음성장애 환자에서 음성 및 말 범위 프로파일을 이용한 추정 발화 기본주파수의 임상적 유용성

이승진(Seung Jin Lee),김재옥(Jaeock Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2020 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.25 No.2

배경 및 목적: 본 연구에서는 음성장애 환자군과 정상군 집단과 성별에 따라 음성 및 말 범위 프로파일(VRP, SRP)을 이용한 추정 발화 기본주파수(ESF0)와 전기성문파형검사로 측정한 SF0EGG 간 차이인 발화 기본주파수 차이(ΔSF0VRP, ΔSF0SRP, ΔSF0SUM)가 서로 다른지 확인하고자 하였다. 또한 SF0EGG, ESF0VRP, ESF0SRP 간 상관관계, 그리고 세 ΔSF0와 전반적 중증도 평정치 간 상관관계를 알아보았다. 마지막으로 ΔSF0의 음성장애 선별검사 도구로서의 유용성 및 환자군과 정상군 간의 구분을 위한 기준점을 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 음성장애 환자군와 정상군 각 85명(남 30명, 여 55명)을 대상으로 문단 읽기 과제 시의 평균 SF0EGG를 측정하였다. 또한 VRP와 SRP를 시행하여 최고 음도와 최저 음도, Hz 단위의 음역대, 반음 단위의 음역대를 측정하였다. 이를 Lee & Kim (2019)의 회귀식에 대입하여 각각의 ESF0 (ESF0VRP, ESF0SRP)를 계산하고, 발화 기본주파수 차이, 즉 두 ESF0와 SF0EGG 간의 차이의 절댓값(ΔSF0VRP, ΔSF0SRP)과 두 ΔSF0의 합(ΔSF0SUM) 또한 구하였다. 결과: ESF0SRP는 남성에서만 환자-정상군 간 차이가 있었고, 환자군의 ΔSF0가 정상군보다 더 높았다. SF0EGG, ESF0VRP, ESF0SRP 간 강한 양의 상관관계, 그리고 세 ΔSF0와 G 평정치 간 약한 상관관계가 나타났다. ΔSF0VRP, ΔSF0SRP ΔSF0SUM의 AUC는 각각 .690, .673, .771이었으며, 기준점은 각각 10.867, 10.347, 17.777이었다. ΔSF0SUM의 AUC가 ΔSF0VRP, ΔSF0SRP의 AUC보다 유의하게 컸다. 논의 및 결론: 본 연구의 결과는 ΔSF0가 음성장애 선별검사를 위한 객관적인 지표의 하나로서 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었으며, 이는 VRP와 SRP의 임상적 가치를 제고하는 데 도움을 줄 것으로 여겨진다. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to determine whether estimated speaking fundamental frequency (ESF0) using the voice and speech range profiles and differences (ΔSF0VRP, ΔSF0SRP, ΔSF0SUM) between the ESF0 and the SF0 measured by electroglottography (SF0EGG) differ according to the presence of voice disorders and gender. Moreover, correlation between SF0EGG and ESF0 measures, and between the G of the GRBAS scale and ΔSF0 measures was explored. Clinical usefulness of ΔSF0 as a screening tool was also explored. Methods: A total of 85 patients with voice disorders and 85 normal adults participated in the study. For each participant, SF0EGG was measured using a passage-reading task and electroglottography. Maximum/minimum pitch, pitch range in Hz and semitone were measured using the VRP and SRP tasks. ESF0VRP, ESF0SRP, ΔSF0VRP, ΔSF0SRP, and ΔSF0SUM were calculated. Results: Significant difference between groups in the ESF0SRP was found only for males. Patient group’s ΔSF0 measures were higher than the normal group. Strong positive correlation between the SF0EGG and the ESF0 measures was found. There was weak positive correlation between the G and ΔSF0 measures. The AUC of the ΔSF0VRP, ΔSF0SRP, ΔSF0SUM was .690, .673, .771, the cutoff score 10.867, 10.347, 17.777, respectively. The AUC of the ΔSF0SUM was higher than those of the ΔSF0VRP and ΔSF0SRP. Conclusion: Results indicated that the ΔSF0 showed potential as an objective index for screening voice disorders, especially for those characterized by pitch change. The ΔSF0 could enhance the clinical usefulness of the VRP and SRP.

아르뚜로 뻬레스-레베르떼의 해양소설 『항해지도』에 나타난 여성성과 남성성 탐구

조구호(Cho, Guho) 한국외국어대학교 외국문학연구소 2012 외국문학연구 Vol.- No.48

‘대항해 시대’와 더불어 세계의 바다가 넓고 깊게 탐험됨으로써 세계에 대한 인간의 눈이 새롭게 뜨이고, 인간이 바다와 접촉함으로써 다양한 해양문학이 생산되어 왔다. 해양문학의 개념을 흔히 “바다와 관련된 내용을 제재나 주제로 하는 문학”이라고 규정하듯 해양문학에서 가장 중요한 것은 바다다. 바다와 인간의 관계다. 인간의 삶이 치열하게 이루어지는 현장, 인간의 바다에 대한 환상, 동경, 욕망 등 다양한 감성이 투사된 공간으로서의 바다다. 스페인과 중남미는 거의 대부분이 바다에 둘러싸여 있고, 바다를 통해 두 지역이 인종적ㆍ문화적으로 연결되어 있기 때문에 콜럼버스의 『항해일지 Diario de a bordo』와 더불어 시작된 스페인어 권 해양문학의 역사는 길다. 스페인어 권 문학에서 특별하게 해양문학을 연구해야 하는 이유는, 바다에 대한 인문학적 성찰과 상상력의 소산이라 할 수 있는 해양문학을 통해 인간의 삶, 역사, 문명의 한 축을 이루는 바다와 인간의 관계를 총체적으로 고찰할 수 있기 때문이다. 그런데 지금까지 바다는 흔히 남성의 ‘탐구’ 대상이고, 바다에서 이루어지는 ‘모험’은 남성의 전유물이며, 해양문학은 ‘남성에 의한, 남성을 위한, 남성의’ 것으로 인지되어 왔다. 스페인 출신 소설가 아르뚜로 뻬레스-레베르떼의 『항해지도 La carta esférica』(2000)는 기존 해양소설의 패러다임을 전복한다. 『항해지도』에서는 바다에 대한 탐색과 모험 그리고 서사를 여성이 주도하고 남성은 여성의 협조자나 방해자로 등장한다. 그렇기 때문에 『항해지도』에서 바다는 여성성과 남성성이 대립하고 또 화합하는 공간이다. 바흐친의 용어를 빌자면, 여성성과 남성성이 ‘대화주의적 dialógico’ 관계를 맺는 공간이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 여성적 가치(페니미즘)를 부각시키면서 여성성과 남성성의 상호보완을 시도하는 『항해지도』의 서사적 특징과 의미구조를 파악함으로써 바다가 지닌 인문학적 의미, 물질에 대한 인간의 욕망, 여성성과 남성성의 의미와 상호작용의 과정을 ‘탐색’해 보는 데 있다. With the ‘Age of Discovery’, the world’s seas began to be explored more widely and deeply, opening the human eyes to the world. Furthermore, human contact with the seas have led to the creation of various marine literature. As the concept of marine literature is defined as “the literature whose theme and contents are related to the sea”, the most important thing in marine literature is the sea. The sea is the place where fierce human life is realized, and a space where various human emotions such as aspiration, fear, and desire towards the sea are projected. Because Spain and Latin America are mostly surrounded by sea, and the two areas have been linked racially and culturally through the sea, the history of Spanish marine literature that began with Diario de a bordo of Christopher Columbus is very long. The particular need for academic studies in Spanish marine literature comes from the fact that through marine literature, the product of humanistic reflections on the seas and the product of human imagination, we can wholly reflect on the relationship between the sea and human beings. However, until now, the sea has been commonly regarded as the object of a man(male)’s investigation, and adventures on the sea as an exclusive property of a man. La carta esférica(2000), the distinctive marine fiction of Spanish novelist Arturo Pérez-Reverte overthrows the existing paradigm of marine novels. In La carta esférica, the woman leads the exploration, adventure and narrative, and the man appears as a cooperator or obstructor in her work. Because of this reason, the sea in La carta esférica is a space in which femininity and masculinity conflict and harmonize with each other at the same time. Borrowing from the Bakhtinian terminology, the sea is a space in which femininity and masculinity form the dialogical relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of narrative and the semantic structure of La carta esférica that characterizes and accentuates the feministic value(feminism) while trying to achieve mutual complementation between femininity and masculinity. By extension, this study seeks to ‘explore’ the humanistic meaning of the sea, materialistic desires of human beings, and the meaning and the process of interaction between femininity and masculinity.

Application of Sequence Diagrams to the Reverse Engineering Process of the ESf-ccs

Hasan, Md. Mehedi,Elakrat, Mohamed,Mayaka, Joyce,Jung, Jae Cheon The Korean Society of Systems Engineering 2019 시스템엔지니어링학술지 Vol.15 No.1

Reverse engineering involves examining a system or component so as to comprehend its structure, functionality, and operation. Creation of a system model in reverse engineering can serve several purposes: test generation, change impact analysis, and the creation of a new or modified system. When attempting to reverse engineering a system, often the most readily accessible information is the system description, which does not readily lend itself to use in Model Based System Engineering (MBSE). Therefore, it is necessary to be able to transform this description into a diagram, which clearly depicts the behavior of the system as well as the interaction between components. This study demonstrates how sequence diagrams can be extracted from the systems description. Using MBSE software, the sequence diagrams for the Engineered Safety Features Component Control System (ESF-CCS) of the Nuclear Power Plant are created. Sequence diagrams are chosen because they are a means of representing the systems behavior and the interaction between components. In addition, from these diagrams, the system's functional requirements can be elicited. These diagrams then serve as the baseline of the reverse engineering process and multiple system views are subsequently be created from them, thus speeding up the development process. In addition, the use of MBSE ensures that any additional information obtained from auxiliary sources can then be input into the system model, ensuring data consistency.

APPLICATION OF SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS TO THE REVERSE ENGINEERING PROCESS OF THE ESF-CCS

정재천,Md. Mehedi Hasan,Mohamed Elakrat,Joyce Mayaka 한국시스템엔지니어링학회 2019 시스템엔지니어링학술지 Vol.15 No.1

Reverse engineering involves examining a system or component so as to comprehend its structure, functionality, and operation. Creation of a system model in reverse engineering can serve several purposes: test generation, change impact analysis, and the creation of a new or modified system. When attempting to reverse engineering a system, often the most readily accessible information is the system description, which does not readily lend itself to use in Model Based System Engineering (MBSE). Therefore, it is necessary to be able to transform this description into a diagram, which clearly depicts the behavior of the system as well as the interaction between components. This study demonstrates how sequence diagrams can be extracted from the systems description. Using MBSE software, the sequence diagrams for the Engineered Safety Features Component Control System (ESF-CCS) of the Nuclear Power Plant are created. Sequence diagrams are chosen because they are a means of representing the systems behavior and the interaction between components. In addition, from these diagrams, the system’s functional requirements can be elicited. These diagrams then serve as the baseline of the reverse engineering process and multiple system views are subsequently be created from them, thus speeding up the development process. In addition, the use of MBSE ensures that any additional information obtained from auxiliary sources can then be input into the system model, ensuring data consistency.

Effects of Processing Steps with an Edge Image on Determining the Presampled Modulation Transfer Function

김예슬,박혜숙,김희중 한국물리학회 2012 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.61 No.1

Several methods are available to measuring the presampled modulation transfer function (MTF) of a digital radiography system by using a slit camera, a slanted edge test device or a bar phantom. Many studies demonstrated the advantages of the edge method compared to the slit method. However, the method of processing to estimate the MTF is slightly different for each publication. The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of various processing steps with an edge image on estimating the presampled MTF. A digital image of a slanted edge test device was acquired and then examined using different image processing such as windowing the edge spread function (ESF), determining a region of interest (ROI) and locally smoothing the ESF data. The results of this study indicated that the impact of determining a ROI on the MTF is relatively modest and that the truncation of the ESF due to a finite window width causes an incorrect inflation error in the MTF estimate and loss of detail at high frequency. Moreover, the influence of ESF smoothing on the MTF is demonstrated, and more rigorous smoothing of the ESF produces a less noisy MTF and, consequently, a high data loss at high-frequency. In conclusion, an ESF processing technique can moderately impact the MTF estimates, and an adequate ROI and window width without a smoothing process is suggested.

Impossible Differential Cryptanalysis on ESF Algorithm with Simplified MILP Model

( Xiaonian Wu ),( Jiaxu Yan ),( Lingchen Li ),( Runlian Zhang ),( Pinghai Yuan ),( Yujue Wang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2021 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.15 No.10

MILP-based automatic search is the most common method in analyzing the security of cryptographic algorithms. However, this method brings many issues such as low efficiency due to the large size of the model, and the difficulty in finding the contradiction of the impossible differential distinguisher. To analyze the security of ESF algorithm, this paper introduces a simplified MILP-based search model of the differential distinguisher by reducing constrains of XOR and S-box operations, and variables by combining cyclic shift with its adjacent operations. Also, a new method to find contradictions of the impossible differential distinguisher is proposed by introducing temporary variables, which can avoid wrong and miss selection of contradictions. Based on a 9-round impossible differential distinguisher, 15-round attack of ESF can be achieved by extending forward and backward 3-round in single-key setting. Compared with existing results, the exact lower bound of differential active S-boxes in single-key setting for 10-round ESF are improved. Also, 2108 9-round impossible differential distinguishers in single-key setting and 14 12-round impossible differential distinguishers in related-key setting are obtained. Especially, the round of the discovered impossible differential distinguisher in related-key setting is the highest, and compared with the previous results, this attack achieves the highest round number in single-key setting.

공간적 자기상관 통계량의 고유벡터 간 비교 연구

이상일(Sang-Il Lee),조대헌(Daeheon Cho),이민파(Minpa Lee) 대한지리학회 2017 대한지리학회지 Vol.52 No.5

본 연구의 주된 목적은, 상이한 공간적 자기상관 통계량(모런 통계량, 기어리 통계량, S <SUP>*</SUP> 통계량)과 상이한 공간근접성행렬(이항연접성행렬과 행표준화행렬)로부터 추출된 고유벡터의 공간 패턴을 체계적으로 비교함으로써 고유벡터의 다양성에 대한 일반론을 정립하고, 이러한 고유벡터의 다양성이 고유벡터공간필터링 접근에 대해 갖는 함의를 실 데이터를 통해 검토하는 것이다. 고유벡터간 일치도 평가를 위해 일종의 상관관계 매트릭스 그래프가 사용되었고, 대각선성과 대응성이라는 두 가지 규준에 의거해 해석되었다. 이와 관련된 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 동일한 공간적 자기상관 통계량에 상이한 공간근접성행렬을 적용한 결과 상당히 이질적인 고유벡터의 세트가 추출되었다. 둘째, 상이한 공간적 자기상관 통계량 쌍 간에 일치성의 정도와 양상에서 상당한 차이가 있는 것으로 드러났고, 공간근접성행렬의 효과도 현저한 것으로 나타났다. 고유벡터의 다양성이 공간적 회귀분석에 가지는 함의를 분석하기 위해 푸에르토리코의 경험 데이터에 대해 6개의 서로 다른 ESF 모형을 실행하였다. 세 가지의 기본적인 사항이 관찰되었다. 첫째, 모형 별로 다양한 개수의 고유벡터가 다양한 순위의 조합으로 선정되어 투입된다. 둘째, 투입된 고유벡터의 종류에 따라 ESF 모형이 잔차의 공간적 자기상관을 제거하는 능력이 달라진다. 셋째, 회귀계수의 크기와 유의성이 모형별로 상당한 차이를 보인다. 이러한 기본적인 결과를 바탕으로 두 가지 함의가 도출되었다. 첫째, 기본적으로 잔차의 공간적 자기상관을 가장 잘 제거하는 모형이 가장 우수하다고 말할 수 있다. 둘째, 회귀계수의 크기와 유의성을 비공간적인 기본 모형과 비교하고, 그것을 바탕으로 상이한 ESF 모형들을 평가하는 것이 가능하다. The main objective of this study is to elucidate the source and aspects of the variability of eigenvectors by comparing the spatial patterns of different eigenvectors in association with different spatial autocorrelation statistics (Moran’s I, Geary’s c, and Lee’s S<SUP>*</SUP>) and/or different spatial proximity matrices (binary contiguity-based and row-standardized) and, based on this, to discuss some potential implications for the eigenvector spatial filtering modeling. A modified form of the correlation matrix graph is used as a visual analytic and two criteria, diagonality and correspondence, are set to evaluate the degree of coincidence between two sets of eigenvectors. Regarding this, two things are observed: (1) the spatial proximity matrix matters even when the same spatial autocorrelation statistic is concerned; (2) different spatial autocorrelation statistics and different spatial proximity matrices are jointly responsible for the variability of spatial eigenvectors. In order to draw some implications of the variability of spatial eigenvectors for the eigenvector spatial filtering approach, six different ESF models are established for the Puerto Rico agricultural data. Regarding this, three things are observed: (1) different numbers and compositions of eigenvectors are selected for the models; (2) different models due to the different eigenvector input have different ability to control spatial autocorrelation in residuals; (3) the magnitude and significance of the regression coefficients vary among the models. Based on these, two implications are drawn. First, a better model should remove spatial autocorrelation in residuals better. Second, another criterion can be set based on a comparison between ESF models and the basic model in terms of the magnitude and significance of regression coefficients

Effect of Individual, Group or ESF Housing in Pregnancy and Individual or Group Housing in Lactation on the Performance of Sows and Their Piglets

Weng, R.C.,Edwards, S.A.,Hsia, L.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.9

To evaluate different housing systems, 80 gilts were randomly allocated at puberty to four treatments: i) sow stall in gestation followed by farrowing crate (SC), ii) group housing with individual feeding in gestation followed by farrowing crate (GC), iii) ESF (Electronic Sow Feeding) system in gestation followed by farrowing crate (EC), and iv) ESF system followed by group farrowing pen (EG). The results showed that stalled sows had a longer interval between puberty and second estrus (p<0.001). The sows kept in the ESF system gained more body weight (p<0.01) and backfat (p<0.05) prior to service, and more backfat during gestation (p<0.05), but also had greater backfat losses in the subsequent lactation (p<0.01). Sows changing from loose housing to confinement at farrowing had longer gestation length (p<0.001). Total litter size did not differ significantly between gestation treatments, but the number of stillborn piglets was significantly higher in the SC treatment (p<0.01). After weaning, SC sows had the longest interval for rebreeding (p<0.001). Some EG sows came into heat before weaning, giving this treatment the shortest interval. These results indicate that gestation confinement in sow stalls had several detrimental effects on sow performance relative to group housing.

Effect of Individual, Group or ESF Housing in Pregnancy and Individual or Group Housing in Lactation on Sow Behavior

Weng, R.C.,Edwards, S.A.,Hsia, L.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.11

To evaluate the effect of different housing systems on sow behavior, 80 gilts were randomly allocated at puberty to four treatments: i) sow stall in gestation followed by farrowing crate (SC), ii) group housing with individual feeding in gestation followed by farrowing crate (GC), iii) ESF (Electronic Sow Feeding) system in gestation followed by farrowing crate (EC), and iv) ESF system followed by group farrowing pen (EG). Behavioral observations were carried out on a total of 16 animals per treatment at the following stages: first day of allocation to housing treatment, day of service, 80 days after service, 109 days after service on entry to farrowing accommodation, 24 h before farrowing, day of farrowing, 14, 27 and 28 days after farrowing, at weaning. On each occasion, individual animals were observed for a 24 period with one minute time sampling. There were significant differences (p<0.001) between stages of the reproductive cycle for all the behavior patterns in all treatments. On the first day in experimental housing treatments, sows spent more time rooting and dog-sitting. Activity and investigatory behavior decreased as pregnancy progressed. An activity peak was apparent just before farrowing, followed by a high level of inactivity on the day of farrowing. Time spent active, eating and drinking increased as lactation progressed, and greatest activity and locomotion was seen immediately following weaning. There were significant differences between housing treatments (p<0.01) for standing, moving, eating, drinking, dog-sitting and lying. During pregnancy SC sows spent more time standing, rooting, drinking and dog sitting, while EC sows spent less time rooting and drinking and more time lying. During lactation, GC sows spent more time standing, moving and eating, less time dog sitting and lateral lying. Nursing frequency was reduced in GC sows (p<0.001). The maternal and piglet behaviors were influenced strongly by environment during lactation. However, it was also shown that previous housing history can influence the maternal behavior in the pre-farrowing stage and during early lactation.

ESFWN-based Event Structure Frame Type Classifier for Event Structure-dependent Inferencing

( Im¸ Seohyun ) 한국현대언어학회 2021 언어연구 Vol.37 No.1

The current study aims to introduce the ESFWN-based Event Structure Frame Type (ESF type) Classifier for English verbs in text. It is a component of the Event Structure-based Inference Generation (ESIG) system we designed to generate event structure-related inferences. The classifier annotates a proper ESF type to a verb in a given sentence using the Event Structure Frame-annotated WordNet (ESFWN) and the Word Sense Disambiguation algorithm named EWISER. The advantage of the classifier is that because its verb classification depends on ESFWN, we only need word sense disambiguation, which maps the target verb to its proper wordnet synset. Given the WordNet synset for the target verb, the classifier annotates the ESF type corresponding to the synset. The F1-score of the classifier is 84.71%. (Seoul National University)