고려인삼과 미국삼의 품질요인별 수삼 및 홍삼등급 비교

정찬문,신주식 韓國藥用作物學會 2006 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.14 No.4

고려인삼과 미국삼에 있어 원료수삼의 품질 외적요인과 홍삼품질과의 관계를 조사하여 종간특성을 비교하였다. 원료수삼의 편급과 등급을 결정하는 품질요인은 체형계수, 동장 그리고 근중을 적용하였으며 이들 요인과 홍삼 품질관계를 구명하였다. 1. 편급의 분포는 고려인삼의 경우 중편과 대편급이 많았으나 미국삼은 중편과 소편급이 많았으며 미국삼은 고려인삼에 비해 동장이 짧고 동직경이 굵고 부정형 지근이 많았다. 2. 원료삼 품질은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 양호하였고 홍삼품질은 고려인삼이 지삼 이상의 고급홍삼이 많았으나 미국삼은 양삼과 같이 저급홍삼이 많았다. 3. 원료수삼 품질요인중 중편삼과 대편삼의 경우 고려인삼은 체형계수 0.5 이하였으나 미국삼은 0.5를 상회하여 미국삼은 홍삼품질에 적합하지 않았다. 4. 고려인삼과 미국삼 모두 품질요인으로 동장과 근중은 홍삼품질과의 관계에서 비슷한 경향이나 체형계수가 특히 홍삼의 품질을 좌우하는 요인이었다. 5. 따라서 고려인삼과 미국삼 모두 원료삼과 홍삼품질 향상을 위해 근중, 체형계수 그리고 동장의 조정이 요망되었다. Comparison of the grade of raw ginseng and that of red ginseng was investigated. The materials used in this study were Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng(Panax quinquefolium L.) Coefficient of body term, length of main stem and weight of raw ginseng were used as the classifying criteria of the root size and grades. Korean ginseng distinguished the distribution of weight size from that of American ginseng. Korean ginseng distributed largely in middle and large root size, and American ginseng distributed largely in middle and small root size. American ginseng had shorter length of main root, bigger diameter of main root and more number of adventitious roots than Korean ginseng. The quality of Korean ginseng was better than that of American ginseng. In Korean ginseng, high quality of red ginseng above second grade (Jisam) was obtained, but low quality of red ginseng under third grade (Yangsam) in American ginseng. In Korean raw ginseng, the coefficients of body form of middle weight and large weight size were under 0.5, but those of American ginseng was over 0.5. So American ginseng were not adequate to produce good red ginseng. Those factors as length of main root and weight of main root were not significantly influenced on the qualify of red ginseng in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng. Coefficient of body form was leading factor affecting the quality of red ginseng. To improve the quality of red ginseng, coefficient of body form, weight of main root and length of main root were controlled adequately in both Korean ginseng and American ginseng.

고려인삼과 미국삼의 수삼 및 홍삼품질 비교

정찬문,신주식 韓國藥用作物學會 2006 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.14 No.3

고려인삼과 미국삼을 공시하여 Panax속 종간의 원료수삼 및 홍삼 등급에 기초하여 품질을 평가분석하였다. 1. 미국삼은 고려인삼에 비하여 근중이 적고 부정형 지근이 동체에서 많이 발생하는 관계로 체형이 불량하였다. 2. 홍삼수율은 고려인삼이 30.4%,미국삼이 33.8%로 미국삼이 높았고 홍삼의 본삼수율은 고려인삼이 80.4%, 미국삼이 72.2로 고려인삼이 높았다. 3. 원료수삼 1등급은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 2배정도 많았으나 2등급은 미국삼이 고려인삼에 비하여 많았다. 한편 고급홍삼인 천지삼율은 고려인삼이 미국삼에 비하여 높았다. 4. 홍삼 품질의 저하 원인은 고려인삼 미국삼 모두 내공과 내백 발생에 있었고 특히 미국삼은 내공에 비해 내백이 3배 가량 많이 발생하였다. 5. 홍삼의 지별 분포에서 고려인삼은 20지 이상의 대편급이 많았고 미국삼은 20지 이하의 소편급이 많았다. This study carried out to analize quality in the evaluation based on the grades such as raw ginseng and red ginseng between Korean (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L). American ginseng was small in root length, root diameter and root weight and emergence many secondary root from rhizome and main root. Therefore body form was bad compared with Korean ginseng. As for yield of dry, Korean ginseng was 30.4 % and American ginseng was 33.8% but as for yield, Korean ginseng was 80.4% and American ginseng was 72.2%. There were as many Korean ginseng in raw ginseng first grade by about twice compared with American ginseng. However there were many American ginseng in second grade. On the other hand, Korean ginseng producted high Chunsam compared with American ginseng. The cause of decreasing quality was inside cavity and inside white in Korean and American ginseng. Especially, the inside white occurrence about 3 times compared with inside cavity in American ginseng. In the case of distribution of weight size, Korean ginseng was much above 20Ji but American ginseng was much under 20Ji.

서양삼 추출물의 초단파 및 식초 처리에 의한 인삼 사포닌 성분 변화

조희경,곽현희,임병옥,조순현,고성권 한국생약학회 2014 생약학회지 Vol.45 No.2

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)extract featuring high concentration of ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1, Red ginseng special components. Chemical transformationfrom ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of American ginseng wereprocessed under several treatment conditions of microwave and vinegar (about 14% acidity). The results showed that the quantityof ginsenoside Rg3 increased by over 0.9% at the 20 minutes of the pH 2~4 vinegar and microwave American ginseng ethanolextract compared with other process times. The result of MAG-20 indicates that the American ginseng microwave andvinegar-processed American ginseng extracts (about 14% acidity) treated for 20 minutes produced the highest amount of ginsenosideRg3 (0.969%), Rg5 (1.071%), and Rk1 (0.247%). Besides, MAG-15 indicates that the microwave - and vinegar-processedAmerican ginseng extracts (about 14% acidity) treated for 15 minutes produced the highest amount of ginsenoside Rg3(0.772%), Rg5 (1.330%), and Rk1 (0.386%). This indicates that American ginseng treated with microwave and vinegar had thequantity of the ginsenoside Rg3 over 32 times the amount of the ginsenoside Rg3 (which was not found in raw and Americanginsengs) in the average commercial Red ginseng.

화기삼의 효능주장과 미국삼의 발전과정에 관한 고찰

이동필(Dong-Phil Lee) 고려인삼학회 2006 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.30 No.3

The American ginseng is getting popular in the world market with cooling effects. This paper study history of the cooling effect of American ginseng. Most references include one's assertion on the cooling effect of American ginseng based on the old chinese believe. However, American ginseng was discovered in 1716 and export to China from mid 18 century. Concerning on the time period for clinical demonstration to get people's believe, it is not sufficient to conform the cooling effects of American ginseng. That is why the American ginseng was sold as an inferior goods compare oriental ginseng until mid 1970s. United State FDA also does not certify any effectiveness of Ginseng yet. However, it is important to study on the American ginseng because of rapid growth in the world ginseng market.

한국인과 중국인에서 체온에 대한 고려삼과 화기삼의 영향 : 이중맹검 무작위배정 임상시험 Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trials

서정철,허정걸,한상원,이경림,변준석,김명수,하일도,임강현 대한동의병리학회 2003 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.17 No.3

In East-South Asia it has been widely known that Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng) increases body temperature, whereas American ginseng(Panax quinquefolius) decreases it. This study was designed to find out if Korean ginseng could increase body temperature comparing with American ginseng. Double-blind randomized controlled trials on body temperature of Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans and Chineses was performed by using electronic thermometer at the ear. There was no significant difference between Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans as well as Chineses by repeated-measures ANOVA. It was revealed that Korean ginseng does not increase body temperature. Maybe the concept that Korean ginseng increase body temperature is concerned with commercial interests dealing with American Ginseng.

고려인삼과 서양삼의 Pyrosequencing법에 의한 감별

서정철 ( Jung Chul Seo ),임강현 ( Kang Hyun Leem ),한상원 ( Sang Won Han ) 대한본초학회 2004 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.19 No.2

N/A objective : This study was performed to determine if two ginseng species(Korean Ginseng and American Ginseng) could be identified by genetic analysis and to verify Pyrosequencing analyses, which was used to assess genetic variation. method : The DNAs of Panax species were extracted, and we have investigated the typing single-base variations of Panax species in DNA by using Pyrosequencing. result : The Pyrosequencing results showed clear data. American ginseng showed different pattern compared with Korean ginseng. The peak of American ginseng was very week in the first T nucleotide base but The peak of Korean ginseng was very high in the first T nucleotide base. conclusion : Pyrosequencing analysis might be able to provide the identifying the Panax species(Korean Ginseng and American Ginseng).

Chemical and Pharmacological Studies of Saponins with a Focus on American Ginseng

Chun-Su Yuan,Chong-Zhi Wang,Sheila M. Wicks,Lian-Wen Qi 고려인삼학회 2010 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.34 No.3

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.

Chemical and Pharmacological Studies of Saponins with a Focus on American Ginseng

Yuan, Chun-Su,Wang, Chong-Zhi,Wicks, Sheila M.,Qi, Lian-Wen The Korean Society of Ginseng 2010 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.34 No.3

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.

한국인과 중국인에서 고려삼과 화기삼의 체표온도에 대한 이중맹검-무작위배정 임상시험

서정철 ( Jung Chul Seo ),이경림 ( Kyung Lim Lee ),변준석 ( Joon Seok Byun ),김명수 ( Myung Soo Kim ),하일도 ( Il Do Ha ),허정걸 ( Zheng Jie Heo ),임강현 ( Kang Hyun Leem ),한상원 ( Sang Won Han ) 대한본초학회 2003 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

N/A Objective ; Generally it was known that Korean ginseng(Pm ginseng-white ginseng & red ginseng) increases body temperature, whereas Amencan ginseng(Pm quinquefolius) decreases body temperature. This study was designed to find out if Korean ginseng could increase body temperature comparing with American ginseng. Methods ; Double-blind randomized controlled trials on superficial body temperature of Korean ginseng and American ginseng in Koreans and Chineses was performed by using thermography at 10 points(Yintang(EX-HN3), Shuigou(GV 261, Danzhong(CV 17), Zhongwan(CV 12), Right Quanliao(SI 18), Left Quanliao(S1 18), Right RenyingGT 91, Left Renying(ST 9), Right Yunmen(LI 2) and Left Yunmen(LI 2). Results ; There was no significant difference between Korean ginseng and American ginseng in both Koreans and Chineses by repeated-measures ANOVA. Conclusion ; It was revealed that Korean ginseng does not increase superficial body temperature. Maybe the concept that Korean ginseng increase body temperature is concerned with commercial interests dealing with American Ginseng.

인삼 사냥꾼(Ginseng Hunter) - 북미대륙의 채삼(採蔘) 관행과 채삼인의 이미지

설혜심 ( Sul Heasim ) 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2018 人文科學 Vol.113 No.-

18세기 초 캐나다에서 인삼(화기삼)이 발견된 후 인삼은 곧 북미대륙의 중요한 수출품으로 떠올랐다. 독립 후 차로 인한 무역역조를 극복해야 했던 미국에게 인삼은 모피와 더불어 가장 중요한 대(對)중국 수출품이 되었고, 오늘날까지도 북미산 인삼은 세계 인삼 시장에서 가장 높은 점유율을 차지하고 있다. 하지만 미국에서 인삼의 역사적 의미는 은폐되다시피 했고, 인삼에 대한 학술적 담론은 동아시아를 중심으로 펼쳐져 왔다. 이 논문은 그런 비대칭성을 교정하고자 하는 작업의 일환으로, 북미대륙에서 인삼의 역사를 복원하는 한편 채삼인의 이미지를 분석한다. 애초 인디언들이 담당했던 채삼은 점차로 백인의 손에 넘어가게 되었다. 이들은 인삼의 까다로운 자생지에 대한 지식이며 건조법을 둘러싼 기술 등을 축적해 갔지만, 결코 중국만큼의 가공기술을 발휘할 수 없었다. 남북전쟁 후 진보를 표방하던 북부의 언론은 채삼인을 남부의 낙후성을 부각시키는데 끌어들이면서 삼 캐는 사람들에게 게으르고, 정착을 거부하며, 고립적인, 백인 빈민 가운데 최악의 계급이라는 이미지를 덧씌웠다. 채삼인에게 투사된 비합리성과 반문명성은 오리엔탈리즘적 시선을 통해 인삼을 둘러싼 신비하고 주술적인 아우라와 결합되었고 그 결과 채삼인 집단은 미국이 이미 극복한 과거에 속한 일종의 내부 식민지로 전락하게 된다. 인삼의 최종 목적지는 중국이었고, 그런 인삼에 삶을 의존한 채삼인은 미국의 주류문화에 동화될 수 없는, 다른 인종처럼 취급되었다. Soon after its discovery in the Canadian woods in the early 18th century, American Ginseng(Panax quinquefolius), became the most valuable export item for North America. America after the Independence designated ginseng along with furs as its specialties to overcome the serious adverse balance of trade with China. While Canada and America continued to be two of the largest producers of ginseng in the World Market to these days, American history tends to conceal the economical importance of ginseng and the academic discourse on ginseng has been dominated by East Asian scholars mainly focusing on Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng). This article, aiming to redress this noticeable asymmetry, restores the history of ginseng digging and also analyzes the images of the ginseng hunters. Native Americans engaged in ginseng trade in the earlier phase of ginseng boom, but this industry soon fell into white men’s hands. While they accumulated knowledge about the selectiveness of ginseng habitat and complicated process of its clarification, the Americans could not reach the Chinese standard of ginseng curing. After the Civil War, many progressive journalists from the North drew the ginseng diggers into the narratives on the Southern backwardness. They portrayed ginseng hunters as idle, resisting settlement, isolated, and wretched class of poor white. The irrational and anti-civilizational traits projected to the ginseng hunters with Orientalistic gaze were analogous to the mysterious and enchanting aura surrounding ginseng. And the place where people depended their lives entirely on this plant became a sort of internal colony. To America, the final destination of ginseng has always been China and the ginseng hunters were perceived as a different race who could not be assimilated into mainstream American culture.