아프가니스탄Afganistan 박트리아Bactria 지역 틸리야 테페Tillya-tepe 무덤의 피장자들의 사회적 성격: 월지의 매장 풍습과 관련하여

이송란 덕성여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2023 인문과학연구 Vol.- No.37

Bactria, where the Tillya-Tepe necropolis is located, was a hub of East-West trade, attracting nomadic peoples from Persia, Greece, and Central Asia, resulting in an eclectic mix of cultures. At this time, Bactria was ruled by the Kushan dynasty, which united the five tribes of the Yuezhi. The Yuezhi united not only the existing Bactrians, but also the various tribes that had come before them to form the Kushan dynasty. The question of the cultural identity of the decedents of the Tilia Tepe cemetery, who were buried in golden crowns in an abandoned Zoroastrian temple under the alleged ruling power of the Kushan dynasty, prompted this article. There is much disagreement about the ethnicity of Tilia Tepe's decedents. Given that the Kushan dynasty was basically a Buddhist society, the lack of Buddhist elements in the burials of the deceased and the clothing of the deceased have led some to believe that they were Parthians, who occupied Bactria before the Wall. For the purposes of this article, the decedents of the Tilia Tepe cemetery are considered to be Walji. It was noted that horse bones were buried in the upper part of the coffin of the male inhabitant of Tomb 4. In this regard, we have examined horse sacrifice rituals from the Altai Pazyryk cemetery, which is considered to be of the Wolji race, to the Berel tomb, which is a Saka cemetery. The horse Sacrifice rituals, performed to help the deceased reach the other world, show that the cultural identity of the Yuezhi was retained in Kushan society. In addition, the sheep and tree rituals in Tomb 4 are Siberian in origin and can be seen as a device of authority to communicate with the heavens of the sun and a symbol of the deceased's new life in the heavens of the sun. 틸리야 테페 묘장이 있는 박트리아는 동서교섭의 요충지로서 페르시아, 그리스, 중앙아시아의유목민들이 유입되어 다양한 문화적 속성이 혼합된 곳이다. 이 때 박트리아는 월지의 5부족을 통일한 쿠샨왕조에 의해 지배되던 시점이었다. 월지는 기존의 박트리아인들 뿐 아니라 온 다양한 종족을 통합시켜 쿠샨왕조를 일으켰다. 쿠샨왕조의 지배세력으로 추정되는 틸리아 테페의 피장자들이 폐쇠된 조로아스터교 신전에 금관을 쓰고 묻힌 문화적 정체성에 대한 의문이 이 글의 발단이 되었다. 틸라아 테페의 피장자들의종족적 성격에 대해서는 여러 이견이 있다. 기본적으로 쿠샨왕조가 불교사회라는 점을 감안할 때피장자들의 부장품에 불교적인 요소가 없는 점, 또한 피장자들의 복식이 월지이전 박트리아를 차지했던 파르티아계라는 점으로 인하여 파르티아 인으로 보기도 하였다. 이 글에서는 틸리아 테페 묘장의 피장자들은 월지인으로 판단하였다. 남성 피장자인 4호묘 관의 위쪽에서 말뼈 매장이 이루어진 점을 주목한 것이다. 이와 관련하여 월지 종족으로 판단되는알타이 파지리크 묘장에서부터 사카계 묘장인 베렐 고분에서 이루어진 말 제사 의식을 살펴보았다. 고인이 저 세상에 잘 도달할 수 있도록 진행된 말 제사의식은 이들이 월지의 문화적 정체성을쿠샨사회에서도 간직하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 또한 4호묘 묘주의 양과 나무 관식은 시베리아계의 관식으로 태양의 하늘과 소통할 수 있는 권위의 장치이자 피장자가 태양의 하늘에서 다시 새로운 삶을 얻을 수 있는 상징으로 판단된다.

Before Serindia: The Achaemenid Empire Along and Astride the Silk Roads

Marco FERRARIO 계명대학교 실크로드중앙아시아연구원 2022 Acta Via Serica Vol.7 No.2

중국 남북조시대 서방계 금은기의 수입과 제작

이송란 숭실사학회 2019 숭실사학 Vol.0 No.43

This study would examine the period of the production and the technical system of goldware and silverware in the forging technique, revealing the places of the production and the routes of the acceptance of the imported goldware and silverware used in China during the Period of North and South Dynasties. To the present time, the studies of goldware and silverware during the period of North and South Dynasties have focused on the systemicity of Western goldware and silverware, such as Rome, Sasanian Iran, or Sogd. This study focused on discussing the places of the production and the routes of the acceptance of the Western goldware and silverware based on the research achievements until now. As compared to the contemporary goldware and silverware, which drew much attention in the academic circles, there are few research achievements that surveyed all the imported goldware and silverware during the period of Wei-Jin Kingdoms and the Period of North and South Dynasties. Due to the fragmented political situations of China, the routes of the circulation of the Western goldware and silverware excavated in the Chinese mainland and peripheries are not easily understood, and there is a difference between the amount of the goldware and silverware used found in the literature and the aspect of the actual excavation, which are the important reasons why it is difficult to conduct research. As for the research method, this study paid attention to the literary record that goldware and silverware were produced by the Chinese people themselves and used in various ways, e.g. Being given to the whole body of officials as Imperial Gifts or used as tableware at the banquets. As a result of putting together the materials analyzing literature and the systems of the Western goldware and silverware actually excavated, there was no example of production in the mainland like Sasanian Iran or Rome, etc., so the fact that most were produced by the Western artisans or local people who learned the techniques from them in Central Asia like Bactria etc. and China. Also, it was found that various elements were often mixed in a bowl, such as Sasanian Iran, Byzantine, Sogd, and Hephthalite. It is interpreted that these mixed elements reflected the structure in which the artisans of Sogd and Hephthalite worked themselves in China, if demands for goldware and silverware in the Western technique increased in China. The critical mind of this study that would investigate and reveal the places of the production of the Western goldware and silverware began with the intent to examine the users’ cultural tastes in the Silk Road Network. This would aim to investigate and reveal that supplies from the Silk Road far away were not flowed in simply as luxury goods but were concerned with the users’ cultural tastes. 이 글에서는 남북조시대 중국에서 사용된 수입 금은기의 제작지와 수용경로를 밝혀 중국에서 단조법의 금은기 제작의 시기와 기술 계통을 살펴보고자 한다. 그간 남북조 금은기의 연구에서 서방계 금은기의 로마, 사산조 이란, 또는 소그드 등 계통성에 대한에 연구가 집중되었다. 이 연구에서는 그간의 연구 성과를 기반으로 서방계 금은기의 제작지와 수용경로를 집중적으로 고찰하였다, 학계에서 많은 주목을 받은 당대 금은기에 비해 위진남북조시대의 수입금은기의 전체를 조망하는 연구 성과는 많지 않다. 분열되었던 중국의 정치 상황으로 인하여 중국 본토와 변경에서 출토되는 서방계 금은기의 유통경로가 쉽게 파악 되지 않고 문헌상 확인되는 사용 양과 실제 출토 양상이 다른 것이 연구가 쉽지 않은 중요 이유이다. 연구 방법에서는 군신에게 선물로 사여하거나 연회에서 식기로 쓰는 등 자체 생산하여 여러 가지로 다채롭게 사용되는 문헌 기록을 주목하였다. 문헌을 분석한 자료와 실제 출토된 서방계 금은기의 계통을 종합하여 본 결과 사산조이란이나 로마 등 본토에서 제작된 것은 단 한 예도 없어, 대부분 박트리아 등지의 중앙아시아와 중국 내에서 서방계 장인들이나 이들에게 배운 현지인이 제작한 사실이 밝혀졌다. 그리고 그릇 하나에도 사산조 이란, 비잔틴, 소그드, 에프탈 등 여러 요소가 혼합되어 있는 경우가 많은 것이 확인되었다. 이러한 혼합적 요소는 중국내에서 서방계 단조기법의 금은기 수요가 많아지면 소그드와 에프탈계 장인들이 중국에서 직접 작업하였던 구조를 반영한 것으로 해석된다. 서방계 금은기의 제작지를 규명 하려는 이 글의 문제 의식은 실크로드 네트워크에서 사용자의 문화취향을 살피고자 하는데서 출발하였다. 원거리에 있는 실크로드의 물자가 단순히 사치품으로 유입된 것이 아니라 사용자의 문화취향과 관련된 것임을 규명하고자 한 것이다.

皇南大塚 新羅冠의 技術的 系譜

李松蘭 한국고대사학회 2003 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.31 No.-

The Silla Crown was made of thin sheets of gilded metal, cut and smoothed using a technique inherited from traditions deriving from the West. This study explores the technical lineage of the Silla Crown, by considering two elements: the gold spangles and many-sided gold beads. I would suggest two propositions about technical elements. First, the crown decorated with spangles, which were made of thin sheets of gold, was accepted from Central Asia through Silkroad. It originated in Bactriau culture. Through the commercial contacts between the Bactrian people and Xianbei(鮮卑) in the Northern China, the crown decorated with spangles was introduced into North China. Silla accepted this technique via Koguryo. Besides the gold spangles, the Crowns of Bactria, Xianbei and Silla have a common element, that is, tree-shaped uprights of which all segments are hand-cut from thin sheet gold. The Bactrian Crown is designed in the form of stylized tree. The uprights of the Xianbei Crown consist of two elements: a pentagon and a tree. Its shape is related to their legendary mountain. The Silla Crown has tree-shaped uprights with 7 or 9 boughs that are highly stylized on the front and sides and two antler-shaped uprights in the rear. Though they have same tree motifs, there are differences according to their inherent cultures. Related to the routes through which the crown decorated with the gold spangles are transmitted, some significant issues are raised. The route for gold spangle coincides with the gold trade route of Silla. Silla grew into a full-fledged kingdom with hereditary kings from the Kim family in the fourth century. Under the rule of Malipkan(麻立干), the gold ornaments began to be worn as the sign of their prestige and was introduced to international society through Koguryo. At that time, golds of Silla wer important items of international trade. Last, we would consider the many-sided gold beads. This technique was applied to two small golden chains, imitations of braids, hanging from either side of the headpiece at the level of the ear. These beads are made with filigree works. Filigree works developed differently according to regional cultures. Through the prosperous sea route from India to southern area of China near to coast, these beads, which were made with small gold rings, were popular for necklaces. From Han(漢) to East Jin(東晋), many-sided gold beads were produced in southern part of China. However, this type of beads was never excavated in the northern part of China. So, we could conclude that many-sided heads were characteristic of filligree works which were transmitted through the East Jin to Three Kingdom. In Korea, many-sided beads appeared as the daggling of earings at Koguryo. And then, in Silla, these beads were used as pendents and earings of the gold crown. In examining the origins of technical lineage of the gold crown, some considerations must be kept in mind: Although Silla actively accepted various international techniques. she took them in her own manner reflecting her cultural surroundings.

금강 하구 퇴적토의 이화학적 성질과 종속영양세균의 분포에 관하여

이건형,아영칠,홍순우 한국미생물학회 1986 미생물학회지 Vol.24 No.3

Vertical distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and physico-chemical characteristics were measuted in Kum River estuarine sediments. And interrelationship between heterotrophic bacterka and environmental factors was also studied. The type of sediment of Site 1 was silty clay, and sand at Site 2. Annual pH ranges were between 7.1 and 7.7 in the clay type sediment (Site 1) and 6.9-7.2 in the sand type sediment (Site 2). It was shown that organic matter contents were higher in the clay type sediment than those of sand type sediment. Redox potential values of sediments were decreased rapidly with depth at Site 1, but those of Sete 2 showed vertical fluctuation. Nitrogens(ammonia+amino acid-N, nitrate-N, nitrite-N) and phosphate in the clay type sediment showed higher values than those of sand type sediment. Annual distribution of heterotrophic bacteria were ranged $6.71{\times}10^4$ cells/g dry wt. $-2.50{\times}10^6$ cells/g dry wt. In the clay type sediment and $2.67{\times}10^3$ cells/g dry wt. $-1.94{\times}10^6$ cells/g dry wt. in the sand type sediment. Distribution of proteolytic, lipolytic, and amylolytic bacteria were decreased with the depth and the highest density was found in April and the lowest in January. Bacterial populations in sediments were closely correlated with such environmental factors as pH, redox potential, moisture content, organic matter contents, and inorganic nutrients such as nitrite-N and phosphate-P.

한국인의 급성 세균성 전립선염의 특성

박승철 대한요로생식기감염학회 2013 Urogenital Tract Infection Vol.8 No.1

Prostatitis is the most common urological diagnosis in men younger than 50 years of age and the third most common urological diagnosis in men older than 50 years of age after two major prostatic diseases – benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer. Acute bacterial prostatitis is a rare disease that accounts for about 5% of prostatitis cases but is relatively easy to diagnose due to its clinical symptoms. This disease constitutes a urological emergence, with obvious signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection, including dysuria, and urinary frequency. With acute bacterial prostatitis, patients often present with intense suprapubic pain, urinary obstruction, fever, malaise, arthralgia, and myalgia. The most frequent bacteria responsible for causing acute bacterial prostatitis include Escherichia coli, Enterococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Serratia. Antimicrobial treatment should be initiated immediately in patients presenting with acute bacterial prostatitis. Initially, parenteral administration of high doses of antibiotics, such as a broad-spectrum penicillin derivatives, a third-generation cephalosporin with or without an aminoglycoside, or a quinolone, are required until the fever and other signs and symptoms of infection subside. After initial improvement, an oral regimen, in particular quinolone, is appropriate and should be prescribed for at least 4 weeks.

박트리아 미술의 諸神融合(Syncretism)과 王權神授思想

崔泰晩 동악미술사학회 2006 東岳美術史學 Vol.7 No.-

Assessment of Bacteria Removal Using Silver Ion Absorbed Ceramic Filter

( Woo Hang Kim ),( Ja Mes Smith ) 한국환경과학회 2012 한국환경과학회지 Vol.21 No.8

The objective of this study was to evaluate bacteria removal ability of the metallic silver which was baked silver ion impregnated ceramic filter at heating condition. Silver leaking from baked ceramic filter was tested to sustain bacteria removal for a long time. Silver impregnated ceramic filter could remove E. coli completely at 1012 MPN/100ml to 1013 MPN/100ml of influent, However, ceramic filter without silver did not remove E, coli completely under the same condition, After baking, the silver impregnated ceramic filter almost didn`t leak out the silver ion from filter. Photo of TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) showed that absorbed silver ions remained in ceramic filter after baking process and most of silver were less than 10 nm. According to the increase in the amount of silver in the ceramic filter, removal efficiencies of E. coli were increased but turbidity removal was decreased. It can be accounted that increased removal efficiency of E. coli was from disinfection of silver that is in the ceramic filter. Simulated concentrations of bacteria agree well with the observed experimental effluent concentration data. Moreover, first-order decay coefficients increased to 0.0034/min after silver was added in the ceramic filter. Increase of first-order decay coefficient proves that silver-added ceramic filter can remove bacteria easily.

아프가니스탄 출토 고대 금공품에 보이는 문화적 다양성

주경미 ( Kyeong Mi Joo ) 중앙아시아학회 2012 中央아시아硏究 Vol.17 No.2

In this article, I surveyed the characteristics of ancient gold works from Afghanistan and their relationships with other cultures. Cultural convergence and intermixture had occurred in ancient Afghanistan region for its geographical situations, where every culture on the Eurasian continent such as the Western Greek culture after the expedition of the Alexander the Great, the northern and eastern nomadic culture, the southwestern Persian culture and the southeast Indian culture, meet together. This geographical characteristic was in part beneficial to the region, providing rich chances to embrace other advanced civilizations quickly and to blend them into a unique culture. But, at the same time, it entailed a disadvantage of subsequent invasions and wars between many ethnic groups or nations. As a result, the region was destined to have peculiar and attractive but short and constantly changing cultural phenomenons. The ancient gold works from Afghanistan are very good examples to understand its historical and cultural characters. With a large amount of gold and gem reserves, the gold works in Afghanistan had been developed from the Bronze Age. Among these ancient gold works in Afghanistan, the golden hoard of Tillya Tepe is the most important and variety collection. They are excavated in 1978 and reveal the peculiar characteristics of the Greco-Bactrian culture style. However, the style of Tillya Tepe gold works have similarities in the contemporary East Asian gold works, in particular such as the ancient artifacts from Xiongnu Tombs in Mongolia and those from the Lelang (樂浪) tombs in Korean peninsula. It means that these far-off cultures shared their unique gold work techniques and styles under the influences of Central Eurasian nomadic culture. Also they might have interacted with one other through the ancient step route of Eurasian continent during the early period of the Christian Era.

틸랴 테페 유물의 복식분석을 통해본 쿠샨왕조 문화의 다양성

장영수 한국패션비즈니스학회 2020 패션 비즈니스 Vol.24 No.5

The purpose of this study was to examine the cultural diversity in terms of costumes by analyzing the costumes depicted in the early Kushan Dynasty relics, Tillya Tepe. As a research method, literature research and artifact analysis were conducted in parallel. The type of costume worn by the king (or priest) was in the type of a jacket and skirt, which was thought to be of Persian influence. The Greek god of Dionysos was wearing a costume with Danryong(團領) and narrow sleeves, a nomadic type of Central Asia. It could be seen that costumes were transformed into indigenous elements of the region. The shape of the helmet worn by the warrior was a Greek-Macedonian helmet. However, details were transformed into indigenous elements of the Kushan dynasty. The clothing of a nobleman riding a carriage was an element of dress that was observed in Chinese po(袍), and was an unusual element not found in nomadic peoples. There were goddesses wearing Greek robes like Aphrodite in Tillya Tepe's relics. On the other hand, there were goddesses who did not wear Greek chitons like the Greek goddess Athena. Instead, they wore high-waisted robes worn by the Orient goddesses. In addition, after Kushan occupied India, there were Indian elements believed to be expressed by accepting Indian culture. These elements were combined with regional orient elements of the Kushan dynasty, Central Asian elements, and Kushan's own elements. Thus cultural diversity emerged in the costumes depicted in Tillya Tepe artifacts.