비정규 근로자와 자영업자의 불안정 노동

서정희(Seo, Jeong-hee),박경하(Park, Kyung Ha) 한국사회정책학회 2015 한국사회정책 Vol.22 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 비정규직 근로자와 자영업자의 불안정 노동 양상을 실증적으로 규명하는 것이다. 이를 위해 기존 이론들과 ILO(2012a)를 토대로 불안정 노동 지표를 구성하고, 비정규 근로자와 자영업자의 불안정 노동 수준을 종단으로 측정하였다. 불안정 노동 지표는 고용계약 불안정과 근로조건 불안정 두 가지 하위 지표로 나뉜다. 첫째, 고용계약 불안정은 다시 계약기간 불안정과 고용관계 불안정으로 세분화된다. 둘째, 근로조건 불안정은 저임금, 해고에 대한 보호 부족, 사회보장 급여 제한, 노동권 행사 제한으로 구분된다. 실증 분석을 위해 한국노동패널 10차년도~15차년도에 이르는 6개년도 자료를 이용하였다. 다년간 규모와 추이를 분석한 결과, 기간제 근로, 비기간제 한시 근로, 시간제 근로가 지속적으로 증가하고 최근에 자기 사업장이 없는 자영업자가 큰 폭으로 증가하였다. 고용계약 불안정 조건과 근로조건 불안정성 기준 모두 비정규직 근로자는 정규직에 비해 불안정 수준이 높게 나타났다. 비정규직 고용형태 내에서 두 가지 기준에 의한 불안정 수준이 고용형태별로 차이를 보였다. 고용형태별 추이분석 결과, 모든 비정규직 형태에서 고용계약 불안정이 증가하였고, 자영업의 경우도 비중이 증가하면서 불안정이 악화되었다. 또한 근로조건 불안정 변화는 비정규직 고용형태별로 차이가 있지만 전반적으로 사회보장 기준의 불안정이 높은 수준이었다. 자영업자 역시 사회보장 기준의 불안정이 높게 유지되었다. The aim of this study is to examine empirical evidence to show how nonstandard workers and bogus self-employment workers are in precarious work condition. We constituted criteria for measuring precarious work of nonstandard workers and bogus self-employment workers based on preceding researches and ILO(2012a), and analysed the extent of precarious work using the longitudinal data. The precarious work criteria consist of two subcriteria, namely insecurity in employment contract and working condition. First, the precarious employment contract is subdivided into a contract term and employment relationship. Second, the condition of precarious work is subdivided into three domains; low wage, poor protection from termination of employment, lack of access to social benefits, limited to exercise labor rights. We analysed empirical data, the Korea Welfare Panel of 2010-2014(six-wave panel). Six-year trend of analysis of precarious work is as follows. The nonstandard workers, especially termed workers, part-timers are continuously increased and bogus self-employer are highly increased in recent. The finding applying the criteria of employment contract and working condition is that non-standard workers are more precarious than standard workers. Diverse forms of nonstandard workers are differently increased in insecurity by two criteria. An aspect of employment contract criteria considered, all types of nonstandard workers and self-employers deteriorated continuously. Although the difference on the type of nonstandard workers, the level of insecurity in access to social benefits remained high on working condition. Also, bogus self-employers are exposed to a high exclusion of social security during 6 years.

Precarious employment associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in adult wage workers

Han, K.M.,Chang, J.,Won, E.,Lee, M.S.,Ham, B.J. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press 2017 Journal of affective disorders Vol.218 No.-

Background: Precarious employment is one of the most important indicators of social disadvantage and is associated with poor mental health. This study aimed to investigate the association of precarious employment with depressive mood and suicidal ideation in adult wage workers, and the possible mediating or moderating effect of socioeconomic factors in the association between precarious work and mental health status. Method: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) conducted between 2010 and 2012 were analyzed. Among the 24,173 participants, 6266 adult wage workers (3206 precarious and 3060 non-precarious workers) aged ≥19 years were included. Socioeconomic and health-related characteristics as well as depressive mood and suicidal ideation were investigated. Results: Precarious employment was significantly associated with depressive mood in the logistic regression analyses adjusting for all potential confounding factors as covariates. The socioeconomic variables including age, gender, education level, marital status, household income, and occupation type were significantly related with depressive mood and suicidal ideation in adult wage workers. We also found that gender and household income had possible moderating effects on the association between precarious employment and suicidal ideation. Precarious work was associated with suicidal ideation only for male workers and worker with low or middle-lower income levels. Limitations: Our study is based on a cross-sectional design, thus, we could not elucidate the causal relationship between the variables. Conclusions: Our study suggested that precarious employment plays a pivotal role in the mental health status of adult wage workers.

Precarious Work of Korea

김소영 한국노동법학회 2009 노동법학 Vol.0 No.31

The expressions ‘non-standard work’ and ‘non-regular work’ are generally used rather than ‘informal economy’ and ‘precarious work in Korea. Some people regard temporary and daily workers as non-standard workers. But others define non-standard workers, estimate their scale and the wage differential between standard and non-standard workers. The non-regular workers protection law (Act on the Protection, etc., of Fixed-term and Part-time Employees, November 30, 2006) took effective on 1 July, 2007. The Act was established to solve the problems of job insecurity and discrimination against non-standard employees, it has become lost only after two year has passed. According to the Act, the period to use fixed-term workers should be limited to 2 years and then the workers with more 2-year service shall be hired as regular workers. The legislators passed the Act to solve the problems of job insecurity and discrimination against non-standard employees. However the result was the contrary of the intention. The first negative impact is that employers tend to terminate the labour contract with the fixed-term workers before the two year. The second negative impact is that employers tend to outsource the departments or lines to contractors and cut their relationship of direct employment from the fixed-term workers, who will do the same jobs in the same workplace, but hired by different employer (contractor). Also, it is noted that employers create a new job category and dispatch the fixed-term workers to new lines or departments which have different standards of promotion and wage on the basis of "No-fixed-term" contract. Recently there is a critical debate on the extension of period for fixed-term contract to avoid en masse dismissals of fixed-term employees. It must be noted that the non-standard workers could be more protected by loosening the legal protection for standard workers. Relative to standard workers, non-standard workers can be more easily dismissed and hired, and they can be paid lower wages and fringe benefits. The labor cost of a non-standard worker is lower than that of a standard worker. Dismissing standard workers especially requires a great deal of money and effort because of the workers’ legal protection. Although standard workers at organized establishments are paid more than those at unorganized ones, non-standard workers at organized establishments are paid less than those at unorganized ones. Labor unions heighten standard workers’ wages but, in response to this, employers substitute standard workers with non-standard workers and lower non-standard workers’ wages. Therefore, if labor unions turn to their appropriate place, wage differences between standard and non-standard workers are narrowed and employers do not substitute standard workers with non-standard workers.

COVID19 재난시기 버스운전노동자가 경험하는 다층적 불안정노동 (Multi-levels of Precarious Work)

고태은,이승윤 한국사회정책학회 2022 한국사회정책 Vol.29 No.3

This study pays attention to the precarious work experience of bus drivers who are engaged in essential industries that must be maintained as public transportation despite the risk of infection due to face-to-face contact during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the precarious work that bus transportation workers experience on a daily basis, the purpose of this study is to analyze how their precarious work is revealed, especially during the COVID-19 disaster. To this end, this study conducted an in-depth interview with six bus drivers and conducted an inductive thematic analysis using a generic qualitative analysis method. As a result, they were experiencing ‘Multi-levels of Precarious Work’ consisting of the structural dimension, the workplace dimension, and finally the personal dimension. The structural contradiction between the privately oriented operating system and essential labor with public nature appeared as a specific attributes of precarious work such as wage and employment instability, labor control, and overworked labor at the workplace level. In addition, structural and workplace instability resulted as health problems, psychological anxiety, and lack of social relationships at the individual level. The characteristics of these multi-level precarious work surrounding bus transport workers influence each other at each level, and instability is reinforced even in the realm of work space and personal life. This study is to reveal in detail how bus drivers experience precarious work in everyday and disaster-specific situations, and ultimately to derive implications for improving the working environment and social protection of essential workers. 본 연구는, 코로나19 전염병이 확산되는 시기에 다수의 유동인구와의 대면 접촉으로 감염의 위험에도 불구하고 대중교통으로써 운행이 유지되어야 하는 필수업종에 종사하고 있는 버스운전노동자의 불안정노동 경험에 주목한다. 즉, 버스운전노동자가 일상적으로 경험하는 불안정노동에 더하여 특히 코로나19 재난시기에는 이들의 불안정노동이 어떠한 양상으로 드러나지는 분석하여, 이들의 일상적・재난 특수적 시기의 불안정노동 경험을 구체적으로 이해하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 연구에 적합한 의도적 표집을 통해 선별된 버스운전노동자 6명에 대한 심층면접(in-depth interview)를 진행하고, 일반적 질적연구방법(generic qualitative analysis)을 활용한 귀납적 주제분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과, 구조적 차원, 일터에서의 차원, 그리고 마지막으로 개인적 차원으로 구성된 ‘다층적 불안정노동(Muli-levels of Precarious Work)’을 경험하고 있었다. 민영중심의 운영체제와 공공성이 있는 필수노동 간의 구조적 모순은, 일터 차원에서 임금 및 고용불안정, 노동통제, 과로노동 등 구체적인 불안정노동의 속성들로 나타났다. 또한 구조적 차원과 일터 차원의 불안정성은 또한 개인적 차원에서 건강문제와 심리적 불안, 그리고 사회적 관계의 결핍으로 드러났다. 버스운전노동자를 둘러싼 이러한 다층적 불안정성노동의 특징들은 각 층위 간 서로 영향을 주며 노동공간과 개인의 삶의 영역에까지 불안정성이 강화되는 연쇄적 전이가 나타났다. 본 연구는 일상적・재난 특수적 상황에서 버스운전노동자가 불안정노동을 어떻게 경험하는지 구체적으로 드러내고, 궁극적으로 버스운전노동자뿐만 아니라, 재난시기 필수노동자들의 노동환경 개선과 사회적 보호를 위한 함의를 도출하고자 하였다.

특수형태근로종사자의 사회보험 불안정성 : 국민연금을 중심으로

문현경(Moon, Hyungyung),류재린(Ryu, Jaerin) 한국노동연구원 2021 노동정책연구 Vol.21 No.2

본 연구는「국민연금 DB」를 활용하여 특고종사자와 비(非)특고종사자의 다양한 국민연금 가입지표들을 비교·분석하여 특고종사자의 불안정성을 검토한다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 특고종사자 집단은 이들이 빠진 지역가입자 집단보다 가입기간과 소득 변동성 측면에서 더욱 불안정해 보인다. 둘째, 산재보험 특례적용 특고종사자 9개 직종의 징수율은 67.2%지만 사업장가입 특고종사자 집단의 징수율은 100%에 육박하여, 지역가입 특고종사자는 징수율 측면에서 더욱 불안정하다. 셋째, 특고종사자의 몇몇 지표상 불안정성과 달리 이들은 특고종사자가 빠진 지역가입자 집단보다 가입률과 기준소득월액 수준이 높았다. 종합하면, 특고종사자들의 국민연금 가입지표는 안정성과 불안정성이 혼재된 양상으로 타 사회보험과 달리 국민연금에서는 이들이 불안정하다고 단언하기 어렵다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 정책제언을 하고자 한다. 첫째, 특고종사자의 국민연금 불안정성에 대처하기 위해 이들을 사업장가입자로 전환하는 것보다 실제 데이터에 입각한 대응을 펼치는 방안이 효과적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 급격한 소득 하락을 겪는 저소득 특고종사자에게 한시적으로 보험료를 지원하는 방안을 제안한다. 둘째, 특고종사자를 위한 제도적 대응은 중·장기적으로 직종보다 속성 중심의 접근법에 기반을 두어야 한다. 다만, 이는 소득 파악 인프라 확충 등 제도 외적인 대응을 병행해야 더욱 효과적일 것이다. 셋째, 특고종사자의 사회적 보호를 종합적으로 확대하려면 국민연금을 포함한 4대 사회보험이 일관된 원칙과 방향성을 설정하여 나아가야 한다. 넷째, 근로자의 위장자영인화에 따른 특고종사자의 무분별한 확산과 이들의 소득 축소신고를 최소화하기 위한 제도 외적인 대응이 필수적이다. This study explores the social insurance precariousness of dependent self-employed(DSE) workers in Korea by analyzing a number of pension coverage indicators drawn from the NPS database. The main findings are as follows. First, from the perspective of pension payments and income fluctuation, the DSE workers are likely to be more precarious than the Individually Insured group excluding those workers. Second, the contribution density of nine types of the DSE workers eligible for Workers’ Compensation Insurance is a mere 67.2% whilst that of the Workplace-based DSE workers approaches 100%. Hence, it implies that the Individually Insured DSE workers are more exposed to precariousness in terms of contribution density. Third, in contrast with the aforementioned aspects, higher coverage rate and Standard Monthly Income are found for the DSE workers as compared to the Individually Insured group excluding those workers. Overall, it is difficult to argue that DSE workers necessarily experience all aspects of precariousness in the National Pension Scheme. Based upon the findings, the study presents some policy suggestions. First, in order to lessen the precariousness of DSE workers, it would be more effective to formulate evidence-based policy alternatives than to incorporate them into the Workplace-based group. The research therefore suggests a measure that temporally matches pension contributions for the DSE workers experiencing radical income fluctuation. Second, policy measures designed to support them should be based on an approach focusing on their features rather than job types. This approach, however, could be more effective in a situation where particular countermeasures such as better administrative capability to monitor actual income are well implemented. Third, four types of the social insurance system in Korea should seek consistent principles and policy directions to comprehensively promote the level of social protection for DSE workers. Fourth, the aforementioned countermeasures would be necessary to minimize the rapid expansion of DSE workers and their income under-reporting.

Employment Status Change and New-Onset Depressive Symptoms in Permanent Waged Workers

Kim, Hyung Doo,Park, Shin-Goo Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2021 Safety and health at work Vol.12 No.1

Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between changes in employment status and new-onset depressive symptoms through a one-year follow-up of permanent waged workers. Methods: We analyzed the open-source data from the Korea Welfare Panel Study. Using the 2017 data, we selected 2,314 permanent waged workers aged 19 to 59 years without depressive symptoms as a base group. The final analysis targeted 2,073 workers who were followed up in 2018. In 2018, there were five categories of employment status for workers who were followed up: permanent, precarious, unemployed, self-employed, and economically inactive. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the association between employment status change and new-onset depressive symptoms. Results: Adjusted multiple logistic regression analysis showed that among male workers, workers who went from permanent status to being unemployed (odds ratio: 4.50, 95% confidence interval: 1.19 to 17.06) and from permanent status to being precarious workers (odds ratio: 3.15, 95% confidence interval: 1.30 to 7.65) had significantly high levels of new-onset depressive symptoms compared with those who retained their permanent employment status. There were no significant increases in new-onset depressive symptoms of male workers who went from permanent status to being self-employed or economically inactive. On the other hand, no significant differences were found among female workers. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the change of employment status to precarious workers or unemployment can cause new-onset depressive symptoms in male permanent waged workers.

2000년대 비정규직 연대운동과 노동기본권 쟁취 투쟁 - 전국비정규직노조연대회의의 권리입법 투쟁을 중심으로

윤애림 ( Ae Lim Yun ) 한국산업노동학회 2016 산업노동연구 Vol.22 No.1

2000년대 조직된 비정규직 노동자들은 정부·자본의 탄압에 맞서기 위해, 연대활동에 적극적이었으며 이러한 노력은 2002년 민주노총 특수고용노동자대책회의, 2003년 전국비정규직노조대표자연대회의 등의 결성으로 이어졌다. 비정규직 노조 연대체들은 2004~2006년 노무현 정부가 주도한 ‘비정규직 보호입법’ 국면에서 비정규직 제도화법안에 반대하면서 비정규직 노동기본권 보장 중심의 입법요구를 제출하고, 민주노총이 이러한 요구를 중심으로 총파업 등을 전개하는데 핵심적 역할을 하였다. 이 논문은 전국비정규직노동조합연대회의의 결성과 활동을 중심으로, 비정규직 노동자의 조직·투쟁의 요구들이 입법요구들을 어떻게 형성·변모시켰으며, 민주노총의 권리입법 투쟁을 둘러싸고 어떠한 쟁점을 제기하는지 살펴본다. Since the late 1990s, precarious workers have attempted to form and join trade unions, and fought for fundamental labour rights in Korea. These efforts bore fruits of building solidarity and alliance among precarious workers`` unions, in particular, the Korean Committee of Precarious Workers Unions (KPWU) in 2003. The KPWU, a coalition of precarious workers unions which are affiliated to the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU), has played an important role in forming the key demands of fundamental labour rights for precarious workers, against neo-liberal policy and legislations led by the Government in 2000s. This article demonstrates these effort and fights, and explores the issues on challenges and strategy as to building solidarity beyond the division of labour.

산재근로자의 직업복귀에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 연구 -불안정 근로자를 중심으로-

강다솔 ( Kang Dasol ),황성환 ( Hwang Seong Hwan ),정창률 ( Jung Chang Lyul ) 한국사회복지정책학회 2021 사회복지정책 Vol.48 No.3

본 연구는 산재근로자 중 불안정 근로자를 대상으로 직업복귀에 미치는 영향 요인을 분석하여, 불안정 근로자의 직업복귀 특성을 파악하고, 정책적 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 산재보험패널조사 중 1차 코호트 1∼5차 자료를 활용하고, 재해 당시 사업장의 종사상지위가 임시·일용직 근로자였던 735명을 대상으로 확률효과 패널로짓모형을 실행하여 이들의 직업복귀에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 연구결과, 인구사회학적 요인에서 최종학력이 높고 자격증 개수가 많을수록 직업복귀 가능성이 높았고, 가구요인에서 가구소득이 적을수록, 재해사업장 요인에서 근속기간이 길고 임금이 높으며 건설업종일수록 직업복귀 가능성이 높았다. 마지막으로, 서비스 요인에서는 재활서비스를 이용하는 산재근로자가 이용하지 않은 산재근로자보다 취업할 가능성이 낮았다. 따라서, 불안정 근로자들을 위한 효과성 있는 재활서비스 마련이 필요하며, 그들의 업무 수행능력과 욕구에 맞는 직업복귀 지원 프로그램 개발이 필요하다. This paper examines the influence factors which have effects on job retention for precarious workers who experienced industrial injuries, analysing the characteristics of their job retention and suggesting policy implications. By using the first cohort data between the first and sixth panel data of Panel Study of Worker’s Compensation Insurance(PSWCI), the paper examines 735 temporary and daily workers with the random-effects panel logit model to deal with the influence factors which have effects on job retention. The results are as followings: in sociodemographic elements, well-educated workers with many certificates are likely to return their jobs easily. Next, the workers who have low household earnings, long job retention and high earnings and work in construction industry are likely to return their job well. Lastly, in service factor, the workers who utilise rehabilitation services have less possibility of employment than the workers who do not. Accordingly, it is necessary to arrange the effective rehabilitation service for the sake of precarious workers and to develop job retention programmes to satisfy their performances and needs.

논문 : 무기(無期)계약직 의 문제점과 대안 -중앙행정기관 무기계약직 실태를 중심으로-

윤애림 ( Ae Lim Yun ) 민주주의법학연구회 2013 민주법학 Vol.0 No.53

2006년 정부의 <공공기관 비정규직 종합대책> 발표에서 ‘상시·지속적 업무에 2년 이상 근무한 기간제 노동자를 무기(無期)계약으로 전환’하기로 하면서부터 종래의 ‘정규직’과 다른 고용형태를 지칭하는 ‘무기계약직’이라는 고용형태가 나타났다. 이 글은 새로운 차별적 고용형태인 무기계약직이 나타나게 된 배경인 정부의 공공부문 비정규직 대책 및 ‘기간제 및 단시간근로자 보호 등에 관한 법률’의 문제점을중앙행정기관 무기계약직 노동자의 실태를 중심으로 살펴본다. 무기계약직은 ‘기간을 정하지 않은 근로계약을 체결한 근로자’를 일컫지만 실제로는 상시적 고용불안과 차별적 노동조건, 직무 분리와 권한의 제한을 겪고 있다. 또한 무기계약직 전환에서 배제되는 광범위한 기간제 노동자가 존재하고, 이들 기간제 노동자는 주기적 고용불안을 경험하고 있다. 이 글은 이러한 실태와 노동법적 문제점 분석을 바탕으로 무기계약직 문제의 해결을 위한 법제도적 대안을 제시한다. Workers(APFPW) stipulates that a fixed-term contract is converted into an open-ended contract, by way of a sanction, in cases where an employer uses a fixed-term worker over two-years limit. While APFPW prescribes that fixed-term workers shall not be treated in a less favourable manner than comparable permanent workers, it has no provision regarding non-discrimination principle on indefinite contracts that are converted from fixed-term ones. As a result of these loopholes of regulations, indefinite-term workers who were previously fixed-term contract workers are usually treated in discriminative ways rather than permanent workers. Korean Government has set up Measures against Precarious Work in Public Sector since 2006. Under the Measures, some fixed-term contract workers have become indefinite-term contract workers while many lost their jobs by reason of two-years limit. This article analyses the actual working conditions of indefinite-term workers who were previously fixed-term ones in Government sector. This research shows that the APFPW and the Measures against Precarious Work in Public Sector have neither effectively regulated the abuse of fixed-term contracts nor dealt properly with the emerging type of discrimination based on employment status.

The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being in Korean wage workers through the Cantril ladder Scale

Go Choi,Shin-Goo Park,Youna Won,Hyeonwoo Ju,Sung Wook Jang,Hyung Doo Kim,Hyun-Suk Jang,Hwan-Cheol Kim,Jong-Han Leem 대한직업환경의학회 2020 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.32 No.-

Background: The global labor market is moving towards increasing job instability. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being using quantitative scales. We evaluated the association between wage workers" employment status and their subjective well-being through the Cantril ladder scale using Korean Welfare Panel Survey data (KOWEPS). Methods: This study used KOWEPS data. A total of 4,423 wage workers were divided into permanently employed workers, temporarily employed workers and daily employed workers. The relationship between precarious employment and subjective well-being was analyzed by multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being, which can be expressed by the Cantril ladder scale. The mean score of both temporarily employed and daily employed workers were statistically significantly lower (B = −0.454, p < 0.001; B = −0.994, p < 0.001, respectively) than permanently employed workers. This appeared to be the same when occupational and sociodemographic factors were adjusted (B = −0.153, p = 0.002 for temporarily employed, B = −0.610, p < 0.001 for daily employed). Conclusions: The more unstable the employment status, the lower the subjective well-being score according to the Cantril ladder scale.