A Study on the Establish of Continuous and Long-Term National DISASTER Situation Scenario

Kibum Park J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Human & Disaster Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: In this study, national disasters are defined as the occurrence of cascading disasters taking into account the temporal and seasonal situations, including social crisis conditions such as financial crisis, etc. and large-scale natural and social disasters that occurred in Korea in the past. Method: In order to establish national disaster situations, representative disasters and crisis situations that occurred in Korea were summarized, and national disaster situation scenarios were proposed according to time and situation. The damage caused by the establishment of national disaster situations is expected to be unpredictable. In particular, in the case of an economic crisis such as the IMF, the financial condition of the country is poor, so if cascading disasters occur and the disaster situation lasts for a long time, the government’s ability to support may be remarkably difficult. Results: Preparing for such a national disaster is to be able to effectively cope with similar disasters, and the organization of the National Disaster Countermeasure Headquarters was proposed to respond to national disasters. In order to respond efficiently and promptly to national disaster situations, the President should be the head of the headquarters, the National Assembly and the Ministry of Strategy and Finance should be composed of support groups, and the central government organization of 17 departments, 5 offices, 17 government offices, and the head of 17 municipal governments need to be operated as a working organization of the national disaster countermeasure headquarters. Conclusion: In this study, a situation in which the worst disasters occur continuously and in the long term was established, and the situation of national catastrophe was presented as an example. It is absolutely necessary to prepare for such a worst-case situation, and as climate change, social economy become more complex and diversified, and uncertainty about risks increases, it is believed to be helpful to strengthen national response capabilities.

A Case Study on POLICE Activities for Effective Disaster Management

Seongcho Hong,Sanghun Lee J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Terrorism & National Secu Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: As modern society becomes dense, complex, and wide-ranging, even small accidents often cause a series of infrastructure collapse or human casualty which leading to a national crisis. The government always promises to be thoroughly prepared to prevent the same accident in the future, but despite many proposals and measures, similar types of accidents occur repeatedly after a certain period of time. Now, distrust is building up in the government which has failed to manage the disaster. In this paper, considering this reality, we believe that national capabilities should first be invested intensively in initial measures for appropriate actions at Golden Time, and we would like to present a plan to secure capabilities by dividing them into software and hardware parts for appropriate initial action. Method: Inappropriate initial measures in post-evaluations are pointed out as problems every time a disaster occurs. Research would like to check what problems are there through recent cases in Korea and draw implications for effective initial measures in the future. Based on previous national crisis and disaster, case study method is conducted to analyze military, state, local government, police and coast guard’s initial measures and action. Research focused on 2010 ROKS Cheonan sinking, 2014 Sinking of MV Sewol and 2019 defecting of North Korean wooden boat cases. Overviews of each cases will be introduced and case analysis of each cases’ initial measure will be discussed. Results: Case analysis of previous disaster’s initial measures show importance of initial measure. Researchers suggest that improvement measures must be prepared to utilize the police’s 112 system in times of crisis such as disasters. In this paper, researchers suggest two different way(legal and physical) to improve initial measure of the police and coast guards’ in the event of a disaster. In legal way, research focuses on law and regulation of authorities, police, coast guards and the Disaster Safety Act. Physical way discuss about equipment, expert training, and overall system of comprehensive disaster management. More detail will be discussed later. Conclusion: Problems commonly pointed out in the BAI reports, media, civic groups, and investigative agencies that have analyzed accidents in the past are inexperienced initial measures within Golden Time. There is a golden time in every crisis, so appropriate measures can save people, minimize property damage, or end the case early by putting only a small national capability in dealing with it afterward. Researchers believe that limited national resources can be efficiently responded in the event of a disaster by first strengthening the field of initial measures. In the future, when the autonomous police system is implemented, the national · autonomous police officers will be separated and the 112 system will be separated too. In that situation, Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters, local government, National Coast Guards, and National Fire Agency will have hard time in communication and chain of command. In the event of a crisis while receiving a crisisrelated report or on-site patrol, it should be clearly stipulated that all reports should be dispatched first regardless of authorities.

국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 중요도와 실행도 연구: 불교상담자의 인식을 중심으로

이경희(보현)(Kyunghee Lee) (사)인문학과 명상연구소 2023 명상상담과 인문교육 Vol.1 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 불교상담자를 대상으로 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 중요도와 실행도를 분석하고 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치 관련 교육의 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 다음의 연구문제를 중심으로 연구를 실시하였다. 첫째, 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 중요도와 실행도에 대한 불교상담자의 인식은 어떠한가?, 둘째, 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 중요도와 실행도에 대한 불교상담자의 인식의 차이는 어떠한가?, 셋째, 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치 교육에 필요한 것은 무엇인가? 였다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과 및 논의는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 영역별 중요도의 1순위는 ‘이해촉진하기 단계’, 실행도의 순위를 중심으로 살펴본 결과, 1순위는 ‘상황안정화 단계’로 나타났다. 둘째, 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 중요도와 실행도에 대한 불교상담자의 인식의 차이에서는 모든 영역에서 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 중요도보다 실행도가 모두 낮다고 인식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치 교육프로그램의 우선순위로는 내담자 심리적 안정 증진, 내담자 상황에 대한 이해, 내담자 이야기 경청이 도출되었다. 본 연구는 불교상담자의 인식을 중심으로 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치의 중요도와 실행도를 분석하고 국가 재난 시 심리적 응급처치 관련 교육에 필요한 요소들을 확인하고, 그 시사점을 도출하였다는데 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the importance level and implementation level of psychological first aid in case of national disaster and draw implications for psychological first aid related education. The research questions of this study are as follows. First, what is the Buddhist counselor’s perception of the importance and implementation level of psychological first aid in a national disaster?, Second, What is the difference in perceptions of Buddhist counselors on the importance level and implementation level of psychological first aid in case of national disaster. Third, what is necessary for education for psychological first aid in case of national disaster? The results and discussion derived from this study are as follows. First, as a result of examining the order of importance level by area of psychological first aid in case of a national disaster, the first priority was the ‘promoting understanding stage’, and the second priority was the ‘situation stabilization stage’. As a result of examining the implementation level, the 1st priority was the ‘situation stabilization stage’, and the 2nd priority was the ‘promoting understanding stage’. Second, on the importance and implementation level of psychological first aid in case of national disaster. As a result of examining the differences in the perceptions of Buddhist counselors on the importance level and implementation level of psychological first aid in case of national disaster, it was found that in all areas the level of implementation was lower than the importance level of psychological first aid in case of disaster. Third, as a result of examining what is needed for education for psychological first aid in the event of a national disaster, the improvement of psychological stability of the client, understanding of the client’s situation, and listening to the client’s story were derived. This study is meaningful in that it analyzes the importance and practice of psychological first aid in case of a national disaster with a focus on the perception of Buddhist counselors, identifies the elements necessary for education related to psychological first aid in a national disaster, and draws its implications.

환동해 재난 서사와 민족주의-2000년대 재난 소설과 영화를 중심으로-

신진숙 한양대학교 동아시아문화연구소 2012 동아시아 문화연구 Vol.52 No.-

This paper is designed to speculate the relationship between ‘disaster narrative’ and ‘nationalism’ in the East Sea Rim region. Disaster Narrative implies all kind of literature which includes any kinds of disaster as its subject. In other words, disaster narrative includes all kinds of cultural expressions such as films, fictions, and cartoons, in which roots in “the imagination of disaster.” Writings based on the imagination of disaster cover any events that the human can’t control it. Disaster narrative reproduces non-controllable natural disasters as main theme, for instance the stories about floods, tsunami, and earthquakes, and so on. Natural disaster implies all events which are able to destroy peoples’ lives. The fundamental nature of disaster is its destructive character which may demolish ordinary, repeated, and regular lives of human beings. People experienced natural disaster tend to be extremely chaotic in their social relations and psychological status. In that context, the subjective boundary of disaster narrative discourse expands to nationalism or statism discourse. In case of a disaster narrative story with nationalism discourse, the structure of the story is that membership of a nation can be intensified among members who has experienced such a fear of disaster and begun to imagine a nation community. Disaster tends to be regarded as something outside of a nation in the perspective of traditional nationalism. It is a hidden strategy that relationship of a national community can be strongly tied up by overcoming difficulties of a disaster from outside of national community. This paper is designed to look into the relationship between disaster narrative and nationalism among people in East Sea Rim regional countries. In particular, it is to shed some light on how disaster narrative of that region influence people’s nationalism. The findings of this study lead us to investigate the relationship between the politics of disaster and disaster narrative in a certain region. This study focuses on the films and novels of floods/tsunami as disaster narratives in East Sea Rim region. The scope of the study includes disaster narratives which were published in North/South Korea, China, Japan and Russia after the 2000s. Thus, the study selects the following films and novels as disaster narrative in East Sea Rim region;<Haeundae>(2009, south korea), <Sinking Of Japan>(2006, Japan), 『Megafloods』(2006, China), 『Influential Craze of Ranam』(2004, North Korea), <Siberia MonAmour>(2011, Russia). 이 글은 환동해지역의 재난 서사와 민족주의의 관계를 중심으로 문화 속에서 재난의 정치학이 어떻게 작동하고 있는지를 고찰했다. 환동해지역은 국가 단위의 문화연구를 극복하기 위한 개념이다. 분석 대상은 환동해지역의 장소성을 보여주는 재난 서사로서, <해운대>(한국, 영화, 2009), <일본침몰>(일본, 영화, 2006), <시베리아 모나무르>(러시아, 영화, 2011), 『대홍수』(중국, 소설, 2006), 『라남의 열풍』(북한, 소설, 2004) 등을 분석했다. 중국 동북3성을 배경으로 하는 『대홍수』와 북한의 『라남의 열풍』에서는 근대적 유형의 민족주의 담론이 여전히 강하게 전개되고 있다. 반면, 한국 <해운대>와 일본의 <일본침몰>은 이러한 경향으로 탈피하여 후기 자본주의 사회의 탈근대적 민족주의 혹은 개인주의 양상을 보여주고 있는 것이 특징이다. 이러한 지역적 차이는 한국과 일본이 환동해지역에서도 가장 빠르게 글로벌 사회로 진입한 결과라고 보여진다. 한편 러시아 영화 <시베리아 모나무르>는 재난 이데올로기 없이 헐벗은 생명으로부터 시작되는 재난의 윤리를 보여주고 있다. 재난 서사의 진정성은 재난의 정치학을 반영하는 동시에 이에 대한 비판적 사유를 이끌어낼 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 크다. 환동해 재난 서사가 지닌 가능성과 한계에 대한 분명한 사유가 필요하다.

재난대응과정에서 거버넌스 작동에 관한 연구: 한국과 중국의 비교를 중심으로

이장원 ( Jang Won Lee ),김학실 ( Hak Sil Kim ) 현대중국학회 2015 現代中國硏究 Vol.16 No.2

본 논문은 2007년 12월 한국의 태안 앞바다에서 발생한 허베이스피리 트호의 원유유출사고와 2008년 5월 발생한 중국의 쓰촨성 원촨대지진을 사례로, 재난발생 후 긴급대응과 복구과정에서의 참여자와 그들의 주요 역할을 협력적 거버넌스 차원에서 살펴보았다. 양 국가의 재난대응과정에서 정부와 사회의 역할을 비교하는 것은 비교정치학적 측면에서 국가별 거버넌스 특성 분석과 시사점 도출에 의미가 있기 때문이다. 한국과 중국의 대형재난 사례를 통해 본 재난 대응방식은 양국 모두 국가 주도의 거버넌스로서 시민사회의 참여를 통한 대등한 관계에서 이루어지는 협력적 거버넌스라고 보기는 어렵다. 그러나 허베이스피리트호 사례는 재난복구과정에서 이루어진 민간사회 차원의 개입과 지역사회주민의 연계 방식, 협의회 구성은 향후 재난 발생시 협력적 거버넌스가 작동할 수 있는 중요한 고리를 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 중국 쓰촨성 대지진 사례는 중앙-지방정부간 유기적 협조체제 발휘, 법규제정을 통해 민간의 참여를 제도화하고, 국가적인 종합재난대응관리체계를 확립했다는 측면에서 긍정적인 평가를 받는다. 향후 협력적 거버넌스를 통해 지역문제를 지역사회주민의 주도하에 해결하기 위해서는 다음과 같은 방안을 고려할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 재난 발생시 지역주민의 피해가 상당하여 이 과정에 지역경제 악화, 지역공동체 해체 등 다양한 문제를 양산하게 된다. 지역문제인식과 문제제기, 해결방안 등 대형 재난이후 해결해야 할 다양한 문제가발생했음에도 불구하고 피해보상과 경제적 대립의 관계로만 인식되어 지역주민의 역할이 소극적이었다. 대형 재난으로 기존의 경제적 기반을 상실한 지역 주민들에게 개인과 지역문제를 해결할 수 있는 또 다른 기회를 제공할 수 있도록 지역주민들의 참여가 보장되어야 한다. 둘째, 재난 발생후 지역주민들이 지역문제를 해결하기 위한 제도로써 사회적 경제 영역을 고려해 볼 수 있다는 것이다. 지역문제 해결을 지역주민이 직접 추진하는 작동기제인 사회적 기업, 협동조합, 마을기업 등은 재난 발생 후 해당 지역주민이 문제를 인식하고 해결할 수 있다는 점에서 협력적 거버넌스를 추진할 수 있는 중요한 당사자조직이 될 수 있다. 때문에 사회적 경제 영역을 통해 피해주민과 지역사회가 공동으로 지역위기를 극복할 수 있도록 사회적 경제 영역의 활동을 적극 지원할 필요가 있다. This study is focused on the participants and their main roles in collaborative governance during national disaster response process based on the national disaster of Hebei Spirit Vessel oil leakage in South Korea (2007) and severe earthquake in China (2008). Comparing the national disaster response process of government and the society’s roles between two countries has its significance in a comparative political way of governance characteristic analysis and drawing implication of each country. The cases of the severe national disasters response process from the two countries are both governance of state-led which is difficult to look at as collaborative governance that takes place in an equal relationship with the participation of civil society. However, in the manner of a disaster recovery process of the Hebei Spirit case, aspect of civil society involvement and community association residents made, the council configuration is significant that it provided valuable relationship that can operate in the future disaster collaborative governance. In addition, in the severe earthquake in China case, practicing the central-local government cooperation, institutionalizing the participation of the private sector through legislation, and that establishing a national comprehensive disaster response management system receives a positive evaluation. To solve the problem, under the leadership of local community members through collaborative governance in the future, it is necessary to consider the following measures. First, the victim of the disaster area residents is very enormous that can create variety of problems, such as local economic deterioration, community disorganization in the process. Although there were recognizing, raising, and solving the local issues after the national disaster, the role of local people were reluctant because it was only recognized as damages and economic conflict. Local residents should be involved to ensure that local people have lost their traditional economic base with a severe disaster that provides another opportunity to resolve personal and community problems. Second, after the disaster, the local people can consider the social and economic area as a system to solve local issues. Troubleshooting the local issues by the local residents directly promoting working mechanism based on social enterprises, cooperatives, village enterprises, etc. can be the major party organizations that promote collaborative governance in its ability to identify and solve problems after a disaster. Therefore, through the areas of social economy, damaged local people and social community should be supported actively to overcome the regional crisis together.

미래형 재난에 대비한 국토방재 지능화 정책대안 고찰 연구

이병재(Byoung Jae Lee) 한국방재안전학회 2023 한국방재안전학회 논문집 Vol.16 No.1

국토·도시 공간 및 사회환경 변화, 기후변화로 인한 극한 기상현황, 자연재난에 따른 국가기반시설 마비 등으로 인해 초대형 재난 발생 가능성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미래 새로운 환경변화 상에 발생하는 미래형 재난에 대한 국토방재 전략의 체계적 수립을 지원하기 위하여, 미래형 재난에 대비한 국토방재 지능화 정책대안을 고찰하였다. 미래형 재난 관련한 국토환경 변화, 국토방재 관련 국내외 선행연구 및 정책동향, 국토 재난관리 시스템 관련 연구 등을 조사하고 제도적·기술적 정책대안을 도출하였다. 제도적으로 미래형 재난에 대한 자기적응적 국토 조성을 체계화하고, 이를 기술적으로 지능형 의사결정 지원체계를 통해 지속적으로 지원해야 함을 정책적 대안으로 제시하였다. The possibility of a super-large disaster is increasing due to changes in national territory, urban space and social environment, extreme weather conditions due to climate change, and paralysis of national infrastructure due to natural disasters. In this study, in order to support the systematic establishment of national territorial disaster prevention strategies for future disasters, alternatives to intelligent national territorial disaster prevention policies for future disasters were considered. Changes in the national environment related to future disasters, domestic and foreign prior studies and policy trends related to national disaster prevention, and studies related to the national disaster management system were investigated, and institutional and technical policy alternatives were derived. As a policy alternative, it was suggested that the creation of a self-adapting national territory for future disasters should be systematized and continuously supported through a technically intelligent decision-making support system.

Federal Governance and Disaster Management in Canada: A Critical Analysis of Federal and Provincial Acts, Policies and Disaster Financing

( Sanjay Sharma ) 인천대학교 사회과학연구원 2015 사회과학연구 Vol.7 No.-

Federalism is a non-hierarchical, non-centralized, model of governance. It accommodates people belonging to different regions, religions, races and culture. Disaster management is articulation and planned utilization of resources to deal with natural or manmade emergencies. At the national level disaster management requires concerted effort and coordinated action among different levels of government. It is not the sole responsibility of any one level of government, but of all. As disaster management has inter-regional and transnational ramifications, there is an urgent need for federal management and sharing of responsibilities. It is in this context that federal system of governance assumes critical resilience in addressing to the question of disaster management. Canada is the second largest country of the world. It has faced many natural as well as manmade disasters. By virtue of being a federal state the disaster management has to be located in between federal and provincial governments. Quantitative and qualitative research tools are applied in the paper to analyze federal governance of disaster in Canada. Qualitatively, federal and provincial policies, acts, program have been thoroughly analyzed. On the other hand, quantitative tools are applied to analyze disaster financing in Canada. Besides, a deconstructivist approach has been applied to explore disaster management from an unexplored perspective of federalism.

The Strategy of Colombians Natural Disaster Management: Case of Putumayo

( Kira Potowski ),김준엽 ( Jun Yeup Kim ) 국제지역학회 2015 국제지역연구 Vol.19 No.3

The study illustrates that the Colombian natural disaster management neither on the national nor on the regional and local government level is satisfying the need of a well-working natural disaster management system in order to reduce risk before a disaster and provide immediate aid and rehabilitation actions afterwards. Meanwhile Japan is globally recognized for its efficient system various ideas should be immediately adapted by the different Colombian government levels. In order to improve its current disaster management practices, the Colombian government has to integrate the regional and local level much stronger into the whole natural disaster management system. The current evaluations on the natural disaster management in Colombia focus on the national government policies only. This paper goes further and observes the current state of actions on the regional and local level before, during and after a natural disaster. By benchmarking actions realized in Japan valuable recommendations for Colombian government officials on the national and local level are developed.

재난유형과 관리단계로 본 국내 재난안전 R&D 현황 및 시사점

최수민,이주영 한국방재학회 2016 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.16 No.3

As social concerns and demands for safety increase, Korean government has established various disaster plans for hazard mitigation. One main plan was to improve research and development (R&D) capabilities regarding disaster prevention and management. In this study, Korean government’s current plans on disaster safety R&D and recent years’ government funded disaster safety R&D projects from the National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS) database were analyzed. The projects were categorized by two criteria. One was the types of disaster-natural, social, special, maritime, and fire safety & rescue activity- and the other was the phases of disaster management- anticipation, prevention, preparedness, response, recovery, and platform. The results show that R&D projects on social disaster were the most numerous in types and R&D projects on prevention were the most numerous in phases. These analyses show that the improvements on response phase R&D ability and whole-cycle management is needed in the disaster R&D system of Korea. 재난안전에 대한 사회적 관심과 요구가 증가함에 따라 정부는 정책적으로 재난안전 확보를 위한 다양한 계획을 수립하고 있다. 이러한 계획 중 하나가 기술개발을 통한 재난안전 관리 역량을 향상시키는 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 우리나라의 재난안전 연구개발 관련 계획을 조사하고, NTIS(국가과학기술지식정보서비스)에 등록된 자료를 이용하여 최근 수행된 국가 R&D에 대하여 재난유형과 재난관리 단계에 따라 분석하였다. 재난유형을 자연재난, 사회재난, 특수재난, 해양재난, 소방/기동의 5개 분야로 구분하여 분석한 결과, 사회재난 분야의 R&D 비중이 가장 컸다. 또한 재난관리 단계는 예측, 예방, 대비, 대응, 복구, 플랫폼의 6개 유형으로 구분하였는데, 예방분야에 투자가 집중된 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 재난 대응역량 강화와 재난 전주기 관리의 필요성을 보여준다고 판단된다.

우리나라 재난안전관리 법제의 발전과정과 개선방안

정우열 ( Jung Woo Yeoul ),정재도 ( Jung Jae Do ) 한국행정사학회 2018 韓國行政史學誌 Vol.43 No.-

인류 역사에 있어서 안전의 문제는 개인뿐만 아니라 국가 차원에서 가장 중요하게 다루어지는 과제이다. 본 연구는 재난안전관리에 대한 법과 제도의 변천과정을 살펴보고 이를 토대로 개선방안을 모색하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 우리나라 재난안전관리 법제는 1970년대 민방위기본법에서 출발하여 1980~90년대에는 재해재난과 관련하여 개별 법령들이 정비되었으며, 1990년대 후반부터 크고 작은 재해와 재난이 발생하면서 법률 등의 통합이 시도되었다. 2000년 초반에는 재해 및 재난의 통합적인 법령의 필요성이 대두되면서, 자연재해 및 인적재난을「재난 및 안전관리기본법」으로 통합이 이루어졌다. 그 후 재난 및 안전관리에 관한 법체계의 다원화와 각 법률 간의 연계성 부족 등의 문제점을 해결하고자 2004년에 재난 및 안전관리기본법이 제정되었다. 2014년 대형사고가 빈번하게 발생함에 따라 재난안전관리 관련 법제개정이 대폭 이루어졌다. 그러나 아직까지 재난안전관리 법제에 많은 문제점을 지니고 있다. 이를 극복하기 위해서는 첫째, 재난 및 안전관련 연계가 강화되어야 한다. 둘째, 재난관련 다양한 매뉴얼의 혼란을 막기 위해서는 영국의 재난대응 집행계획서를 반영할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 재난관련 법률이 혼재하고 있어서 재난관리에 대한 보다 체계적인 관리가 요망된다. 넷째, 재난상황 등을 체계적으로 기록하고 관리할 수 있도록 재난백서를 주기적으로 발간할 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 프랑스의 사례와 같이 지방자치단체 장의 책임하에 재난관리가 이루어질 수 있도록 권한을 대폭 강화해 주어야 한다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the transition process of laws and systems for disaster safety management and to search for improvement plan based on them. The disaster safety management law of Korea started from the basic law of civil defense in the 1970s, and individual laws and regulations related to disaster were restored in the 1980s and 1990s. Various disasters and disasters occurred frequently since the late 1990s. In the early 2000s, due to the nature of disasters and disasters, the necessity of integrated statutes emerged, and integration into the ‘Basic Law on Disaster and Safety Management’ was made in relation to natural disasters and human disasters. Since then, disaster and safety management laws have been enacted in March 2004 in order to solve the problems of diversification of existing legal systems and disconnection of laws between disasters and safety management. With the frequent occurrence of large-scale accidents in 2014, the revision of the legal system related to disaster safety management has been drastically revised. Nevertheless, it still has many problems in disaster safety management law. To overcome this, first, disaster and safety related links should be strengthened. Second, it is necessary to reflect the UK's disaster response plan in order to prevent confusion in various manuals related to disasters. Third, disaster management is difficult due to the disruption of disaster laws. Fourth, a disaster white paper should be written to record the disaster situation including the damage situation and to keep it. Fifth, the authorities should be strengthened so that disaster management can be carried out by the heads of local governments or the disaster management department.