불확실성의 시대, 불안한 한국인

김문조,박형준 한국이론사회학회 2012 사회와 이론 Vol.21 No.-

Anxiety prevails when the faith in life is absent. Therefore, it is uncertainty that causes anxiety. Uncertainty as a source of anxiety consists of several conceptual elements. Existential uncertainty, cognitive uncertainty, moral uncertainty and aesthetic uncertainty to name a few. This study seeks to examine the social anxiety as a source of collective anxiety with emphasis on flexibilization and aging thesis, describe the unique characteristics embedded in South Korean society where collective anxiety is being aggravated, and explore the directions and strategies for possible countermeasures. Recently, it can be said that a flexible life attitude and strategies being required in all aspects of daily life including the world of work. The flexible society is demanding individual creativity and innovation more than ever. Thus, flexible society aims at network communication systems that have completely different properties than the centralized communication ones that used to operate in a perfect and orderly manner under vertical chain of command structure. However, in the age of flexibilization, where a high degree of freedom is appreciated and applauded, “corrosion of character” and “class disparity” have emerged as critical factors that exacerbate social anxiety. Social unrest caused by flexibilization gave way to social unrest in Korean society. Such tendency is further aggravated by the process of aging. In what ways such social unrest in Korea progressing? Unlike cognitive and normative uncertainty, the uncertainty of the modern society that is mainly derived from institutional flexibility has a high probability of being internalized into a social anxiety in situations where the social transparency is lacking. However, the consequences of social unrest can vary depending on whether or not the social anxiety is shifted to oneself or to the outside. The most decisive factor determining where the anxiety head toward is trust. In Korean society where the level of social trust is still low, there exists a high probability of anxiety turning into discontent rather than frustration. Also, discontent is more likely to be expressed in the form of outward anger instead of introverted resignation in Korean society where negative perceptions on social justice prevail. Thus, it can be said that it is not the anxiety itself, but the high degree of social distrust and unfairness determining the course of anxiety that characterizes the current social unrest in Korea. 경제성장에 몰두하던 60~70년대 산업화 시대에는 생계를 위협하던 경제적 빈곤이 지대한 국민적 관심사였고, 권위주의 체제에 저항하던 80~90년대 민주화 시기에는 정치적 억압이 척결해야 할 절박한 시대적 과제였다. 그러나 세계화‧개방화가 촉진되는 금세기의 각축적 생활 현실에서는 사회 불안이 새로운 쟁점으로 부각되고 있다. 불안의 인식적 토대로 간주할 수 있는 불확실성은 개인적 수준과 사회적 수준으로 구분할 수 있는데, 본 논문에서는 1) 사회적 불확실성을 유연화 및 고령화 논제를 중심으로 개관하고, 2) 사회 불안을 가중시키는 한국 사회 특유의 현황을 “인간성 파괴” 및 “계급적 단절”이라는 명제하에서 고찰한 후, 3) 불안의 진전 경로와 예상 효과를 주요 매개 조건들을 중심으로 탐지하면서, 4) 고도 불안사회의 대처 방향과 실천 전략을 논의해보고자 한다.

인간형성의 조건으로서의 불안

임병덕(Byung-Duk Lim) 한국도덕교육학회 2021 道德敎育硏究 Vol.33 No.4

불안은 인간의 존재 그 자체에서 비롯되는 정서이다. 그것은 자유 또는 정신의 정서적 대응물로서, 무구에서 죄책을 거쳐 신앙에 이르는 인간형성의 조건으로 간주될 수있다. 인간형성은 절망 또는 죄에서 신앙으로의 이행이며, 이 이행은 ‘질적 도약’을 필수적 요소로 하는 과정이다. 불안은 질적 도약에 가장 가까운 그것의 ‘심리학적 근사치’ 에 해당하는 만큼, 그것에 대한 고찰은 인간형성의 해명에 결정적인 도움이 될 수 있다. 불안은 부정적인 정서로서 심각한 질병으로 간주되기도 하고, 심지어 ‘악마적인’ 양상을띠기도 하지만, 그것은 ‘자유의 가능성’으로서 ‘시간성과 영원성의 종합’으로서의 자아가‘그것이 있게 한 힘’으로서의 신과 관계를 맺도록 이끄는 안내자가 되기도 한다. 인간형성 과정에서 불안은 ‘신앙의 도움으로 개인을 섭리에 귀의하도록 교육하는’ 역할을 한다. ‘불안에 의한 교육’은 개인에게서 유한하고 사소한 것들에 대한 미련과 집착을 제거함으로써 ‘그가 가기를 원하는 곳’으로 이끈다. 키에르케고르는 그의 저작 전체가 그 자신의 자기교육을 위한 것이었음을 분명하게 밝혔으며, 이 점에서 그 저작들은 그 자신이 몸소 경험한 ‘불안에 의한 교육’을 기술한 것이라는 해석이 가능하다. 불안에 의하여안내되는 그의 저작활동은 신에 의한 교육을 지향하는 자기교육의 기록이라고 말할 수있다. 불안이 무엇인지를 배우는 것은 지고의 존재로부터 지고의 것을 배우는 것이다. In his monumental study on anxiety, The Concept of Anxiety, Kierkegaard approaches to anxiety in relation to the dogmatic issue of hereditary sin. He denies any qualitative difference between Adam and subsequent individuals, in that both of them sin by a ‘qualitative leap’ as an individual’s free act. The psychological approach to anxiety can contribute to understanding the qualitative leap which does not permit any rational explanation, for anxiety is the psychological state that precedes and follows sin. Though it cannot explain sin, ‘which breaks forth only in the qualitative leap’, can serve as “the closest psychological approximation.” Anxiety is rooted in the very being of man as a ‘synthesis of the psychical and the physical’ sustained by spirit as the third term. Spirit posits this synthesis along with the synthesis of the temporal and the eternal. Human becoming can be construed as spirit’s movement constituted by the relation’s(synthesis’) relating itself to “the Power that posited it.” Spirit express itself as anxiety in the process of human becoming. Anxiety leads the individual to ‘rest in providence.’ Kierkegaard opened the possibility of understanding anxiety as ‘a serving spirit’ that help the individual relate himself to God. When he is educated by anxiety, it leads him to faith. It means that anxiety get rid of everything finite and petty out of him and make him free. Kierkegaard’s works can be seen as documents to describe his own self-education by anxiety. His authorship as the true autodidact is also a theodidact. An individual who has learned to be anxious in the right way has learned ‘the ultimate.’

Anxiety Symptoms and Associated Psychological and Job-Related Factors Among Hospital Nurses

Eun Hyun Seo,Jae-Hon Lee,Arlene MacDougall,Nancy Liu,Alexander Hofkirchner,Simran Sharma,Mohamad Elfakhani,Hyung-Jun Yoon 대한신경정신의학회 2024 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.21 No.1

Objective Recently, burnout and mental health issues regarding nurses are reported increasingly. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of anxiety symptoms among hospital nurses and determine their association with psychological and job-related factors.Methods Data on demographics, job-related characteristics, burnout, Type A behavior patterns, self-esteem, and happiness were collected from 515 nurses working at a university hospital in Korea. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, with scores of 8 or higher indicating the presence of anxiety symptoms. Demographic, job-related, and psychological factors were compared according to the presence of anxiety. Logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with anxiety symptoms.Results Two hundred and four (39.6%) participants had anxiety symptoms. Self-esteem and happiness were associated with a lower risk of anxiety symptoms, whereas burnout was associated with a higher risk of anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, being female, having a career of less than five years, and requiring counseling due to stress were associated with a higher risk of anxiety symptoms. Being younger, female, or a basic nurse; having a career of less than five years; partaking in shift work; experiencing job dissatisfaction; requiring counseling due to stress; being exposed to higher levels of burnout; and having lower levels of self-esteem and happiness were all found to be significantly correlated with anxiety symptoms.Conclusion These findings suggest that promoting self-esteem and happiness while reducing burnout may be beneficial in preventing and managing anxiety symptoms among hospital nurses.

The Cross-modality Anxiety Profiles of Korean EFL Learners

Dae-Min Kang 한국영어어문교육학회 2009 영어어문교육 Vol.15 No.1

The present study was conducted to investigate Korean EFL learners' cross-modality anxiety profiles and the impact of proficiency on the profiles, i.e., how their speaking anxiety and writing anxiety were related and how proficiency affected the relationship between their speaking anxiety and writing anxiety. A total of 95 participants, assigned to high, intermediate, and low proficiency groups, completed a questionnaire composed mainly of an adjusted Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and the Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI), and 30 of them took part in a semi-structured interview. Results showed that Korean EFL learners' writing anxiety was significantly stronger than their speaking anxiety, which was attributed to an extensive difference in interest and pedagogical practice between writing and speaking. Regarding the influence of proficiency, it was revealed that proficiency significantly affected the difference between Korean EFL learners' speaking and writing anxiety. What was noteworthy was that the intermediate level EFL learners showed the highest mean difference between speaking and writing anxiety due to their largest difference in readiness between writing and speaking. In terms of pedagogical implications, the study suggests that the EFL cross-modality anxiety should be addressed more adequately taking into account proficiency levels of learners.

Prevalence of Anxiety May Not be Elevated in Thai Ovarian Cancer Patients Following Treatment

Chittrakul, Saranya,Charoenkwan, Kittipat,Wongpakaran, Nahathai Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.3

Background: To compare prevalence of anxiety in ovarian cancer patients following primary treatment to that of normal women and to examine predicting factor. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 56 ovarian cancer patients who had primary surgical treatment within the past five years (cancer group) and 56 age-matched women who attended an outpatient clinic for check-ups (non-cancer group) were recruited from June 2013 to January 2014. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), was used to determine anxiety level of the participants with the score of ${\geq}11$ suggestive of anxiety. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms and mean HADS scores for anxiety were compared between the study groups. For those with ovarian cancer, associations of demographic and clinical factors with anxiety was examined. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Participants in the non-cancer group had higher rate of medical comorbidity, higher salary, and more frequent university education. The prevalence of anxiety was not different between the groups, at 7.1% each. The mean HADS scores for anxiety subscale were not significantly different between the groups, 5.0 in the cancer group vs 6.1 in the non-cancer group (p=0.09). On multivariable analysis, no demographic or clinical factors significantly associated with anxiety were identified. For the cancer group, no association between any particular factors and anxiety was demonstrated. Conclusions: The prevalence of anxiety in women with ovarian cancer following primary treatment was comparable to that of normal women seeking routine check-up.

임상실습전 간호학생의 불안과 대응양상과의 관계

허혜경 연세대학교 원주의과대학 1997 원주의대논문집 Vol.10 No.1

한국인 중국어 초급 학습자의 중국어 발음 불안 연구

이앤슈아이 이중언어학회 2024 이중언어학 Vol.0 No.95

본 연구는 학습자의 중국어 발음에 대한 불안 양상을 살펴보는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 한국 초급 학습자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 요인1 자가 관련 불안이 요인2 교사 관련 불안과 요인3 동료 관련 불안보다 통계적으로 유의미하게 불안감이 높았다. 둘째, 요인2 교사 관련 불안을 확인한 결과, 여학생이 남학생보다 통계적으로 유의미하게 불안도가 높았다. 셋째, 학습자들은 스스로 발음 수준이 높다고 생각할수록 자가 관련 불안이 적다는 것으로 나타났다. 자기 효능감, 자신감, 확신 등과 같은 자가 관련 불안 요인은 초급 학습자의 발음 불안에 큰 영향을 준다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 향후 중국어 발음 교육 현장에서 교사가 학습자의 발음 불안의 요인을 잘 파악하여 가르친다면 학습자가 느끼는 불안을 어느 정도로 완화할 수 있기를 바란다. his study aims to investigate anxiety patterns related to the pronunciation of Chinese by Korean beginner learners. The results revealed that (i)self-related anxiety (Factor 1) exhibited significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to teacher-related anxiety (Factor 2) and peer-related anxiety (Factor 3). (ii)regarding Factor 2 (teacher-related anxiety), it was observed that female students reported significantly higher anxiety levels than male students. (iii)learners who perceived their pronunciation skills as high tended to experience lower self-related anxiety. Factors such as self-efficacy, confidence, and certainty were identified as influential contributors to pronunciation anxiety among beginner learners. Based on these findings, it is suggested that teachers in the field of Chinese pronunciation education can alleviate learners’ anxiety by identifying factors that cause pronunciation anxiety.

Creating a Discourse for Understanding Second Language Acquisition and Anxiety

Wayne Bottiger,김경열 한국중앙영어영문학회 2013 영어영문학연구 Vol.55 No.2

There has been a lengthy discussion concerning the idea that anxiety interferes with or diminishes the capacity for second language learning. Those included in the discussion are scholars, researchers, instructors, and L2 learners themselves. At issue is the question of how significant the influence of anxiety on inhibiting language learning really is. This article explores second language acquisition and discusses the implications related to ‘anxiety’. While the concept of anxiety is multi-faceted, the main area of interest for researchers and practitioners alike focuses on how anxiety actually influences language learning. Numerous types of anxiety have been identified including state anxiety, trait anxiety, situation-specific anxiety, and achievement anxiety just to name a few. Many have theorized that it is the wide variety of anxiety-types that is partly to blame for the mixed and confusing results of research done on this topic. Scovel (1978) states that anxiety is “not a simple, unitary construct that can be comfortably quantified into ‘high’ or ‘low’ amounts” (p. 137). Typically language anxiety or foreign language anxiety (FLA) is categorized as a situation-specific anxiety (Ellis, 1994), similar in type to other familiar manifestations of anxiety such as stage fright or test anxiety.

집단미술치료를 통해 본 불안에 관한 질적 연구

홍지영(Hong, Ji Young),임지현(Im, Ji Hyun),이승희(Lee, Seung Hui),하승연(Ha, Seung Yeon) 한국디지털디자인협의회 2015 디지털디자인학연구 Vol.15 No.3

본 연구는 연구 참여자들이 집단미술치료를 통해 기술한 언어적 자료를 Giorgi의 기술적 현상학의 연구방법을 적용하여 참여자들이 경험한 불안의 본질과 그 구조를 파악하고, 불안을 보다 긍정적으로 수용할 수 있는 가능성을 탐색하고 논의해 보는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 연구 참여자들은 객관적 검사도구 4가지를 실시하여 불안의 수준이 높게 측정된 20대 성인 4인으로 구성되었으며, 12회기의 집단미술치료를 실시하였고 2회의 개인면담과 1회의 심층면담, 그리고 2회의 집단면담을 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 Giorgi의 자료 분석 절차에 따라 의미단위를 나누고 이를 심리학적 용어로 전환하여 기술하였다. 이 중 유사한 단위를 묶어 구성요소로 범주화하여 분석한 결과, 2개의 구성요소와 5개의 하위 구성요소를 도출하였다. 2개의 구성요소는 ‘타인의 시선’과 ‘비합리적 신념’이며 연구 참여자들이 경험한 불안의 구성요소와 구조를 분석한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 일적 · 성취적 능력에 자신의 가치기준을 두는 사고를 가지고 있으며, 이는 불안에서 비롯된 강박적 사고에 기인한다. 둘째, 집단미술치료를 통해 불안을 다루는 보다 긍정적인 방법을 찾고자 노력하였다. 불안을 다루는 방법으로 자신의 감정을 표출하고 불안을 승화시켜 과거에는 하지 않았던 자신을 위한 행동과 자신의 생각에 집중하여 불안을 완화시키려고 노력하는 모습을 볼 수 있었다. 셋째, 집단미술치료를 통하여 연구 참여자들이 불안을 보다 긍정적인 심리적 요소로 재인식 할 수 있도록 도움을 주었다. 이로써 본 연구는 불안을 창조적으로 극복하는 과정을 통해 불안의 의미를 새롭게 발견하고, 개인적 맥락에서 나아가 사회적 맥락에서도 불안에 대한 인식이 보다 긍정적인 방향으로 변화할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다는 데에 본 연구의 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to find out the essence of anxiety experienced by participants, explore and discuss the possibility of positively accepting anxiety by applying Giorgi’s technical phenomenology to linguistic data stated through group art therapies that they participated in. For this, participants were made up of 4 adults in their 20s whose anxiety level was measured high with 4 objective test tools and a total of 12 group art therapies were conducted along with personal interviews twice , in-depth interview once and group interviews twice. Data collected were divided to their meaning unit pursuant to Goirgi’s data-analyzing procedures and stated in psychological language. Similar units among them were bound and categorized together for analysis, whose result drew out two constituents;‘others’ view’/‘irrational belief’ and 5 sub constituents. Result of analyzing the constituents of anxiety experienced by participants drew out the following conclusion; First, they had a thought that put the standard measuring their own value on their work-related/work-performing ability, which results from their obsessed thinking aroused by anxiety. Second, they tried to find positive ways to deal with anxiety through group art therapies. As for ways to deal with anxiety, they tried to ease anxiety by focusing on behaviors and thoughts that they had not tried before by expressing their emotions and sublimating anxiety. Third, through group art therapies, they were helped to realize anxiety as a more positive factor of psychology. This study has its meaning in that it found the meaning of anxiety in the process of creatively overcoming it and presented the possibility that recognition of anxiety can be changed towards a more positive direction not only in personal but also social context.

불안장애 집단에 있어서 불안민감성의 차이

안준범,김지혜,강은호,유범희 대한신경정신의학회 2009 신경정신의학 Vol.48 No.4

Objectives The present study aimed to compare anxiety sensitivity among anxiety disorder groups, and to examine the relationships between lower-order factors of anxiety sensitivity and each anxiety disorder. Methods Three hundred and twenty four normal control subjects and 212 patients with anxiety disorders were enrolled in this study. All subjects completed a psychometric assessment package including the Korean Anxiety Sensitivity Index-Revised (ASI-R) test. Statistical analysis of the two groups was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and comparison of anxiety sensitivity among the anxiety-disorder groups (panic disorder-PD, general anxiety disorder-GAD, social phobia- SP, obsessive-compulsive disorder-OCD) was investigated using Kruskal-Wallis test. Results All anxiety disorder groups showed higher total scores of the ASI-R than did the normal control group (Z=-13.724, p<.001), and the mean total score of the ASI-R in the panic disorder group was the highest among the anxiety disorder groups. The mean score of each lower-order factor of the ASI-R in each anxiety disorder group was higher than that of the normal control group and there were statistically significant differences in fear of cardiovascular symptoms (PD,GAD>SP,OCD), fear of respiratory symptoms (PD>GAD, SP,OCD), and fear of publicly observable anxiety reactions (SP>PD,OCD) among the anxiety disorder groups. ConclusionZZThese results suggest that anxiety sensitivity reflects vulnerability to anxiety disorders, and that lower-order factors of the ASI-R may help in the differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders. 본 연구는 정상 집단과 불안장애 집단을 대상으로 KASIR의 총점을 비교한 첫 번째 연구로, 불안민감성이 정상 집 단에 비해 불안장애 집단에서 모두 높게 나타난다는 사실 을 확인하였다. 또한 불안민감성이 불안장애 집단 내에서는 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않는다는 사실을 확 인함으로써, 불안민감성이 넓은 의미에서 다양한 불안장애 에 대한 취약성을 반영한다는 가설을 지지하고 있다. 마지 막으로, 불안민감성의 하위 요인들과 각각의 불안장애 사이 의 관련성을 확인하였으며, 임상에서 KASI-R의 하위 요인 이 불안장애를 변별하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하였다. 이를 명확하게 하기 위해, 추후 연구에서는 임 상환자 집단을 대상으로 장기적, 종단적 연구가 필요할 것 으로 사료된다.