인센티브를 마련하는 한편, 선진국의 경우 다양한 분야에서 기회추구형 창업을 촉진하기 위한 맞춤형 창업교육 프로그램을 마련해 나가는 노력이 필요하다. Introduction : This study investigated the relationship between economic development and entrepreneurial intention of university students using data from the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey (GUESSS). The study aimed to provide a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between economic development and entrepreneurial intention by focusing on university students, who are the future of entrepreneurship. Methodology : This study used data from the 2021 GUESSS survey. The dependent variable is entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial intention was measured using a scale that asked students how likely they were to start a business immediately after graduation and 5-year after graduation, respectively. The independent variable is economic development. Economic development was measured in GDP per capita of each country. The study used a two-step approach to analyze the data. In the first step, T-test was used to compare entrepreneurial intention between students from low-income countries and students from high-income countries. In the second step, a nonlinear regression analysis was applied to examine the U-shaped relationship between entrepreneurial intention and economic development. Results : The study found that there was a significant difference in entrepreneurial intention between students from low-income countries and students from high-income countries. This difference was observed for both immediate post-graduation and 5-year post-graduation entrepreneurial intention. In addition, the study found that a U-shaped relationship existed between entrepreneurial intention and economic development for both immediately after graduation and 5-year after graduation entrepreneurial intention. Implication : The study is the first case to find U-shaped relationships between economic development and entrepreneurial intention of university students and provide new insights into the relationship. The findings of this study are significant for both researchers and policymakers. For researchers, the findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the macro-environmental factors that influence entrepreneurial intention. For policymakers, the findings suggest that different youth entrepreneurship policies are needed at different stages of economic development. In developing countries, where the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and economic development is negative, policymakers should focus on providing incentives for young people to maintain a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship. In developed countries, where the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and economic development is positive, policymakers should focus on providing tailored entrepreneurship education programs to promote entrepreneurship and building a quality entrepreneurial ecosystem that supports opportunity-based entrepreneurship for young people.

이타심과 소셜벤처 창업의도

이준범(Joonbeom Lee) 대한경영학회 2021 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.34 No.2

일반 논문 : 시니어창업 의사결정에 미치는 영향요인에 관한 연구

성창수 ( Chang Soo Sung ),김진수 ( Jin Soo Kim ) 한국중소기업학회 2011 中小企業硏究 Vol.33 No.3

최근 우리나라는 ``고용없는 성장의 시대``에서 급속한 고령화와 조기퇴직의 사회현상은 청년실업과 더불어 사회경제적으로 큰 영향을 초래할 전망이다. 이와 더불어 약 712만 명의 베이비붐 세대가 주 퇴직연령대에 진입하면서 생산인력 부족현상의 초래 및 경제적 위협에 따라 정년을 맞은 시니어 세대의 구직난이 본격화되고 창업에 대한 참여 및 관심은 점차 높아지고 있다. 이러한 환경변화에 따라 시니어창업의 중요성을 재인식하고 급변하는 창업환경에서 창업을 준비하는 시니어 창업가의 특성을 규명하는 연구의 필요성이 높아지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 급변하는 창업환경에서 시니어 창업가의 개인적 특성요인인 기업가정신과 창업역량 및 환경요인이 창업의도와 초기 창업가 행동에 미치는 영향요인을 규명하여 각 연구 개념간의 연관성을 밝히고자 한다. 이를 바탕으로 시니어창업의 의사결정에 영향을 미치는 개념들의 세부 메커니즘과 구체적인 적용방향을 제시함으로써 새로운 위기에 직면한 시니어의 성공창업을 위한 기초 자료를 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 실증분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 기업가정신이 창업태도에 미치는 영향관계를 검증한 결과, 위험감수성은 창업태도에 영향을 미쳤으나 자율성과 진취성은 창업태도에 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 둘째, 창업역량은 창업태도, 주관적 규범, 인지된 행동통제에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 창업태도와 인지된 행동통제는 창업의도에 각각 유의한 영향을 미쳤으나 주관적 규범은 창업의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 못했다. 넷째, 창업의도가 초기 창업가 행동에 미치는 영향관계를 검증한 결과 기회발견과 기회개발에 유의한 영향관계가 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구 결과에 대한 다양한 시사점과 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다. The current socioeconomic condition in South Korea is characterized by early retirement and a shift toward an elderly society. The fact that the age group of 50 or older is about 46.7% of total workforce poses a threat for future economic growth crisis. (The fact that the age group of 50 or older composes 46.7% of the total workforce could be a detrimental factor for future economic growth.) Even now in South Korea`s contemporary society, the retired workforce suffers economically as well as socially. To solve these socioeconomic problems, Small Business Administration is running many different projects and public policies to support senior entrepreneurship. Recently, developed countries such as the U.S., England, Australia and New Zealand have recognized the importance of senior entrepreneurship and are performing various research to systemize concepts for senior entrepreneurship. TTo solve these socioeconomic problems, the Small Business Administration is running many different projects and public policies to support senior entrepreneurship. Recently, developed countries such as the United States, England, Australia and New Zealand have recognized the importance of senior entrepreneurship and are performing various research to systemize concepts for senior entrepreneurship. The purpose of this research was to explain the concept of senior entrepreneurship and the importance of it by systemizing the relationship between beginner entrepreneur and entrepreneurial intention. As the ultimate objective of this research is to develop a systematic strategy to enhance the current entrepreneurial decision making process for senior entrepreneurs, the focus of this research has been set to the details about factors and mechanisms that influences start ups by senior entrepreneurs. Importantly, to identify general process of senior entrepreneurship, Ajzen`s (1991) Theory of Planned Behavior model was used. After reviewing the relevant literature, we developed a model and set our research hypotheses as follows H1: Risk taking will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial attitude. H2: Autonomy will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial attitude. H3: Proactiveness will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial attitude. H4: Entrepreneurial skill will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial attitude. H5: Entrepreneurial skill will have a positive effect on subjective norms. H6: Entrepreneurial skill will have a positive effect on perceived behavioral control. H7: Entrepreneurial attitude will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. H8: Subjective norms will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. H9: Perceived behavioral control will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. H10: Perceived barriers will have a negative effect on entrepreneurial intention. H11: Perceived support will have a positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. H12: Entrepreneurial intention will have a positive effect on the discovery of business chances. H13: Entrepreneurial intention will have a positive effect on the exploitation of business chances. To get the sample data, survey was conducted between October 25, 2010 and November 13, 2010 of seniors who graduated from a senior entrepreneurship academy operated by the Korea Small Business Administration. We received 371 responses and excluded 141 responses due to incomplete answers. Finally we accepted 230 samples. We employed two statistical packages, SPSS 15.0 for descriptive and reliability analysis and AMOS 7.0 for confirmatory factor analysis and structural model analysis with latent variables. We found that questionnaires containing incomplete answers had two types. The first type, which were about thirty six percent of the incomplete questionnaires, were missing more than fifty percent of the values per construct. To use incomplete questionnaires in statistical tests, we adopted a regression input for the missing values which were less than fifty percent of the items per construct. Second, we eliminated questionnaires containing a series of the same response value or of the same response values pattern. Although we tried to translate English questions into Korean questions to make it easy to check values, seniors who are about fifty years old or older may have difficulties to respond to these questions because of their age. The minimum value of Cronbach`s α in the twelve research constructs is 0.721 and the maximum is 0.906. Fit indexes of confirmatory factor analysis model are χ2(df)=491.116(368), p=0.000, RMSEA=0.038, GFI=0.888, AGFI=0.848, TLI=0.956 and CFI=0.965. In this test, composite reliabilities are 0.640 through 0.892 and AVEs (Average Variance Extracted) are 0.472 through 0.814. Research constructs in confirmatory factor analysis have discriminant validity because all of the 95 percent confidence intervals of correlation coefficient among the twelve latent variables do not include one. Fit indexes of our research model represent a satisfactory level in structural equation analysis (χ2(df)=643.475(406), p=0.000, RMSEA=0.051, GFI=0.854, AGFI=0.821, TLI=0.923, CFI=0.933). In the research model, significant paths/standardized coefficient/hypotheses are as follow; 「entrepreneurial skill → entrepreneurial attitude, 0.080」(H4), 「entrepreneurial skill → subjective norms, 0.703」(H5), 「entrepreneurial skill → perceived behavioral control, 0.894」(H6), 「entrepreneurial attitude → entrepreneurial intention, 0.296」(H7), 「perceived behavioral control → entrepreneurial intention, 0.395」(H9), 「entrepreneurial intention → discovery, 0.603」(H12), 「entrepreneurial intention → exploitation, 0.217」 (H13). We should revise our research model because, in testing the research model, there were two paths containing M.I. of more than ten. So, we tested the revised model with added two paths in the research model. The two paths were 「subjective norms → entrepreneurial attitude」 and 「subjective norms → perceived behavior control」. Fit indexes of the revised model were better than those of the research model (χ2(df)=619.654(404), p=0.000, RMSEA=0.048, GFI=0.857, AGFI=0.825, TLI=0.930, CFI=0.939) and the χ2 difference test between the revised model and the research model was significant. So we accepted the revised model as the final model. In the final model, we found full mediation effects of entrepreneurial attitude and perceived behavioral control, respectively in the relationship of subjective norms and entrepreneurial intention. The overall results supported H1(0.469), but not H2(-0.216, -0.172). The result shows that risk-taking, rather than autonomy, is the factor that influences entrepreneurial decision making for seniors(Dess and Lumpkin, 2005). Results also supported H4(0.458), H5(0.485), H6(H510). Similar to the Linan`s(2008) proven fact, entrepreneurial capabilities have been shown to have the largest impact along with entrepreneurial behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. H7(0.383) and H9(0.386) were supported by the results, but H8 was rejected. The overall result is similar with previous research performed by Linan(2008) and Linan and Chen(2009). On the other hand, H10 and H11 were rejected due to the lack of government support for senior entrepreneurship and the lack of a suitable socioeconomical environment. Lastly, H12(0.597) and H13(0.214) was supported by the results. The results of this research were organized by Ajzen`s(1991) TPB model. According to the results, there were positive relationships between entrepreneurial behavior, entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial capabilities. These results show that the Senior Entrepreneurship Education Center should focus on educating seniors based on enhancing entrepreneurship capabilities. In addition, since risk taking was the only factor that affected entrepreneurial behavior, it is important to educate seniors to manage possible risks. Another result showed that subjective norms had a relatively large impact on entrepreneurial behavior and on perceived behavioral control. Therefore, entrepreneurship education institutions should focus on building a curriculum based on communication. Lastly, Korean senior entrepreneurs were found to focus on opportunity findings rather than environmental restrictions. This shows that it is realistic for the government to support senior entrepreneurship rather than putting the focus on economic relief. Limitations and future research proposals have been categorized in seven different parts. Following is the list of those categories: lack of previous research about senior entrepreneurship, need for longitudinal study, limitation on error estimation, limitation on samples, need for various approach methods on senior entrepreneurship, need to develop a comparison model between senior and young adult entrepreneurs, and a need to categorize senior entrepreneurs based on the years they were in business.

Validating the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on the University Students in Saudi Arabia

Najmul HODA,Naim AHMAD,Mobin AHMAD,Abdullah KINSARA,Afnan T. MUSHTAQ,Mohammad HAKEEM,Mwafaq AL-HAKAMI 한국유통과학회 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.11

The main objective of this paper is to examine the applicability of Linan and Chen’s entrepreneurial intention model (EIM) in predicting the entrepreneurial intention. EIM is an adaptation of the Theory of Planned Behavior that focuses on entrepreneurial intention and hypothesizing slightly different patterns of relationship with regards to subjective norms. The model also includes human capital and demographic factors. Snowball sampling method was used to collect data using the entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (EIQ) through several social media platforms. The survey indicates that the overall entrepreneurial intention of Saudi students is high (mean = 5.41). Eight out of the seventeen hypothesized relationships were found to be significant. Among the demographic variables, gender-personal attitude was significant whereas self employment experience and years of business education were found to be significantly related with perceived behavioral control. The statistical analysis using partial least square structural equation modelling validated the model. All the three antecedents of entrepreneurial intention were significantly related with entrepreneurial intention. The results of this study will help policy makers to get deep understanding into the phenomenon of entrepreneurship among Saudi university students and thereby develop a conducive environment. This study also validates the entrepreneurial intention model in a different cultural context.

반기업정서와 공공매체를 통해 접한 역할모델이 창업의도에 미치는 영향: 기업가적 지향성의 조절효과를 중심으로

윤두균,박지훈 기업가정신학회 2023 기업가정신연구 Vol.4 No.2

Entrepreneurial intention is a core element of entrepreneurial activity, and its importance has been increasingly highlighted. However, existing studies have mainly been limited to individual personality and psychological factors. In response to this research gap, our study delves deeper into the environmental factors affecting entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we examined the influence of negative attitudes towards companies and role models encountered through public media on entrepreneurial intention. Also, this study investigated the moderating role of entrepreneurial orientation on entrepreneurial intention. For our analysis, we employed data from the ‘2022 Korea National Entrepreneurship Survey(Individual)’ conducted by the Korea Entrepreneurship Foundation, recognized as official national statistics. The results confirmed that negative attitudes towards companies negatively influence entrepreneurial intention, whereas role models from public media and entrepreneurial orientation have a positive impact. Moreover, entrepreneurial orientation significantly alleviates the negative effect of negative attitudes towards companies on entrepreneurial intention. However, the moderating effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the relationship between role models from public media and entrepreneurial intention was insignificant. This research contributes to existing research on entrepreneurial intention and provides valuable guidelines for aspiring entrepreneurs, entrepreneurship educators, and policymakers.