Asymmetries in Double Object Constructions and Labeling

이경미 현대영미어문학회 2022 현대영미어문학 Vol.40 No.4

This paper aims to examine asymmetries that two objects in a double object construction (DOC) show in A/A’-movement and proposes an alternative structure of the DOC, providing labeling accounts for the asymmetries. The study, following Marantz (1993), McGinnis (1998), and Pylkkanen (2002) among others, suggests that the structure requires an applicative projection for an additional internal argument, and the structure must represent a hierarchical relation between the indirect object (IO) and the direct object (DO). Because the IO is parallel with the subject in that both are banned from (sub-)extraction, I claim that as the subject is stuck after internal merge to A-position, the IO is frozen after internally merging from its theta-position to φ-feature agreement/Case valuation position (i.e., IO Criterion). That is, because of <φ, φ> labeled structure, the IO is inhibited from further movement. This can explain why A’-movement of the IO is disallowed and why A-movement of the IO as the subject of passive voice is possible. In multiple wh-questions, the wh-IO can proceed A’-movement without halting problems thanks to pied-piping.

남미공동시장(MERCOSUR)에서 아르헨티나-브라질 간 자동차협정이 자동차 산업의 비대칭성에 미친 영향 분석

권기수 한국라틴아메리카학회 2019 라틴아메리카연구 Vol.32 No.1

This paper analyzes how the automotive agreement between Argentina and Brazil contributed to the improvement of the asymmetries of the automotive industry between the two countries during the 30th anniversary of the MERCOSUR’s automotive agreement. As a result of the analysis, it can be concluded that the automobile agreement has a certain positive effect on the elimination of the asymmetries of the automobile industry between the two countries. Despite initial concerns about the launch of MERCOSUR, about 30 years later, the asymmetries of the automobile industry between the two countries have not deteriorated but rather improved. However, the convergence width was not large. In particular, since Brazil’s trade surplus with Argentina has been expanding since 2015, it is highly likely to develop into a possibility for future trade disputes. As a result, the concern about asymmetries might yet become a stumbling block to the full liberalization of automotive trade. It is very difficult to solve the asymmetries in the automobile industry between the two countries only through the automotive agreement. In order to improve this, complementary policy measures such as production integration policies should be concurrently carried out.

The Effect of Lexical Frequency in Modulating Translation Asymmetries on L2 Learners

Cui Mao,오은혜 한국언어정보학회 2018 언어와 정보 Vol.22 No.1

The study examinedresponse time in Chinese-English two-way translation in order to explore the role ofword frequency in modulating translation asymmetries between forward and backwardtranslation. 23 Chinese learners of English at two different proficiency levels performed aword translation task of 90 concrete nouns, one-syllable in English words and twocharacters in Chinese words. The results showed that there were asymmetries betweenthe two translation directions, with backward translation taking significantly longer timethan forward translation. Word frequency played a role in modulating the asymmetriesin that translating high-frequency items, regardless of direction, took significantly shortertime than the mid- and low-frequency items. But backward translation displayed largermagnitude of sensitivity to the variation of frequency than forward translation. It wassuggested that both forward and backward translation were conceptually-mediated withdiffering strength in the linking between the lexical items and their conceptualrepresentations, being stronger with high-frequency items than mid- and low-frequencyitems. Conceptual activation is easier for high frequency items.

Subject/Object Asymmetries in Northern Iroquoian

Barrie Michael Jonathan Mathew 한국생성문법학회 2023 생성문법연구 Vol.33 No.4

This squib examines two seldom discussed subject/object asymmetries in Northern Iroquoian. Namely, (i) agreement is found with incorporated subjects but not with incorporated objects, and (ii) wh-movement is possible with incorporated human subjects but not with incorporated human objects. A primary goal of this squib is to add these two asymmetries to the discussion on noun incorporation and Northern Iroquoian grammar in general. Current theories of noun incorporation provide no solution. There is also no proposal in the generative tradition that accounts for the complex agreement patterns found in Northern Iroquoian. Although I provide no solution here, I point to a potential solution involving separate subject and object probes. I implore future researchers to take these asymmetries into account when analyzing Northern Iroquoian grammar and noun incorporation in general.

무조사구의 주어-목적어 비대칭 분포와 의미: 형태적 실현성

홍정하 고려대학교 언어정보연구소 2010 언어정보 Vol.0 No.11

Most of previous studies regard Korean NPs without markers as case marker drop, and subject-object asymmetries as the markedness on overt and covert case markers. This paper aims to explore what subject-object asymmetries of NPs without markers mean in Korean makers system, as found in the 21 Century Sejong Treebank. An interesting observation is that these phenomena are related to the markedness on morphological realization and non-realization in Korean markers system. This seems to be an evidence that NPs without markers are not case marker drop.

Chung (2012)에 대한 회답

이정식 한국생성문법학회 2013 생성문법연구 Vol.23 No.2

In this paper, I give replies to Chung (2012), who discussed some prevs. post-verbal asymmetries in an attempt to refute Lee's series of work (2009, 2011, inter alia) on Right Dislocated Constructions (RDCs) from Korean. Lee contends that Korean is underlyingly head-initial and RDCs can desirably be derived under the single clause approach; Chung maintains the traditional head-final structure and supports the double clause approach to the RDCs. Through the replies, the current paper shows that Chung's criticisms on Lee's analysis are not really valid. And a closer look reveals that Lee's analysis can successfully deal with those asymmetries, but that Chung's analysis is rather problematic. As a result, the current work can still help maintain the universal Spec-head-complement word order hypothesis proposed by Kayne (1994) and get the head-parameter out of the Universal Grammar in the spirit of Chomsky (2005).

Phonology of Positional Asymmetry and Geminates: Constraints from Gestural Coordination Dynamics

남호성 한국언어학회 2011 언어 Vol.36 No.2

Nam, Hosung. 2011. Phonology of Positional Asymmetry and Geminates: Constraints from Gestural Coordination Dynamics. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 36-2, 337-365. The asymmetries between prevocalic and postvocalic positions that this study focuses on are twofold: (1) languages are attested that disallow codas (e.g. Fijian), only allows released (e.g. Arabic, Hindi, and Russian) or unreleased codas (e.g. Korean), or allow optionally released coda (e.g. English) in the postvocalic position whereas no languages are known as onsetless and prevocalic stops are always released; (2) postvocalic consonants are likely to be a target of various phonological processes (deletion, assimilation, and epenthesis). Nevertheless, unlike unreleased stops, it has been documented that released stops are rarely targeted for such processes in a pre-consonantal context. We attempt to unify such a postvocalic syllable typology and the positional asymmetries by positing gestural dynamic marked constraints, SYN and SEQ replacing ONSET and NOCODA. This study shows how constraints based on independently motivated dynamic gestural principles can be employed to account for cross-linguistic postvocalic patterns (released, unreleased and codaless) and some asymmetrical behaviors (between onset and coda) by proposing a split consonant gesture and a postvocalic coordinative structure distinct from the prevocalic one. (Haskins Laboratories)

Phonetic grounding of position and height asymmetries in hiatus resolution: An acoustic analysis of Korean VV sequences

강희조 한국음운론학회 2013 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.19 No.2

This paper deals with two typological patterns in hiatus resolution, position and height asymmetries, from the perspective of phonetics and phonology interface. In languages where hiatus is disfavored in the output, the weakening of a vowel is more likely to take place in V1 and high vowels than V2 and non-high vowels, respectively. Assuming that these typological asymmetries are rooted in the acoustic and auditory mechanisms of human speech (Ohala 1993), I conducted an acoustic analysis of Korean VV sequences, which were recorded by six Korean speakers in two different speech rates. The results showed that the steady state of V1 is shorter than that of V2 in CV1V2 words but not in CVCV words. High vowels turned out to have shorter steady states than non-high vowels and the proportional difference increased in fast speech. These results suggest that the typological patterns are not only morphologically motivated (e.g., Casali 1996) but phonetically grounded.

Phonetic grounding of position and height asymmetries in hiatus resolution: An acoustic analysis of Korean VV sequences

Hijo Kang 한국음운론학회 2013 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.19 No.2

This paper deals with two typological patterns in hiatus resolution, position and height asymmetries, from the perspective of phonetics and phonology interface. In languages where hiatus is disfavored in the output, the weakening of a vowel is more likely to take place in V1 and high vowels than V2 and non-high vowels, respectively. Assuming that these typological asymmetries are rooted in the acoustic and auditory mechanisms of human speech (Ohala 1993), I conducted an acoustic analysis of Korean VV sequences, which were recorded by six Korean speakers in two different speech rates. The results showed that the steady state of V1 is shorter than that of V2 in CV1V2 words but not in CVCV words. High vowels turned out to have shorter steady states than non-high vowels and the proportional difference increased in fast speech. These results suggest that the typological patterns are not only morphologically motivated (e.g., Casali 1996) but phonetically grounded. (Seoul National University)

국제시장가격변동에 따른 국내석유제품가격의 비대칭분석

오선아(Seonah Oh),허은녕(Eunnyeong Heo) 에너지경제연구원 2007 에너지경제연구 Vol.6 No.1

본 연구는 비대칭 오차수정모형을 이용하여 가격의 상승요인과 하락요인의 발생에 따른 반응을 비교함으로써 국내석유제품의 가격결정구조를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 특징은 첫째, 국내석유제품가격의 변동요인을 국제원유가격, 국제석유제품가격, 원유도입가 및 환율 등으로 확장하였으며, 둘째, 분석대상으로 석유소비의 대표적 유종인 휘발유, 등유, 경유 및 세 유종의 가중평균치인 종합유종가를 모두 고려하였다. 분석결과 유종별 가격결정의 기준이 다르게 나타났으며 종합유종가의 분석결과 국제원유가격과 원유도입가에 대하여 하락에 대해 다소 크게 반응하며 국제제품가격에 대칭적으로 반응함을 보였다. 또한, 환율의 변동에 대하여는 모든 유종에서 환율이 오를 때에는 해당월과 1개월 후에 모두 조정이 되고 환율이 내릴 때에는 1개월 후에만 조정이 되는 것으로 나타났지만 조정금액의 크기에 있어서는 동일하게 추정되었다. This paper examines price asymmetries of petroleum products in Korea, following the changes in the crude oil spot price, MOPS and acquisition costs. Relative to the previous studies, we analyze asymmetries not only in gasoline but also in kerosene and diesel since petroleum products are joint products. We also analyze all three products together using composite price concept, a weighted average of the three product prices. Empirical results indicates that multi-basis comparison is necessary for the valuation of relative degree of any asymmetries that are found, and in order to analyze the degree and the type of price asymmetry correctly, one must compare results using different price bases for the comparison.