Bacterial Community Shift during the Startup of a Full-Scale Oxidation Ditch Treating Sewage

( Yajun Chen ),( Lin Ye ),( Fuzheng Zhao ),( Lin Xiao ),( Shupei Cheng ),( Xu-xiang Zhang ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2017 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.27 No.1

The oxidation ditch (OD) is one of the most widely used processes for treating municipal wastewater. However, the microbial communities in the OD systems have not been well characterized, and little information about the shift of bacterial community during the startup process of the OD systems is available. In this study, we investigated the bacterial community changes during the startup period (over 100 days) of a full-scale OD. The results showed that the bacterial community dramatically changed during the startup period. Similar to the activated sludge samples in other studies, Proteobacteria (accounting for 26.3%-48.4%) was the most dominant bacterial phylum in the OD system, but its relative abundance declined nearly 40% during the startup process. It was also found that Planctomycetes proliferated greatly (from 4.79% to 13.5%) and finally replaced Bacteroidetes as the second abundant phylum in the OD system. Specifically, some bacteria affiliated with genus Flavobacterium exhibited remarkable decreasing trends, whereas bacterial species belonging to the OD1 candidate division and Saprospiraceae family were found to increase during the startup process. Despite of the bacterial community shift, the organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the effluent were always in low concentrations, suggesting the functional redundancy of the bacterial community. Moreover, by comparing with the bacterial community in other municipal wastewater treatment bioreactors, some potentially novel bacterial species were found to be present in the OD system. Collectively, this study improved our understandings of the bacterial community structure and microbial ecology during the startup of a full-scale wastewater treatment bioreactor.

The Endophytic Plant Growth Promoting Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20 Modulates Plant Defense Responses while Integrating Naturally with the Seed-borne Endophytic Bacterial Community of Rice

Denver I. Walitang,Tongmin Sa(사동민) 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.11

Inoculation with the endophytic plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) leads to plant responses concurrent to the integration of the bioinoculum to the native endophytic bacterial community of the host plant. The interaction of the bioinoculum on the community of the native endophytic bacteria of the host plant is also understudied but should be an essential factor when assessing effects of bioinoculants. The study evaluated the modulation of host defense responses in rice when it is inoculated by Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20. The effect of inoculation on the diversity and community structure of the root and shoot bacterial endophytes in Oryza sativa L. spp. indica cv. IR29 was also investigated. The defense responses observed in IR29 measured in terms of ROS and PR protein production significantly increased, but was eventually modulated by Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20. Using Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, CBMB20 was shown to integrate with the native endophytic bacterial community of rice without causing significant changes in the bacterial diversity and community structure. The endophytic bacterial community of the rice seedling could be traced to the original seed community suggesting that they are seed-borne endophytes. The dominant bacterial communities in rice are mainly represented by bacterial genera associated to Microbacterium, Delftia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas and Stenotrophomonas, Herbaspirillum, Enterobacter and Sphingomonas. In addition, Curtobacterium, Enterobacter, Stenotro-phomonas and Xanthomonas were observed in both the root and shoot community. The results showed that Methylobacterium oryzae CBMB20 could modulate defense responses and non-antagonistically integrate with the native endophytic bacterial community of the rice host opening another area on the mechanism of plant growth promotion by the bioinoculum.

이화학적 수질인자가 부영양화된 마산저수지의 세균분포에 미치는 영향

남귀숙,손형식,차미선,조순자,이광식,이상준 한국미생물학회 2003 미생물학회지 Vol.39 No.2

부영양화된 농업용저수지인 마산지(충남 아산)에서 DAPI와 fluorescent in situ hybridization방법을 이용하여 세균분포의 변화와 이에 영향을 미치는 이화학적 수질인자를 상관관계분석을 통해 살펴보고자 하였다. 2000년 6월부터 11월 동안의 월평균 수온은 12.3~$27.5^{\circ}C$, 수소이온농도(pH) 7.5~9.0, 용존산소량(DO) 7.1~12.8 mg/L의 범위를 보여주었다. 생화학적산소요구량(COD)(6.4-13.0 mg/L)과 엽록소 a(Chl-a)(30.5-99.0 mg/㎥), 총질소(TN)(1.748~3.543 mg/L)는 7뭘, 8월에 높게 나타난 반면, 부유물질(55)(7.5~25.7 mg/L), 총인(TP)(0.104~0.581mg/L)은 9월에 가장 높게 나타나 강우의 영향과 퇴적층의 영향을 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 충세균수는 0.4~9.6$\times$$10^{6}$ cells/ml로 총세균수를 기준으로 중영양~부영양상태를 나타내었으며, 총균수에 대한 Eubacteria의 비율은 67.6~88.0%로 높은 범위를 보여주었다. 총세균수 및 Eubacteria group의 분포에 영향을 미치는 이화학적 수질인자를 검토하기 위한 상관관계분석 결과 수온보다는 Org-N, Org-P등 유기성의 영양염류가 세균군집크기와 상관성이 가장 높게 나타나 가장 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 요인으로 나타났으며, Proteobacteria group은 Org-P, Org-N과 가장 큰 영향을, 수온, 전기전도도(EC), COD, 무기질소 등도 다소 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 C-F group은 Org-N에 HGC group은 수온에 가장 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 그외 항목에서는 Proteobacteria group보다 영향성이 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. pH, DO, BOD, SS등의 항목에 대해서는 서로 영향을 미치지 않았으며, Chl-a와는 유의성있는 상관성이 전혀 없어 서로 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타나 다른 마산지에서는 식물플랑크톤보다는 강우현상과 그에 따른 유기물질의 영향을 크게 받는 것을 알수 있었다. 따라서 농업용저수지인 마산저수지의 세균군집의 계절적 분포는 수생태계내의 식물플랑크톤의 변화보다 강우현상 및 호소내부의 유기오염물질변화, 수온 등의 환경요인에 더 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되며, 향후 오염된 농업용저수지에서 세균군집 변화에 대한 좀더 면밀한 검토가 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다. The total bacterial numbers, Eubacterial community structures and environmental factors which affect bacterial community were estimated monthly using DAPI and fluorescent in situ hybridization monthly, from June to November 2000 to evaluate the correlation between the bacterial community and environmental factors in eutrophic agricultural Masan reservoir in Asan. Average water temperatures varied from 12.3 to $27.5^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5 to 9.0, DO 7. I~12.8 mg/L, COD 6.4~13.0 mg/L, chlorophyll a 30.5~99.0 mg/㎥, SS 7.S~25.7 mg/L, TN 1.748~3.543 mg/L., and TP 0.104~0.581 mg/L, respectively. Total bacterial numbers showed high ranges from 0.4 to 9.6$\times$ $10^{6}$ cells/ml, and these indicated the mesotrophic or eutrophic state. The ratio of Eubacteria to total bacteria was 67.6-88.0%, which was higher than that in other reservoir. The relationships of total bacteria and Eubacteria community were more significant with organic nitrogen (Org-N), and organic phosphorus (Org-P) than with water temperature. Proteobacteria groups showed strongly significant relationships with Org-P and Org-N and significant relationships with water temperature, conductivity, COD, and inorganic nitrogen. C-F group was the most significant with Org-N, and HGC group with water temperature. However, relationships of Chl-a, pH, DO and SS showed no significance with any bacterial community. These results were different from other studies, because of the specific characteristics of Masan reservoir such as old, shallow and eutrophic states. The seasonal variation of bacterial community in Masan reservoir does not seem to depend on phytoplankton dynamics but on storm event and organic materials from watershed and the sediment of reservoir.

Effect of Bacillus mesonae H20-5 Treatment on Rhizospheric Bacterial Community of Tomato Plants under Salinity Stress

Shin Ae Lee,Hyeon Su Kim,Mee Kyung Sang,Jaekyeong Song,Hang-Yeon Weon 한국식물병리학회 2021 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.37 No.6

Plant growth-promoting bacteria improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions. However, their effects on microbial succession in the rhizosphere are poorly understood. In this study, the inoculants of Bacillus mesonae strain H20-5 were administered to tomato plants grown in soils with different salinity levels (EC of 2, 4, and 6 dS/m). The bacterial communities in the bulk and rhizosphere soils were examined 14 days after H20-5 treatment using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Although the abundance of H20-5 rapidly decreased in the bulk and rhizosphere soils, a shift in the bacterial community was observed following H20-5 treatment. The variation in bacterial communities due to H20-5 treatment was higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soils. Additionally, the bacterial species richness and diversity were greater in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere than in the control. The composition and structure of the bacterial communities varied with soil salinity levels, and those in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soil were clustered. The members of Actinobacteria genera, including Kineosporia, Virgi- sporangium, Actinoplanes, Gaiella, Blastococcus, and Solirubrobacter, were enriched in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soils. The microbial co-occurrence network of the bacterial community in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soils had more modules and keystone taxa compared to the control. These findings revealed that the strain H20-5 induced systemic tolerance in to- mato plants and influenced the diversity, composition, structure, and network of bacterial communities. The bacterial community in the H20-5 treated rhizosphere soils also appeared to be relatively stable to soil salinity changes.

일천궁의 연작재배에 따른 토양 이화학성 및 토양세균군집 연구

김기윤,한경민,김현준,전권석,김충우,정충렬 한국환경농학회 2020 한국환경농학회지 Vol.39 No.1

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the soil chemical properties and soil bacterial community of the cropping system for Cnidium officinale Makino. METHODS AND RESULTS: The bacterial community was analyzed for the relative abundance and principal coordinated analysis (PCoA analysis) by using by Illumina Miseq sequencing. The correlation analysis between soil chemical properties and soil bacterial community were analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation and DISTLM analysis. Soil bacterial community (phylum and class) showed two distinct clusters consisting of cluster 1 (first cropping) and cluster 2 (continuous cropping) from 2 different cultivation methods of Cnidium officinale Makino. PCoA and DISTLM analyses showed that soil pH and Ca significantly affected soil bacterial community in cultivation area of Cnidium officinale Makino. In addition, Spearman’s rank correlation showed significant correlation between relative abundance (Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria) and soil factors (soil pH and Ca). CONCLUSION: The results of this study were considered to be important for determining the correlation between soil properties and soil bacterial community of the cropping method for Cnidium officinale Makino. Furthermore, the results will be helpful to investigate the cause of continuous cropping injury of the Cnidium officinale Makino by examining the changes of soil properties and soil bacterial communities. .

Vertical distribution of bacterial community is associated with the degree of soil organic matter decomposition in the active layer of moist acidic tundra

김혜민,Min Jin Lee,정지영,Chung Yeon Hwang,Mincheol Kim,Hee-Myong Ro,Jongsik Chun,Yoo Kyung Lee 한국미생물학회 2016 The journal of microbiology Vol.54 No.11

The increasing temperature in Arctic tundra deepens the active layer, which is the upper layer of permafrost soil that experiences repeated thawing and freezing. The increasing of soil temperature and the deepening of active layer seem to affect soil microbial communities. Therefore, information on soil microbial communities at various soil depths is essential to understand their potential responses to climate change in the active layer soil. We investigated the community structure of soil bacteria in the active layer from moist acidic tundra in Council, Alaska. We also interpreted their relationship with some relevant soil physicochemical characteristics along soil depth with a fine scale (5 cm depth interval). The bacterial community structure was found to change along soil depth. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and candidate phylum WPS-2 rapidly decreased with soil depth, while those of Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and candidate AD3 rapidly increased. A structural shift was also found in the soil bacterial communities around 20 cm depth, where two organic (upper Oi and lower Oa) horizons are subdivided. The quality and the decomposition degree of organic matter might have influenced the bacterial community structure. Besides the organic matter quality, the vertical distribution of bacterial communities was also found to be related to soil pH and total phosphorus content. This study showed the vertical change of bacterial community in the active layer with a fine scale resolution and the possible influence of the quality of soil organic matter on shaping bacterial community structure.

Effects of salinity on nitrification efficiency and bacterial community structure in a nitrifying osmotic membrane bioreactor

Jeong, Dawoon,Cho, Kyungjin,Lee, Chang-Ha,Lee, Seockheon,Bae, Hyokwan Elsevier 2018 PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY Vol.73 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of salt accumulation on nitrifying bacterial communities in a nitrifying bioreactor combined with forward osmosis. The conversion of nitrite to nitrate was inhibited at a total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 17.3 g/L, whereas conversion of ammonia to nitrite was inhibited at a higher concentration (52.8 g-TDS/L). The gene copies of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were more abundant than those of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) throughout the entire operating period of 225 days. Among NOB, the number of copies of <I>Nitrobacter</I> spp. were 100–1000 times higher than those of <I>Nitrospira</I> spp. A total of 140 operational taxonomic units were identified using 454 pyrosequencing. The relative abundances of autotrophic AOB and NOB accounted for 34.1–57.8% during 225 days. Dominance of <I>Nitrosomonas eutropha</I> was stable as a salt-tolerant AOB, but the representative NOB, <I>Nitrobacter winogradskyi</I>, showed salt-sensitive variations in their relative abundance. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analysis clearly illustrated the shift in bacterial community due to external conditions, i.e., ammonia loading rate, alkalinity availability, and salinity. Heterotrophic bacteria contributed to changes in overall bacterial community structure in the nitrifying osmotic membrane bioreactor despite the absence of carbon sources in the influent.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bacterial population dynamics were studied in an osmotic membrane bioreactor. </LI> <LI> Ammonia, alkalinity, and salinity caused changes in the bacterial community. </LI> <LI> Increased salinity led to NOB activity inhibition at 17.3 g-TDS/L. </LI> <LI> AOB were more tolerant than NOB to the high ammonia-loading rate and salinity. </LI> <LI> <I>Nitrosomonas eutropha</I> was dominant at high ammonia and salt concentrations. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

세균성 점무늬병에 의한 고추의 근권 미생물 변화 분석

송형근 ( Hyung-geun Song ),조유성 ( Yu-sung Cho ),양서연 ( Seo-yeon Yang ),조쉬알파나 ( Alpana Joshi ),이지훈 ( Ji-hoon Lee ) 한국환경농학회 2023 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2023 No.0

Plants may change rhizosphere microbiota in response to pathogen infection, and the rhizosphere microbial communities are closely associated with plant roots. The change of rhizosphere microbial community can be beneficial to the host plants. The ‘cry for help’ hypothesis is that when a plant is invaded by a pathogen, it changes root exudate and affects the microbial community. In this study, a plant pathogenic bacterium (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria) was inoculated in soil and red peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) to induce bacterial spot disease. The rhizosphere soil was collected after 53 days of cultivation and V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene of rhizosphere soil was analyzed using Illumina iSeq 100 system. Analysis of the rhizosphere microbial communities was conducted using Mothur. Bacterial alpha diversity of rhizosphere soil of bacterial spot disease-pepper was significantly smaller than the normal pepper soils. Also, the separation of bacterial communities between control and disease plants was observed through NMDS, PCoA, and LefSe analyses. These results provided ecological insight into the relationship between plant disease and the rhizosphere microbiota of pepper and represented the rhizosphere microbial flora of pepper was altered by bacterial spot disease.

Characteristics of Bacterial Communities in Biological Filters of Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plants

( Yonkyu Choi ),( Yeongseop Cha ),( Bogsoon Kim ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2019 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.29 No.1

The taxonomic and functional characteristics of bacterial communities in the pre-chlorinated rapid filters and ozonated biological activated carbon (BAC) filters were compared using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) based on sole-carbon-source utilization patterns. Both the rapid filters and BAC filters were dominated by Rhizobiales within α-proteobacteria, but other abundant orders and genera were significantly different in both types of filter. Firmicutes were abundant only in the intermediate chlorinated rapid filter, while Acidobacteria were abundant only in the BAC filters. Bacterial communities in the rapid filter showed high utilization of carbohydrates, while those in the BAC filters showed high utilization of polymers and carboxylic acids. These different characteristics of the bacterial communities could be related to the different substrates in the influents, filling materials, and residual disinfectants. Chlorination and ozonation inactivated the existing bacteria in the influent and formed different bacterial communities, which could be resistant to the oxidants and effectively utilize different substrates produced by the oxidant, including Phreatobacter in the rapid filters and Hyphomicrobium in the BAC filters. Bradyrhizobium and Leptothrix, which could utilize compounds adsorbed on the GAC, were abundant in the BAC filters. Ozonation increased taxonomic diversity but decreased functional diversity of the bacterial communities in the BAC filters. This study provides some new insights into the effects of oxidation processes and filling materials on the bacterial community structure in the biological filters of drinking water treatment plants.

Bacterial diversity of <i>cheonggukjang</i>, a traditional Korean fermented food, analyzed by barcoded pyrosequencing

Nam, Young-Do,Yi, Sung-Hun,Lim, Seong-Il Elsevier 2012 Food control Vol.28 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Cheonggukjang is a traditional fermented soybean food product manufactured using steamed soybeans and natural starter microorganisms originating from <I>jip</I> (dried rice straws). The nutritional accessibility of <I>cheonggukjang</I> is largely improved by microbial reaction but our knowledge about the microorganisms in <I>cheonggukjang</I> is still limited. Therefore, in the current study, bacterial communities of eight local and one commercial brand of <I>cheonggukjang</I> were analyzed with two molecular analysis methods, barcoded pyrosequencing and denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). After analyzing 12,697 bacterial pyrosequences, we found that almost all the bacteria were members of the phylum <I>Firmicutes</I> (>95%), with only a small portion belonging to <I>Proteobacteria</I> (<5%). Among the 79 identified bacterial species, <I>Bacillus</I> species were the dominant type, but, contrary to previous reports, the levels of <I>Bacillus subtilis</I> (1.1–45.2%), <I>Bacillus licheniformis</I> (3.2–33.6%) and <I>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</I> (0.2–9.2%) varied between samples and were not even the dominant microbes in some samples. In various samples, specific unclassified <I>Bacillus</I> species and Lactic acid bacteria existed as the dominant microbes of <I>cheonggukjang</I>. Compared to pyrosequencing analysis, DGGE method only revealed some of the major bacterial species such as <I>Bacillus thermoamylovorans</I> and <I>B. licheniformis</I>, and could not detect a large number of predominant or diverse rare bacterial species identified in pyrosequencing analysis. Community comparison analysis of both two molecular methods suggested <I>cheonggukjang</I> samples collected from similar regions exhibited a similar bacterial composition, but the regional differences of bacterial community were more clearly represented in pyrosequencing method than DGGE analysis.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Bacterial diversity of <I>cheonggukjang</I> analyzed by barcoded pyrosequencing. ► Existence of unexpectedly high variety of unclassified <I>Bacillus</I> species. ► Lactic acid bacteria as the dominant member of <I>cheonggukjang</I> microbial community. ► Regional variations in the microbial community of <I>cheonggukjang</I>.</P>