A New Emergency-Handling Mechanism based on IEEE 802.15.4 for Health-Monitoring Applications

( Jay Shree Ranjit ),( Subodh Pudasaini ),( Seokjoo Shin ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.8 No.2

The recent advances in wireless communication systems and semiconductor technologies are paving the way for new applications over wireless sensor networks. Health-monitoring application (HMA) is one such emerging technology that is focused on sensing and reporting human vital signs through the communication network comprising sensor devices in the vicinity of the human body. The sensed vital signs can be divided into two categories based on the importance and the frequency of occurrence: occasional emergency signs and regular normal signs. The occasional emergency signs are critical, so they have to be delivered by the specified deadlines, whereas the regular normal signs are non-critical and are only required to be delivered with best effort. Handling the occasional emergency sign is one of the most important attributes in HMA because a human life may depend on correct handling of the situation. That is why the underlying network protocol suite for HMA should ensure that the emergency signs will be reported in a timely manner. However, HMA based on IEEE 802.15.4 might not be able to do so owing to the lack of an appropriate emergency-handling mechanism. Hence, in this paper, we propose a new emergency-handling mechanism to reduce the emergency reporting delay in IEEE 802.15.4 through the modified superframe structure. A fraction of an inactive period is modified into three new periods called the emergency reporting period, emergency beacon period, and emergency transmission period, which are used opportunistically only for immediate emergency reporting and reliable data transmission. Extensive simulation is performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The results reveal that the proposed scheme achieves improved latency and higher emergency packets delivery ratio compared with the conventional IEEE 802.15.4 MAC.

응급의료 서비스의 개선에 관한 연구

전진호,김경아,정귀원 인제대학교 1999 仁濟醫學 Vol.20 No.1

응급구조를 위한 소방방재청의 정책에 관한 연구 : 119 구급대원을 중심으로

안지영,고영길 인제대학교 2007 仁濟醫學 Vol.28 No.-

Purpose : Emergency rescue in this paper means emergency medicine and technique supplied by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) before their arriving to the hospital with the patients. The purpose of this paper is to draw policy alternatives on emergency rescue for the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), which was established in June 2004, for the ultimate goal of reducing emergency in Korea after comparing U.S. governments's strategy and NEMA's strategy. Methods : This study uses the post-test comparison group design as its major research tool for the purpose. Two significant tests are applied to both the controlled group of U.S. governments and the experimental group of NEMA, such as ① the governmental institutions for emergency rescue and their characteristics and ② the psychological approach to emergency rescue. Results : Speaking of the U.S. governments, states government play an important role in managing local emergency institutions, while many licenses and educational programs are available for EMTs in each state. Also, the psychological approach to emergency rescue is very much appreciated by not only emergency victim but also EMTs. On the other hand, regarding the NEMA, the Rescue Division comprehensively manages emergency rescue, but its policy is not so substantial. In addition, the psychological approach is just a beginning level. Conclusion : The focus of this paper has been given to two kinds of policy alternative for the NEMA. First, after improving related licenses and educational programs for EMTs and producing a number of them, the NEMA should let them take care of the patients on the spot in particular without doctors' order. Second, the NEMA should try to provide much more intensified psychological treatment for EMTs as well as general victims of emergency.

Analysis of Radiological and Physical Protection Emergency Plan for Nuclear Safety and Security Interface

Ji-Hwan Cha,Sundo Choi 한국방사성폐기물학회 2023 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.21 No.1

Domestic nuclear power plants have developed radiological emergency plans based on the USNRC’s NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-Rev.1 report and the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety’s (KINS) research report on radiation emergency criteria for power reactors (KINS/RR-12). NUREG-0654 is a US emergency planning guide for nuclear power plants and provides detailed technical requirements for the content of radiological emergency plans. The document classifies radiological emergencies into three levels: Alert, Site Area Emergency, and General Emergency, which correspond to the white, blue, and red emergency levels used in domestic nuclear power plants. KINS/RR-12 is a technical guidance document published by the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety in 2012, which divides radiological emergency criteria into criteria for pressurized water reactors (PWRs) and criteria for boiling water reactors (BWRs), and describes in detail the regulatory position and implementation of radiological emergency criteria for domestic PWRs and BWRs. The physical protection-related radiation emergency criteria included in the radiological emergency plan are specified in the radiological emergency criteria guidelines. There are two items each related to white and blue emergencies and one item related to red emergencies. Standard order of emergency plan lists the physical protection-related radiological emergency criteria for domestic PWRs and BWRs, which are identical according to the radiological emergency criteria guidelines. To enhance the physical protection regulation, the legal and regulatory basis for target set identification and vital area identification need to be established by considering radiological and physical protection emergency plan.

서울시 기초정신건강복지센터 정신응급대응 현황조사

김은희,안효경,김경아,김한미,조은정,이승연,이해우 서울시정신건강복지센터 2020 정신건강연구집 Vol.10 No.-

▪Objective: This existing condition survey is to identify and analyze the current status in the process of finding, on-site response, and action support at basic mental health welfare centers located in 25 boroughs in Seoul. Therefore, it is intended to be used as basic data for establishing a safety net for psychiatric emergency in the city of Seoul, which would secure a continuity of treatments. ▪Method: The process and type of the psychiatric emergency occurred during weekdays were classified into 6 areas psychiatric emergency response service, dispatch request for psychiatric emergency on-site response and the evaluation of psychiatric emergency psychological medicine service community network and institutional support, legal protection and support for practitioners. Based on such a classification, a questionnaire on mental emergency response was created and conducted twice for the basic mental health welfare centers as an existing condition survey. A representative was selected among the practitioners to play an equivalent role as an executive team leader at basic mental health welfare centers. His or her task was to investigate the '1st existing condition survey on the psychiatric emergency response conducted by a borough as of 2019' from April 24, 2020 to May 8, 2020. After then, an in-depth questionnaire was created based on results of the first existing condition survey and the '2nd existing condition survey for appropriate measures and the continuity of treatments in response to the psychiatric emergency' was conducted from July 2, 2020 to July 8, 2020. ▪Result: As of 2019, the total number of requests to the Basic Mental Health and Welfare Center for the psychiatric emergency responses is 1,259, and the number of on-site response is 1,204 (96%), and in most cases, on-site response is performed. For the on-site response, the number of unregistered subjects is significantly higher, with 80.2% (966) cases unregistered and 19.7% (238) registered subjects. However, the degree to which the subjects are transferred to the psychiatric system after the on-site response is lower for the unregistered than for the registered (61% of registered subjects, 42% of unregistered subjects). The number of on-site response to the psychiatric emergency is at least 13 cases and a maximum of 95 cases at each borough, which show a large variation. By region, the southwestern region (332 cases) and the northeastern region (316 cases) show a higher frequency than the northwestern region (280 cases) and the southeastern region (276 cases). Although it is decided that psychiatric measures are necessary for the on-site response, only 52.7% of cases are taken appropriately. The major reasons are in order of the lack of hospital beds due to the number of patients with overlapping physical diseases, the way that the hospitalization is managed (88%), and the low level of cooperation among the associated organizations (76%). ▪Conclusion: Although a community psychiatric emergency system is essential to be established and invigorated for the continuity of treatments for severe mental illness, the level of the psychiatric emergency system in Seoul is limited and still quite passive. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare alternatives for the city of Seoul, which include the perform range of individual institutions and practitioners. In addition, considering the limitations of the current study that the data is collected in Seoul during the daytime on weekdays, a survey on the existing condition of the psychiatric emergency response should be conducted for 24 hours in the further studies. ▪연구목적 : 본 현황조사는 서울시 25개 자치구에 위치한 기초정신건강복지센터에서 정신응급 대상자를 발견, 현장대응, 조치지원을 수행하는 과정에서의 현황을 파악·분석하여 치료 연속성이 확보되는 서울지역 정신응급 안전망 구축을 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위함. ▪연구방법 : 평일 주간에 수행하는 정신응급 과정 및 형태를 6개 영역(정신응급대응체계, 정신응급 출동요청, 정신응급 현장대응 및 평가, 정신의학적서비스, 지역사회네트워크 및 제도적 지원, 실무자 법적보호 및 지원)으로 분류하고 이를 바탕으로 기초정신건강복지센터 대상 정신응급대응 설문지를 구성하여 2회에 걸친 현황조사를 진행함. 기초정신건강복지센터 상임팀장 또는 그에 준하는 역할을 수행하는 실무자 1명을 대표자로 구성하여 2020년 4월 24일부터 2020년 5월 8일까지 ‘2019년 기준, 자치구에서 수행한 정신응급 대응 1차 현황조사’를 수행함. 이후 1차 현황조사 결과를 토대로 심층문항을 구성하여 2020년 7월 2일부터 2020년 7월 8일까지 ‘정신응급 대응 시 적정 조치 및 치료연속성을 위한 2차 현황 및 의견조사’를 수행함. ▪연구결과 : 2019년 기준 기초정신건강복지센터로 의뢰된 정신응급대응 요청건수는 총 1,259건, 현장대응 건수는 1,204건(96%)으로, 요청받은 대부분의 경우 현장대응을 수행함. 현장대응 시 지원한 대상은 미등록대상 80.2%(966건), 등록대상 19.7%(238건)로 미등록대상자가 월등하게 많았으나, 미등록대상은 등록대상에 비해 현장대응 후 정신의학적 시스템으로 연계되는 수준이 낮음(등록대상자 61%, 미등록대상자 42%). 자치구별 정신응급 현장대응 건수는 최소 13건, 최대 95건으로 큰 편차를 보였으며, 권역별로는 서남권(332건), 동북권(316건)이 서북권(280건) 및 동남권(276건)에 비해 높은 빈도를 보임. 현장대응 시 정신의학적 조치가 필요하다고 판단하였으나 적정 조치가 이루어진 경우는 52.7%에 불과하였으며, 주요 사유는 신체질환 중복 대상자 및 입원 형태로 인한 병상 부족(88%), 유관기관 간 협력수준 낮음(76%) 순으로 나타남. ▪결론 : 중증정신질환 치료 연속성을 위해 지역사회 정신응급 지원 시스템의 구축 및 활성화가 필수요건이나 실제로 서울지역의 정신응급 수준은 제한적, 소극적 수준에 머물러 있음. 이에 대해 개별 기관 및 실무자의 수행범위를 포함해 서울시 차원에서의 대안 마련이 필요함. 또한 본 연구가 서울시 주간 평일 현황이라는 한계를 감안하여 추후 24시간 정신응급 대응 현황조사가 이루어져야 할 것임

A Study on the Radiological Emergency Plan for Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plant

손혜진,김창락 한국방사성폐기물학회 2024 방사성폐기물학회지 Vol.22 No.1

Safe radiation management is essential not only for operational nuclear power plants but also for nuclear plants to be decommissioned. When spent nuclear fuel is present on-site, meticulous radiation emergency plans are necessary to ensure safety. In Korea, numerous radiation emergency plans have been established for operational nuclear reactors. These plans delineate distinct response mitigation measures for white, blue, and red emergencies. However, clear regulations are yet to be devised for radiation emergency plans for reactors to be decommission. Therefore, this study investigated the decommissioning plan and status of Kori unit 1 to comprehensively analyze the current status of decommissioning safety in Korea. In this study, radiation emergency plans of decommissioning nuclear power plants abroad were reviewed to confirm radiation emergency action levels. Furthermore, radioactive waste treatment facilities, to be used for decommissioning reactors in Korea were evaluated. Moreover, the study assessed emergency plans (especially, emergency initiating conditions) for operational nuclear power plants in Korea for potential use in the decommissioning phase. This study proposed an emergency initiating condition that can be used for decommissioning reactors in Korea. Considering the anticipated introduction of plasma torch melting facility in Korea, this study examined the conditions of radiation emergency plans can be altered. This study identified effective measures and guidelines for managing radiological emergency initiating conditions, and effective decommissioning of nuclear power plants in Korea.

지방재난관리조직의 바람직한 구축방안

김종성 ( Jong Seong Kim ) 韓國地方行政硏究院 2008 地方行政硏究 Vol.22 No.1

우리나라에서 재난의 발생과 그로 인한 피해는 날로 증가하여 왔다. 이에 따라 중앙정부에서는 재난의 발생을 예방하고 그 피해를 감소시키기 위해 통합적 재난관리조직을 구축하였으나 지방자치단체차원에서는 효과적으로 재난에 대응하지 못하고 있다. 바람직한 재난관리조직은 재난의 속성으로부터 유추되어야 한다. 재난의 속성은 불확실성, 복잡성, 누적성, 인지성 등이다. 이러한 속성에 대응하기 위한 지방재난관리조직은 유기적, 협력적, 통합적, 학습적 구조를 가져야 한다. 유기적 구조를 위해 분권화, 가외성, 탈권위적 조직문화가 필요하며, 협력적 구조를 위해 정부간 수평적 연계체제와 민간참여의 조직화가 필요하다. 통합적 구조를 위해서는 통합적 지방재난관리조직과 통합적 정보시스템이 필요하며, 학습적 구조를 위해서 방재인력의 전문화와 교육훈련의 강화, 그리고 재난대응공동매뉴얼 등이 필요하다. Casualty and loss of property as a result of many natural or man-made emergencies are increasing steadily in Korea. So Korean government has constructed A emergency management organization to prevent various emergencies and minimize damages from catastrophes. But the emergency management organization in local government does not cope with emergencies effectively. From this point of view, the purpose of this study is to analyze emergency management organization and to propose the effective construction of emergency management organization in local governments. The ideal emergency management organization should be constructed as to the attributes of emergency. The attributes of emergency are uncertainty, complexity, cumulativeness and recognition. According to the attributes of emergency, the emergency management organization in local governments should have An organic, cooperative, integrative and learning structure. An organic structure is needed decentralization in power, redundancy and deauthoritarian culture. A cooperative structure is needed horizontal linkage with inter-governments and structuring private participation. A integrative structure is needed united local emergency management organization and integrated information system. A learning structure is needed specialized human resources, intensive training and standardized common emergency manual.

선의의 응급의료의 형사책임의 검토

정도희(Jeong, Do-Hee) 대검찰청 2012 형사법의 신동향 Vol.0 No.37

“선한 사마리아인 법률”로 불리는 현행 응급의료에 관한 법률(이하 응급의료법)은 응급환자가 발생했을 때 일반인에게 신고와 응급의료에의 협조 의무를 부과하고 있다. 또한 일반인이 순수하게 “도와주려는 생각”에서 한 응급 처치, 즉 선의의 응급처치에 대해서 형사책임을 감면하도록 한다. 응급의료법은 간단히 응급환자 발생 시 일반인의 응급의료 기관 신고와 응급의료에의 협조를 의무로 선언하고(제5조) 일반인이 한 선의의 응급의료에 대한 면책을 규정한다(제5조의2). 이러한 조문을 보면, 일반인은 제5조에 의해 신고와 협조의무를 부담하고 있으며, 응급처치의 결과 환자가 상해를 입으면 형사책임을 지지 않고, 사망하면 형사책임을 “감면”받을 수 있다. 물론 고의나 중대한 과실이 없는 때 이와 같은 조치가 취해질 수 있다. 문제는 일반인이 선의로 한 응급처치로 환자가 불가피하게 사망하면 형사책임을 부담 할 가능성은 열려 있다는 것인데, 그렇다면 과연 누가 길에 쓰러진 자를 구하려고 할지 의문이다. 본고에서는 이 문제를 응급처치로 인한 악결과를 긴급한 상황에서의 법익 침해로 보아 형법상 긴급피난의 법리를 적용하여 응급처치로 인한 사망의 결과에 대해 완전히 면책의 가능성을 찾아 해결하고자 하였다. 우리 형법은 긴급피난 규정을 하나만 두고 있어, 독일 형법이 정당화적 긴급피난과 면책적 긴급피난으로 나누어 규정하는 것과는 입법 양태가 달라 면책적 긴급피난의 입법 여부가 논의되고 있는데, 면책적 긴급피난은 이미 형법 제22조로 해석을 통한 해결이 가능하다고 보고, 응급 사항에서 선의의 구조행위에 대한 면책은 우리 형법 제22조 긴급피난 규정을 통해서 해결할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 면책적 긴급피난은 절대적 면책사유이고 성립되면 충족된 행위는 책임비난을 포기하게 된다. 따라서 면책적 긴급피난의 요건을 충족하는 응급상황에서의 일반인의 응급의료와 처치는 형사책임이 면제된다. Good Samaritan Law are laws offering legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those who are injured, ill, in peril, or otherwise incapacitated. The protection is intended to reduce bystanders' hesitation to assist, for fear of being sued or prosecuted for unintentional injury or wrongful death. According to current Emergency Medical Service Act regulates, individual or amateur can be punished if the injury or death is caused because of his emergency response in good faith before emergency. But the criminal liability of doer in good faith is illogical, the exemption of criminal responsibility is logical. We can find the solution in current penal code. The German Penal Code has two articles about the Emergency Doctrine. But there is only one provision in the article 22 in Korean Penal Code. We have serious problem that the interpretation of the Emergency Doctrine. The Article 22 in Korean Penal Code includes two types of Emergency Doctrine. In our Penal Code there is no explicit distinction between Emergency Doctrine in No Accountability and in Justification. We can use the article 22 in all cases about emergency. Therefore, we have no need to legislate another provision about Emergency Doctrine. And we can understand the theory of Forced Activity is one of the Emergency Doctrine in No Accountability. In short, the emergency medical response by non-professional in good faith must not be punished. Through proper application of penal code, individual in good faith can be exempted.

Review of Environmental Radiation Monitoring Strategy in Nuclear Emergency

Bongseok Kim 한국방사성폐기물학회 2022 한국방사성폐기물학회 학술논문요약집 Vol.20 No.2

When the leakage of radioactive material or radiation to the environment or a concern, it is important to accurately understand the impact on the environment. Therefore, environmental effects evaluation using modeling based on meteorological data and source-term data is carried out, or environmental radiation monitoring which is an emergency response activity that directly measures dose is performed. As lessons learned from the Fukushima accident, environmental effects evaluation and modeling cannot utilize during the emergency and decision-making process for protective action for the public. Thus, rapid environmental radiation monitoring is required. In Korea, when an emergency is issued at a nuclear facility, urgent environmental radiation monitoring is conducted based on the national nuclear emergency preparedness and response plan, which can provide important information for decisionmaking on public protective actions. A review of strategies for urgent environmental radiation monitoring is important in performing efficient emergency responses. The main purpose of urgent environmental radiation monitoring is to gather data for decisionmaking on public protective actions to minimize the damage from the accident. For effective data collection and distribution, support from the national and local government and local public organizations and radiation expertise groups, and nuclear facility licensee are required. In addition, an emergency environmental radiation monitoring manual is required to immediately perform environmental monitoring in an emergency situation. The manual for emergency monitoring should include the activities to be conducted according to the phases of the emergency. The phases of the emergency are divided into pre-leakage, post-leakage, intermediate, and recovery. The reasons for establishing strategies are government and public information, the implementation of urgent population protection countermeasures, predicting and tracking plume trajectory, and detection of any release, the protection of emergency and recovery workers, the implementation of agricultural countermeasures and food restrictions, the implementation of intermediate- and recovery-phase countermeasures, contamination control. Besides meteorological data, ambient dose rate and dose, airborne radionuclide concentration, environmental deposition, food, water, and environmental contamination, individual dose, and object surface contamination data are also required for making information for the public.

비상사태 시 국제인권조약상 이행정지와 한국의 실행 : 계엄과 코로나19에 대한 검토를 포함하여

원유민(Won, Yoomin) 국제법평론회 2021 국제법평론 Vol.- No.60

In times of public emergency, states take emergency measures to control the national crisis and restore public order. These emergency measures often restrict individuals’ freedom and rights that are protected under international human rights treaties. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in its article 4, allows states to derogate from their obligations under the Covenant in time of public emergency. This is to adopt emergency measures to control crisis and, more importantly, to prevent the abuse of emergency power at the same time. This article examines the requirements and limits of emergency measures under article 4 of the Covenant, based on the guidelines and practices of the Human Rights Committee and other states. This article then reviews South Korean practice on emergency measures taken to respond to national emergencies. South Korea has a dark history of emergency power abused to silence dissidents under the authoritative regimes. Since the ratification of the Covenant in 1990, the emergency power under the current Constitution has never been invoked, reflecting the democratization progress. To respond to the global crisis of the COVID-19, South Korea has taken a wide range of derogatory measures without declaring a state of emergency. To meet the requirements of article 4, the South Korean government should enact the legal basis of the social distancing policy. The preventive measures for the COVID-19 should be proportional and must not include discrimination.