TV광고에 나타난 동물 모델의 특성에 관한 연구

손소영 한국일러스아트학회 2013 조형미디어학 Vol.16 No.3

This study, as a research for the traits of animal models appearing on TV commercials, has aimed to look into the roles and characteristics of animal models as a commercial model. First of all, in a theoretical consideration, I focused on the concept of animal model as an advertising model and its advertising effect. In addition, based on the result of it, I carried out an analytical action on the animal models in TV advertisements by distinguishing actual animals from animal character models. Animal models as a commercial model have been generating the features and effects as an animal model by way of switching over and making use of the characteristics and image of the animal. Furthermore, the intimate and natural image of animals has escalated the attention and affinity of advertisements and raised an interest in them, and these traits and images of animals have had a great influence on consumers paying more attention to the symbolic value as well as the preference value regarding products or goods. On the basis of this theoretical consideration, I took a total of 108 commercials with animals as an advertizing model having appeared on TV from 2008 to 2012 for subject of analysis. According to the analytical result, there were 55 pieces of actual animal commercials, while there were 53 commercials of animal characters. In advertising items, IT and financial & insurance products showed the highest percentage among them, followed by electrical & electronic products, daily & home supplies and beverages & favorite food in order. In the classified analysis of animals, mammals took a dominant portion, with birds, invertebrates and many other animals following in order. To be specific, I was able to confirm that dogs and octopuses had showed up most on TV commercials, and quite a few animals, rabbits, polar bears, hippos, cats and elephants had followed them in order. Taking into account the features of animal models appearing on TV commercials based on this analytical result, I could take note of the fact that human friendly animals have appeared very often on the commercials. This seems to be because there is no repulsion against the animals that have had a long history with humans from ancient times. When it comes to actual animal models, there has been a growing tendency of various kinds of animals turning up in a commercial world. Showing a diversity of actual animals with their freshness is being used as part of raising the public attention. Additionally, speaking of animal models, not only animal characters but also actual animal models now tend to be strikingly personified. On the other hand, animal characters are mostly being taken advantage of as a character model to convey the qualities and features of products. For example, animal models like octopus, rabbit, hippo and penguin are being used in order to transfer the features of products to the ones of animals, which enables the viewers to pay more attention to as well as to get involved in the goods. The characteristics of animal models like these can become a differentiated one toward the character-centered model strategy. And last but not least, I hope that there will be various studies on the multilateral advertisement using the features of animal models later in the future. 본 연구의 목적은 TV광고에 나타나는 동물 모델의 특성에 관한 연구로서, 광고모델로서 동물 모델의 역할과 특성에 대해 연구하였다. 먼저 이론적 고찰을 통해 광고모델로서 동물모델에 대한 개념과 동물모델의 광고 효과에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한 이를 토대로 TV광고에 나타난 동물 모델을 실제 동물과 동물 캐릭터 모델로 구분하여 분석하였다. 광고모델로서 동물 모델은 그 동물의 특성과 이미지를 전이·활용하여 동물 모델로서 특성과 효과를 나타내고 있다. 또한 동물의 친근한 이미지, 자연스런 이미지는 광고의 주목도와 호감도를 높이고 흥미를 갖게 하며, 이러한 동물의 특성과 이미지는 소비자들로 하여금 상품의 상징가치와 기호 가치에 더 많이 주목하게 하는데 영향을 주고 있다. 이 같은 이론적 고찰을 토대로 2008년 부터 2012년 까지 TV광고에 등장하는 동물 모델 광고, 총 108편을 분석대상으로 삼았다. 분석결과 실제 동물모델 광고는 55편, 동물 캐릭터 모델 광고는 53편으로 나타났고, 광고품목에서는 정보통신, 금융·보험 품목에서 가장 많이 나타났고, 그 다음으로 전기·전자, 생활·가정용품, 음료·기호식품 순으로 나타났다. 동물 종류별 분석에서는 포유류가 압도적으로 가장 많이 나타났고, 조류, 무척추동물, 다수의 동물 순으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 TV광고에 많이 나타나는 동물은 개와 문어가 가장 많이 나타났으며, 그 다음으로 다수의 동물, 토끼, 북극곰, 하마, 고양이, 코끼리, 하마 순으로 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이 같은 분석결과를 토대로 TV광고에 나타난 동물모델의 특성을 살펴보면, 인간과 친화적인 동물이 주로 많이 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 오래전부터 인간과 함께해 온 동물들이 거부감 없이 자연스럽게 받아들여지기 때문으로 볼 수 있다. 실제 동물 모델의 경우 다양한 다수의 동물이 등장하는 경우가 증가하는 경향을 보여주고 있으며, 다양한 실제 동물을 보여줌으로써 동물의 참신함으로 주목율을 높이기 위해 활용되고 있는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 동물 모델은 동물 캐릭터 모델뿐만 아니라 실제 동물 모델도 의인화 경향이 뚜렷하게 나타나고 있다. 반면 동물 캐릭터 모델은 제품의 속성과 특징을 전달하기 위한 캐릭터 모델로 많이 활용되고 있으며, 문어, 토끼, 하마, 펭귄 등 제품의 특성을 동물 특성에 전이시켜 광고에 더 주목하게 하고 제품의 관여도를 높이는데 동물 모델들이 많이 활용되어지고 있다. 이 같은 동물 모델의 특성은 인물중심의 모델 전략에 대한 차별화 전략이 될 수 있으며, 향후 동물 모델의 특성을 활용한 다각적 측면의 광고 연구가 이루어지길 바란다.

소아청소년 정신의학에서의 동물모델

이서경,반건호 大韓神經精神醫學會 2007 신경정신의학 Vol.46 No.4

In studying child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP), animal models are extremely useful to explore the pathogenesis of disorders or to experiment drugs as substitutes for the human body. Particularly in young children, the accuracy of their ex-pression can be low and there are many restrictions in experiments directly upon the patients including difficulties in medi-cation and tests. However, it is not easy to develop animal models because standards for diagnosis are phenomenological and based on behavioral descriptions. The biggest problem in research using animal models in CAP is that it is difficult to make representative models specific to each disorder. The present study reviewed articles about research with animal models in connection to disorders common in CAP such as autism , Tourette syndrome (TS), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mental retardation (MR). Recent resear-ches through animal models are mainly focused on anatomical studies on sites related to disorders and genetic studies. Although there have been many researches for autism, they still seem to be away from establishing representative models. For TS, it is not easy to make specific animal models because of the complexity of the syndrome, but animal models have been greatly helpful to find pathogenesis and develop remedies for TS. In ADHD, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) model is recog-nized as a fine model. With regard to MR, a majority of studies are gene researches related to known abnormal chromosomes. Throughout this review, authors recognized that only few articles have been published using animal models for CAP in Korea. We hope that research using animal models will be more activated in Korea.

유전 및 육종 : 반복모형을 이용한 한우 초음파 측정형질의 유전모수추정

김정일 ( Jung Il Kim ),김병우 ( Byung Woo Kim ),이정규 ( Jung Gyu Lee ),이기환 ( Ki Hwan Lee ),구양모 ( Yang Mo Koo ),송치은 ( Chi Eun Song ),이재윤 ( Jae Youn Lee ),선두원 ( Du Won Sun ),박철현 ( Cheol Hyeon Park ),정용호 ( Yeoun 한국동물자원과학회 ( 구 한국축산학회 ) 2012 한국축산학회지 Vol.54 No.2

본 연구는 한우 암소 초음파 측정자료 특징을 알아보고, 측정형질에 대한 유전모수를 추정하여 육질 또는 육량 개량을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행되었으며, 2001년부터 2009년까지 한국종축개량협회에 의해 측정된 한우 암소 36,893두를 이용하였고, 그 중 반복기록이 있는 개체는 7,913두였다. 유전모수 추정을 위하여 반복개체모형을 이용하였으며, 유전모수추정에는 REMLF90(Miztal, 2001)을 이용하였다. 유전모수 추정 모형의 설정을 위하여 흉위, 영양도 및 초음파 측정치에 대한 출생년도, 출생계절, 측정년도, 측정계절, 측정지역, 측정연령 등의 환경효과를 추정하였다. 반복개체모형으로 추정된 배최장근단면적, 등지방두께 및 근내지방도에 대한 유전력이 각각 0.31, 0.38, 0.27로 나타났고, 다형질개체모형으로 추정한 유전력은 각각 0.02, 0.09, 0.07로 낮게 추정되었다. 반복개체모형을 이용한 반복력은 배최장근단면적, 등지방두께, 근내지방도가 각각 0.46, 0.57, 0.39로 나타났다. 분석모형 간의 추정치의 차이를 비교 할 때 반복모형에서의 유전력과 반복력이 높게 추정되었다. 따라서 반복형질 값을 가진 형질들의 측정치를 표준화하여 한우 암소개량을 위한 기초자료로 활용된다면 유전능력평가와 개량사업 비용절감에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다. The present study data were obtained from 36,894 cows in Korea Animal Improvement Association from 2001 to 2009 which was subjected for ultrasound measurements(eye muscle area, back-fat thickness, marbling score) and descent. Repeated record models were carried out using 7,913 of 36,894 of total animal traits. The ultrasound measured traits and performance test data were used to study the chest girth, body condition score, eye muscle area, back-fat thickness and marbling score with genetic correlation and parameters for the ultrasound measured traits using REMLF90 program. Genetic correlation of eye muscle area with back-fat thickness, marbling score and back-fat thickness with marbling score were noticed in repeated records animal model as 0.69, 0.54, and 0.59, whereas in multiple trait animal model method were 0.07, 0.66, and 0.39, respectively. Repeated records of animal models were used as positive correlation of traits. Multiple trait animal models were used as negative correlation of eye muscle area with marbling score. The analysis on repeat records of animal models using ultrasound measurements about Korean cattle showed positive effects for each traits. In comparison differences between the repeat records of animal models and multiple trait animal models was found with higher traits of her, the heritability and repeatability was found higher in repeat records animal models. In light of these assessments, carcass traits by ultrasound measurements are expected to help and improve an accurate analysis of each trait and if the research analysis using repeat records of animal models continue when we estimate genetic ability of these traits.

Effects of Herbal Medicine (Gan Mai Da Zao Decoction) on Several Types of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in an Animal Model: A Systematic Review - Herbal medicine for animal studies of neuropsychiatric diseases -

Kim, Su Ran,Lee, Hye Won,Jun, Ji Hee,Ko, Byoung-Seob KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2017 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.20 No.1

Objectives: Gan Mai Da Zao (GMDZ) decoction is widely used for the treatment of various diseases of the internal organ and of the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of GMDZ decoction on neuropsychiatric disorders in an animal model. Methods: We searched seven databases for randomized animal studies published until April 2015: Pubmed, four Korean databases (DBpia, Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Korean Studies Information Service System, and Research Information Sharing Service), and one Chinese database (China National Knowledge Infrastructure). The randomized animal studies were included if the effects of GMDZ decoction were tested on neuropsychiatric disorders. All articles were read in full and extracted predefined criteria by two independent reviewers. Results: From a total of 258 hits, six randomized controlled animal studies were included. Five studies used a Sprague Dawley rat model for acute psychological stress, post-traumatic stress disorders, and unpredictable mild stress depression whereas one study used a Kunming mouse model for prenatal depression. The results of the studies showed that GMDZ decoction improved the related outcomes. Conclusion: Regardless of the dose and concentration used, GMDZ decoction significantly improved neuropsychiatric disease-related outcomes in animal models. However, additional systematic and extensive studies should be conducted to establish a strong conclusion.

Seasonal Grouping in Year-Season Animal Model Evaluation of Sahiwal Cattle

Khan, M.S.,Ali, A.,Ali, S.,Saleem, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1997 Animal Bioscience Vol.10 No.1

Season is very important as it defines the contemporaries for sire and cow evaluation. An attempt is made for defining season for animal model evaluation of Sahiwal animals, using 1,227 records from 730 cows. Cows were required to have a lactation length of 305-days. Ten different combinations of months for two, four, five or other seasons were tried. The other fixed effect in the model was age defined within parity. The random effects were permanent environment and animal's breeeding value along with the residual effects. A single trait animal model was used where all known relationships of an animal were incorporated in a relationship matrix. The error variance from the fitted model decreased as the number of year-season combinations increased, indicating a month-year model to be more appropriate. This, on the other hand, decreased the number of contemporaries for certain subclasses to a minimum of one, making the bull comparisons invalid. Use of a two season scenario, with winter (November through February) and summer (March through October) was better than the other combinations in terms of error variance of the fitted model and the number of lactations represented in any year-season subclass.

모체효과 모형을 이용한 돼지 품종 간의 성장형질 및 등지방두께에 대한 유전모수 추정

김용민(Yong-Min Kim),최태정(Tae-Jeong Choi),조은석(Eun-Seok Cho),조규호(Kyu-Ho Cho),정학재(Hak-Jae Chung),정용대(Yong-Dae Jeong) 한국산학기술학회 2017 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.18 No.11

국내에서는 우리 고유의 재래돼지가 보존되고 있으나 성장 및 번식능력이 낮고 등지방두께가 두꺼워 경제성이 떨어진다는 이유로 농가에서 사육을 기피하고 있다. 하지만, 나고야의정서 발효 등에 따라 고유 유전자원의 중요성은 커지고 있으며 따라서, 고유 유전자원인 재래돼지를 활용한 신 계통 개발의 중요성은 점차 커지고 있다. 본 연구는 개체모형을 이용하여 돼지의 경제적 형질에 대한 유전모수 및 유전적 변화의 추정을 통해 모체유전효과가 돼지의 경제 형질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 자료는 국립축산과학원으로부터 2000년부터 2015년까지 수집한 두록종, 재래돼지 그리고 합성종(재래돼지x두록종)의 자료를 사용하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 경제형질은 일당증체량과 등지방두께를 이용하였으며 분석에 사용된 Model식은 개체효과만을 고려한 Model 1과 모체효과를 추가한 Model 2 그리고 모체 영구환경효과가 포함된 Model 3을 사용하여 분석에 이용하였다. 분석 결과 상가적 유전력이 모체효과 유전력보다 높은 유전력을 나타냈으며 상가적 유전분산과 모체 유전분산 간의 유전상관은 모든 품종에서 강한 부(-)의 상관관계를 가지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 좀 더 효율적인 개량 효과를 거두기 위해서는 품종 및 형질 또는 개량 방향에 따라 개체 효과와 모체유전효과 그리고 유전상관을 적절히 고려해야 할 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to examine the influence of the maternal genetic effect of swine on their economic traits through the estimation of their genetic parameters, breeding value and genetic trends using an animal model. The data on Duroc pigs, Korean Native Pigs and Synthetic pigs (Duroc x Korean Native Pig) from 2000 to 2015 were obtained from the National Institute of Animal Science in Korea and used to estimate the genetic parameters for the average daily gain (ADG) and backfat thickness (BFT). Model 1 included the additive genetic effect of the animals, Model 2 consisted of Model 1 + the maternal genetic effect and Model 3 consisted of Model 2 + the maternal permanent environment effect. The heritability calculated by estimating the additive genetic effect was higher than that calculated by estimating the maternal genetic effect using the maternal animal model. The estimated genetic correlations between the additive and maternal genetic effects for the ADG and BF were strongly negative. Thus, the estimation of the breeding value can be used to select the most appropriate individuals and make an optimal breeding scheme.

Role of animal models in biomedical research: a review

P. Mukherjee,S. Roy,D. Ghosh,S. K. Nandi 한국실험동물학회 2022 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.38 No.3

The animal model deals with the species other than the human, as it can imitate the disease progression, its’ diagnosis as well as a treatment similar to human. Discovery of a drug and/or component, equipment, their toxicological studies, dose, side effects are in vivo studied for future use in humans considering its’ ethical issues. Here lies the importance of the animal model for its enormous use in biomedical research. Animal models have many facets that mimic various disease conditions in humans like systemic autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, Atherosclerosis, diabetes, etc., and many more. Besides, the model has tremendous importance in drug development, development of medical devices, tissue engineering, wound healing, and bone and cartilage regeneration studies, as a model in vascular surgeries as well as the model for vertebral disc regeneration surgery. Though, all the models have some advantages as well as challenges, but, present review has emphasized the importance of various small and large animal models in pharmaceutical drug development, transgenic animal models, models for medical device developments, studies for various human diseases, bone and cartilage regeneration model, diabetic and burn wound model as well as surgical models like vascular surgeries and surgeries for intervertebral disc degeneration considering all the ethical issues of that specific animal model. Despite, the process of using the animal model has facilitated researchers to carry out the researches that would have been impossible to accomplish in human considering the ethical prohibitions.

Animal models of Alzheimer's disease and evaluation of anti-dementia drugs

Yamada, Kiyofumi,Nabeshima, Toshitaka 한림대학교 환경·생명과학연구소 2002 [일송 국제심포지엄] 노화와 만성퇴행성 신경질환 Vol.- No.4

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is the most common cause of progressive decline of cognitive function in aged humans, and is characterized by the presence of numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles accompanied by neuronal loss. Some, but not all, of the neuropathological alterations and cognitive impairment in AD can be reproduced genetically and pharmacologically in animals. It should be possible to discover novel drugs that slow the progress or alleviate the clinical symptoms of AD by using these animal models. We review the recent progress in the development of animal models of AD and discuss how to use these model animals to evaluate novel anti-dementia drugs.

Sheep as a large animal model for hearing research: comparison to common laboratory animals and humans

Po-Yi Lue,Mark H. Oliver,Michel Neeff,Peter R. Thorne,Haruna Suzuki-Kerr 한국실험동물학회 2023 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.39 No.4

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), caused by pathology in the cochlea, is the most common type of hearing loss in humans. It is generally irreversible with very few effective pharmacological treatments available to prevent the degenerative changes or minimise the impact. Part of this has been attributed to difficulty of translating “proof-of-concept” for novel treatments established in small animal models to human therapies. There is an increasing interest in the use of sheep as a large animal model. In this article, we review the small and large animal models used in pre-clinical hearing research such as mice, rats, chinchilla, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, monkey, dog, pig, and sheep to humans, and compare the physiology, inner ear anatomy, and some of their use as model systems for SNHL, including cochlear implantation surgeries. Sheep have similar cochlear anatomy, auditory threshold, neonatal auditory system development, adult and infant body size, and number of birth as humans. Based on these comparisons, we suggest that sheep are well-suited as a potential translational animal model that bridges the gap between rodent model research to the clinical use in humans. This is especially in areas looking at changes across the life-course or in specific areas of experimental investigation such as cochlear implantation and other surgical procedures, biomedical device development and age-related sensorineural hearing loss research. Combined use of small animals for research that require higher throughput and genetic modification and large animals for medical translation could greatly accelerate the overall translation of basic research in the field of auditory neuroscience from bench to clinic.

정형외과 연구의 동물모델: 척추유합술모델

이재협(Jae Hyup Lee),남윤진(Yunjin Nam),이지호(Ji-Ho Lee) 대한정형외과학회 2017 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.52 No.4

퇴행성 척추질환이나 외상 등의 증가로 인해 척추유합술이 증가하고 있으며, 다양한 내고정장치나 골이식재의 개발도 이에 동반해서 증가하고 있다. 척추유합술 동물모델은 새로운 척추 고정기기나 골이식재의 효능을 평가하는 데 매우 유용한 술식이다. 척추유합술 동물모델은 크게 후외방 유합술모델, 후방 유합술모델, 전방 유합술모델이 있으며 주로 이용되는 동물에는 마우스, 랫드, 가토와 같은 소동물부터 개, 돼지, 염소, 양 및 영장류 등 중, 대동물도 있다. 소동물모델은 자가골이나 골이식재를 이식한 후 내고정 없이 유합을 평가하는 것이 일반적이다. 그러나 중동물이나 대동물은 척추경 나사못을 이용한 내고정술을 추가로 이용할 수 있으며 케이지를 이용한 추체간 유합술을 시행할 수도 있다. 소동물모델은 크기가 작아 다루기 쉽지만 인체와 해부학적이나 생역학적인 반응이 다르다. 중동물이나 대동물모델은 인체와 유사한 특성을 갖고 있지만 다루기 힘들거나 윤리적 문제가 있다. 척추유합술에 대한 유합결과 평가는 도수 촉진이나 인스트론 등의 기계를 이용한 기계적 측정, 컴퓨터 단층촬영이나 마이크로 컴퓨터 단층촬영 등을 이용한 영상평가, 그리고 비탈석회화 조직슬라이드를 이용한 조직학적 평가가 있다. 골유합률이나 골유합에 소요되는 기간은 종이나 해부학적 위치에 따라 다르며 대부분의 척추유합술 동물모델에서 골이식재를 삽입하지 않을 경우 유합을 기대할 수 없다. 이에 본 종설에서는 대표적으로 이용되고 있는 척추유합술 동물모델의 특징과 차이점에 대해 기술하고자 한다. The incidence of spinal fusion surgery has increased due to an increase in the incidence of degenerative spinal disease or trauma. Moreover, the development of various kinds of implants and bone graft substitutes has also increased. The animal models of spinal fusion are useful methods in evaluating the effectiveness of the newly developed spinal implants or bone graft substitutes. The most widely used animal models of spinal fusion are posterolateral fusion model, posterior fusion model, and anterior interbody fusion model. Mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, goats, sheep, and primates are frequently used in animal models of spinal fusion. Small animals are implanted with a bone graft substitute without internal fixation; however middle- or large-sized animals are implanted with a bone graft substitute using pedicle screws or cages. Small animals are easy to handle due to their size, but have different anatomical or biomechanical reactions with the human body. Middle- or large-sized animals have characteristics like the human body, but they are difficult to handle or there is an ethical problem. The fusion status is evaluated by manual palpation, mechanical testing using Instron, and radiologic techniques such as computed tomography, micro-computed tomography or undecalcified histology. The fusion rate and duration required for successful fusion differ according to the species and anatomical site. We have identified and reviewed several typical animal models of spinal fusion.