국내 종돈의 다품종 유전능력 평가

도창희,박홍양,현재용 한국동물자원과학회 2002 한국축산학회지 Vol.44 No.4

본 연구는 1995년부터 2001년까지 한국종축개량협회가 전국 종돈장으로부터 수집한 Landrace, Yorkshire 및 Duroc의 등지방 두께, 일당증체량, 90㎏ 도달일령, 등심단면적, 정육률, 총산자수 및 복당생존자돈수에 대해 유전적 그룹을 통한 품종효과의 추정과 유전능력 평가를 위하여 96,842두의 산육능력성적과 90,396복의 산자능력자료를 분석하였다. 추정된 품종효과들은 각 품종의 특징을 보여주는데 Landrace는 등지방, 정육률 및 총산자수에서 우수하였고, Yorkshire는 정육률, 등심단면적, 총산자수 및 복당생존자돈수에서 좋은 결과를 보여주었으며, Duroc은 90㎏ 도달일령과 일당증체량에서는 우수하였지만 가식부위를 결정하는 등지방 두께와 정육률, 번시능력을 보여주는 산자수에서 다른 품종에 뒤지는 것으로 나타났다. 유전적 그룹을 통한 품종효과의 추정으로 품종별로 능력평가를 하는 노력을 절감할 수 있고 또한 F1 잡종돈이 포함되어도 평가할 수 있다. This study was carried out for the simultaneous genetic evaluation of swine breeds from the seedstock farms in Korea. The performance tasted production records of 96,842 heads and the litter records of 90,396 litters from 1995 to 2001 were analyzed to estimate the breeding values and the breed effects of days to 90㎏, daily gain, back fat thickness, loin muscle area, lean meat percent, total litter size and number born alive from Landrace, Yorkshire and Duroc. Estimated breed effects of traits had shown the characteristics of the breeds. Landrace was superior in back fat thickness and lean meat percent to other breeds. Yorkshire had shown good performance in lean meat percent, loin muscle area, total litter size and number born alive. Duroc was superior to the other breeds in days to 90㎏ and daily gain. Conclusively, the multi-breed genetic evaluation would result in higher connectedness and provide convenience for the routine genetic evaluation process of swine performance and reproduction test.

Elucidating breed-specific variants of native pigs in Korea: insights into pig breeds’ genomic characteristics

이영섭,손승우,이학교,이라함,신동현 한국통합생물학회 2022 Animal cells and systems Vol.26 No.6

Although conserving native pig breeds is important in Korea, research on the genomic aspects to identify breed-specific variations in native pig breeds is uncommon. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be a powerful source for identifying breed-specific variants. We used whole genome sequencing data, including Jeju Native Pig (JNP), Korean Native Pig (KNP), Korean Wild Boar (KWB), and other western commercial pig breeds to determine native pig breed-specific SNPs. Furthermore, the goal was not only to determine the genomic specificity of native pig breeds but also to identify SNPs that carry breed-specific information (breedinformative SNPs) that can be related to breed characteristics. The representative characteristics of native pigs are their unique meat quality and disease resistance. We surveyed the gene ontology (GO) of native pigs with breed-specific SNPs. Examining the genes associated with GO may contribute to revealing the reasons for the unique characteristics of native pig breeds. The enriched GOs terms were neuron projection development, cell surface receptor signaling pathway, ion homeostasis in JNP, cell adhesion and wound healing in KNP, and DNA repair and reproduction in KWB. We expect that this study of breed-specific SNPs will enable us to gain a deeper understanding of native pigs in Korea.

Flock composition, breeding strategies and farmers’ traits of interest evaluation of Wollo highland sheep and their F₁ crosses

( Tadesse Amare ),( Gebeyehu Goshu ),( Berhan Tamir ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2018 한국축산학회지 Vol.60 No.5

Background: Sheep production is a major component of the livestock sector in Ethiopia. The country owing to the large population of 30.70 million estimated numbers of sheep in the country and out of which about 72.14% are females, and 27.86% are males with diverse genetic resources. The real value of indigenous breeds was often under-estimated mostly due to their poor appearance and relatively low productivity. Developing countries in most cases opt for exotic breeds to increase animal productivity through crossbreeding or breed substitution without properly investigating the production potential of the indigenous breeds. The main objective of the research was to identify sheep flock composition and structure, farmers’ traits of interest and breeding objective of Wollo highland sheep, and their F₁ crossbreed progenies. Results: Smallholder farmers’ flock synthesized from breeding ewes, breeding rams, pre-weaned ewe lambs, pre-weaned ram lambs, unproductive ewes, castrated and fattened rams, with the percentage coverage of 29.2, 13.3, 15.5, 16.5, 12.4, and 12.5%, respectively. The maximum number of flock size was 289.0 sheep per flock and higher in the third stratum. The off-take rate percentage of the three strata presented as 21.9% in 1st stratum, 12% in the 2nd stratum, and 16.4% in the 3rd stratum and higher off-take rate recorded in the first stratum. Sheep producer’s traits of interest ranked by growth rate (first), body size (second) and marketing value was third rank. Communal breeding (random mating), village based controlled breeding, mixed type and private ram controlled breeding practice were comprised of 39.7, 61.7, 52 and 71.3%, respectively. The percentages of ewes per flock composition were presented as 36.5, 27.1 and 25.5%, respectively in the 3rd stratum, 2nd stratum and 3rd stratum in the order of their importance’s. Conclusion: Genetic improvement practices at smallholder sheep producers situation was showing promising outcome with indigenous Washera F₁ crossbred lambs and which designated for weaning rate, body size, marketing age, age at first lambing, good temperament and large litter size in the order of their rank. The contemporary breeding practice tendency indicated that, reduced flock size to improve flock productivity via crossbreeding practices.

Advances from Conventional to Modern Plant Breeding Methodologies

Sashi Lamichhane,Sapana Thapa 한국육종학회 2022 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.10 No.1

First initiation of breeding started thousands of years ago when human practiced selection based in visually appealing traits. Further, domestication of wild plants eased adaptation of plant breeding. With increase in population the demand for food also increased which resulted in development of various breeding methodologies. Conventional breeding is a selective breeding methodology where crops are selected based on superior performances. Pure-line selections, mass selection, back cross breeding, recurrent selection, hybridization were most famous traditional breeding methods. It is a longer breeding method and is over-dependent on phenotype of plants. However, phenotypes of a plant are affected by various externalities. So, selection based on phenotypic expression is not accurate. As a result, breeder started integrating various branches of biology in plant breeding and developed modern breeding practices. After Mendelian theory and identification of DNA and RNA, plant breeding diverted to molecular era. People started breeding based on less environmentally susceptible parameters like genotypes, visual and genetic markers, image analysis and loci mapping. Some of the most common modern breeding practices include genomic selection, markers assisted breeding, high throughput phenotyping and CRISPR-Cas9. Despite these, plant breeding has fired up the problems of gene erosion due to loss of local landraces and wild-type plants.

High-density single nucleotide polymorphism chip-based conservation genetic analysis of indigenous pig breeds from Shandong Province, China

Wang, Yanping,Zhao, Xueyan,Wang, Cheng,Wang, Wenwen,Zhang, Qin,Wu, Ying,Wang, Jiying Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.7

Objective: Shandong indigenous pig breeds are important Chinese pig resources. Their progressive population decline in recent decades has attracted attention towards their conservation. Conservation genetics of these indigenous breeds are essential for developing a conservation and utilization scheme. Methods: A high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (HD-SNP) chip-based comparative analysis of genetic characteristics was performed for seven Shandong indigenous pig breeds in the context of five Western commercial breeds. Results: The results showed that Shandong indigenous pig breeds varied greatly in genetic diversity, effective population size, inbreeding level, and genetic distance with the Western commercial breeds. Specifically, Laiwu and Dapulian displayed low genetic diversity, and had a genetically distant relationship with the Western commercial breeds (average F statistics [F_ST] value of 0.3226 and 0.2666, respectively). Contrastingly, the other five breeds (Yantai, Licha, Yimeng, Wulain, and Heigai) displayed high genetic diversity within breed and had some extent of mixture pattern with the Western commercial breeds, especially Duroc and Landrace (F_ST values from 0.1043 to 0.2536). Furthermore, intensive gene flow was discovered among the seven Shandong indigenous breeds, particularly Wulian, Licha, and Heigai, as indicated by the large cluster formed in the principal component analysis scatterplot and small population differentiation (average of 0.1253) among them. Conclusion: Our study advances the understanding of genetic characteristics of Shandong indigenous breeds and provides essential information for developing an appropriate conservation and utilization scheme for these breeds.

Effects of season and breed on the reproductive performance of sheep

Hany A. Zaher,Saeed A. Alawaash,Ayman A. Swelum 사단법인 한국동물생명공학회 2020 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.35 No.2

The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of season and breed on the reproductive performance of male and female sheep using 12 rams and 318 ewes of Assaf and Awassi breeds under the seasonal environmental condition of United Arab Emirates for two years. The blood level of testosterone hormone was measured monthly. Semen was collected twice a month from each male using artificial vagina and evaluated for volume, motility, livability, abnormality and concentration. The scrotal circumference and thickness as well as the left testicular length, width, height and volume were measured at one-month intervals. The level of testosterone in Assaf breed was significantly higher in autumn than winter and summer. The scrotal circumference and thickness as well as the left testicular length were significantly higher in Assaf breed than Awassi breed. While, left testicular width and volume were significantly higher in Awassi breed than Assaf breed. Scrotal circumference which was higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter season in both breeds. The SCC of semen was significantly higher in autumn than in other seasons in both breeds. The sperm abnormality was significantly higher in summer than other seasons in both breeds. The livability was significantly lower in summer in both breeds. Fecundity and prolificacy were significantly higher in Assaf than Awassi breed during autumn season. Assaf breed showed the superior reproductive performance in the autumn season when compared with Awassi breed in the same season and other seasons. The Assaf breed tolerated the climatic conditions in UAE and kept the litter size of 1.72 in comparison to Awassi breed which showed litter size of 1.09. in conclusion, the results showed the superiority of Assaf over Awassi breed and offer a good model of breeding with increased fecundity and prolificacy specially in autumn season.

Effects of season and breed on the reproductive performance of sheep

Hany A. Zaher,Saeed A. Alawaash,Ayman A. Swelum 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2020 Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Vol.35 No.2

The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of season and breed on the reproductive performance of male and female sheep using 12 rams and 318 ewes of Assaf and Awassi breeds under the seasonal environmental condition of United Arab Emirates for two years. The blood level of testosterone hormone was measured monthly. Semen was collected twice a month from each male using artificial vagina and evaluated for volume, motility, livability, abnormality and concentration. The scrotal circumference and thickness as well as the left testicular length, width, height and volume were measured at one-month intervals. The level of testosterone in Assaf breed was significantly higher in autumn than winter and summer. The scrotal circumference and thickness as well as the left testicular length were significantly higher in Assaf breed than Awassi breed. While, left testicular width and volume were significantly higher in Awassi breed than Assaf breed. Scrotal circumference which was higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter season in both breeds. The SCC of semen was significantly higher in autumn than in other seasons in both breeds. The sperm abnormality was significantly higher in summer than other seasons in both breeds. The livability was significantly lower in summer in both breeds. Fecundity and prolificacy were significantly higher in Assaf than Awassi breed during autumn season. Assaf breed showed the superior reproductive performance in the autumn season when compared with Awassi breed in the same season and other seasons. The Assaf breed tolerated the climatic conditions in UAE and kept the litter size of 1.72 in comparison to Awassi breed which showed litter size of 1.09. in conclusion, the results showed the superiority of Assaf over Awassi breed and offer a good model of breeding with increased fecundity and prolificacy specially in autumn season.

천연기념물 무인도서(칠발도, 사수도, 난도, 홍도)의 번식실태에 관한 연구

강정훈(Jeong-Hoon Kang),강태한(Tae-Han Kang),유승화(Seung-Hwa Yoo),조해진(Hae-Jin Cho),이시완(Si-Wan Lee),김인규(In-Kyu Kim) 한국조류학회II 2008 한국조류학회지 Vol.15 No.2

2008년 5월부터 2008년 10월까지 천연기념물 무인도서 번식지로 지정된 칠발도, 사수도, 난도, 홍도에 대하여 번식조류의 현황과 실태를 조사하였다. 조사결과 칠발도는 바다제비(Oceanodroma monorhis), 슴새(Calonectris leucomelas), 칼새(Apus pacificus) 등 3종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 바다제비 20,715.8±5,918.8 (mean±SD)쌍, 슴새는 10쌍, 칼새는 250개체로 나타났다. 사수도는 슴새와 흑비둘기(Columba janthina) 등 2종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 슴새 4,052.8±4,377.4쌍, 흑비둘기 70개체로 나타났다. 난도에서는 괭이갈매기(Larus crassirostris) 1종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 14,376.4±4,950.8쌍으로 나타났다. 홍도 역시 괭이갈매기 1종이 번식하였으며, 번식 수는 32,071.9±10,428.3쌍으로 나타났다. 과거와 번식규모의 변화를 보면 칠발도는 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 사수도는 번식밀도의 경우 전반적으로 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 난도의 경우 큰 변화가 없었으나 홍도의 경우 과거에 비해 3배 이상이 증가하여 번식지 과밀 현상이 나타나고 있었다. 각 섬의 보호 및 관리방안으로 칠발도는 쇠무릎(Achyranthes japonica)에 대한 관리가 필요하였으며, 사수도는 집쥐(Rattus norvegicus)의 구제와 번식밀도가 높은 나대지의 보호가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 난도와 홍도의 경우 과도한 사람의 출입에 대한 관리가 필요하였으며, 홍도는 집쥐에 대한 구제가 요구되었다. 향후 천연기념물 무인도서 번식지의 지속적인 보호 및 관리를 위해서는 현황 및 번식실태에 대한 주기적이며 지속적인 모니터링이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. From May to October 2008, the investigation was made on the current status of the breeding birds on Chilbaldo, Sasudo, Nando and Hongdo designated as the Natural Monument Islet in Korea. In Chilbado, it was found three species of breeding birds, including Swinhoe's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monorhis, Streaked Shearwater Calonectris leucomelas and White-romped Swift Apus pacificus. Its breeding numbers are 20,715.8±5,918.8 (mean±SD) pairs of Swinhoe's Storm Petrel, 10 pairs of Streaked Shearwater, and 250 pairs of White-rumped Swift. In Sasudo, it was found two species of breeding birds, including Streaked Shearwater and Japanese Wood Pigeon. Its breeding numbers are 4,052.8±4,377.4 pairs of Streaked Shearwaters and 70 individuals of Japanese Wood Pigeon Columba janthina. In Nando, it was found one species of breeding bird, named the Black-tailed Gull Larus crassirostris. Its breeding numbers are 14,376.4±4,950.8 pairs. In Hongdo, it was also found one species of Black-tailed Gull. Its breeding numbers are 32,071.9±10,428.3 pairs. From the past changes in breeding scale, Chilbado has shown not so much changes, while Sasudo shown the entire reduction in terms of density of breeding. In the meantime, Nando has also shown no great changes, but Hongdo shown the sign of overcrowded breeding site, increasing more than by 3 times compared to the past. As for the protection and management of each islets, it requires the extermination and management for Japonica Achyranthes japonica in Chilbado, while it requires the exterminate for Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus and the protection of bare soil where the density of breeding is high in Sasudo. In case of Nando and Hongdo, it is necessary to control or restrict excessive access of people to those areas to some degree. And the exterminate for Norway Rat is required for Hongdo. For the purpose of continuous protection and management of Natural Monument Islets as breeding sites in the future, it would be needed to conduct periodic and continuous monitoring of their current status and breeding trends.

AFLP Marker를 이용한 한국 재래돼지의 유전적 다양성 및 품종식별

정의룡,김우태,김연수,이정구,한상기 한국동물자원과학회 2001 한국축산학회지 Vol.43 No.6

본 연구는 한국재래돼지의 순수 혈통정립 및 유전자원 보존을 목적으로 AFLP 다형성을 분석하고 이를 유전적 표지인자로 이용하여 재래돼지의 유전적 특성을 분자 수준에서 규명하고 품종 집단내 유전적 변이성과 품종 특이적인 DNA marker를 탐색하며 동시에 타품종들과의 유전적 근연관계를 추정하기 위해 수행하였다. 13종류의 selective primer 조합형을 이용하여 분석한 결과 총 band의 수는 611개로 각 조합형 당 평균 47개의 band가 확인되었으며 이 가운데 다형적 band가 152개로 다형성 수준은 약24.5%였다. 한국 재래돼지의 다형율과 유전적 다양성 값은 각각 29.8%와 2.9로 개량종에 비해서 다소 높은 경향이었다. 한편, 13종류의 primer 조합형 가운데 E35/T38 및 E38/H13 primer 조합형에서 품종간의 차이를 나타내는 DNA marker가 확인되었다. 특히, 재래돼지에서 검출된 E35/T38 primer 조합형의 0.50kb, 0.25kb 및 0.38kb의 DNA band는 개량종과 명확히 구별되어 이들 품종 특이적 DNA band는 한국 재래돼지의 품종식별에 유용한 표지인자로 이용 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 품종간 유전적 근연관계에서 한국 재래돼지는 Hampshire종과 유전적 유사성이 가장 높은 것으로 추정되었다. 본 연구에서 검출한 한국 재래돼지의 AFLP 유전자 지문은 재래돼지 집단의 유전적 변이성 및 타 품종과의 근연관계 분석뿐만 아니라 경제형질과 연관된 marker 개발에 유용한 DNA 표지인자로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. For the purpose of genetic conversation and utilization of Korean native pig(KNP) as a valuable animal genetic resource, DNA polymorphisms of AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) as genetic markers were analyzed in KNP and foreign pig breeds (Landrace, Duroc, Hamphsire and Yorkshire). Using these AFLP markers, the genetic structure and characteristics of KNP population were analyzed at the DNA level and the genetic variability and diversity within and between breed population were evaluated. Breed-specific DNA marker for KNP was screened, and phylogenetic relationship within and among breeds were estimated. A total of 611 AFLP markers were amplified by 13 selective primer combinations, and the average number of bands per primer combination was 47.0. Among them 152 bands were polymorphic (24.5%). The rate of polymorphisms and genetic diversity values of KNP (29.8% and 2.90) was higher than these of other foregin breeds. E35/T38 and E38/H13 primer combinations produced AFLP banding patterns which clearly discriminated between KNP and other foreign pig breeds. Three bands(0.50kb, 0.25kb and 0.20kb) identified in E35/T38 and two bands(0.45kb and 0.38kb) identified in E38/H13 primer combinations were present in all of the KNP examined, but not present in the foreign pig breeds. Therefore, these two primer combinations could be used as breed-specific DNA markers for breed identification of KNP. In comparison of genetic distances among pig breeds, KNP was the most closely related to the Hampshire breed. AFLP fingerprints may be useful for genetic variability and relationships and development of breed-specific DNA markers in pig breeds.

Genetic Diversity of Chinese Indigenous Pig Breeds in Shandong Province Using Microsatellite Markers

Wang, J.Y.,Guo, J.F.,Zhang, Q.,Hu, H.M.,Lin, H.C.,Wang, Cheng,Zhang, Yin,Wu, Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.1

To investigate the genetic diversity of six Chinese indigenous pig breeds in Shandong province (Laiwu Black, Dapulian Black, Licha Black, Yantai Black, Yimeng Black and Wulian Black), explain their genetic relationship and assess their integrity and degree of admixture with three Western commercial breeds (Landrace, Yorkshire and Duroc), 303 individuals from these breeds were genotyped for 26 microsatellite markers. In general, high genetic diversity (observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.5495 to 0.7746) and large breed differentiation ($F_{ST}$ = 0.188) were observed. The indigenous pig breeds in Shandong exhibited consistently higher levels of genetic diversity than the three Western breeds. However, compared with the Western breeds, which have an $F_{ST}$ value of 0.252, the indigenous breeds in Shandong have smaller $F_{ST}$ value of 0.145. The analysis of breed relationship indicated that the six indigenous breeds are classified into two groups. One includes four breeds, Licha, Yantai, Yimeng and Wulian, which have experienced large gene introgression of the Western breeds through progressive crossbreeding as well as gene flow among themselves. The other includes Laiwu and Dapulian, which are less influenced by the Western breeds and other indigenous breeds in Shandong in the recent past. The results show that some measures must be taken to effectively protect these indigenous pig breeds in Shandong.