Critical Success and Failure Factors of e-Government Project Implementation in Kenya

Francis O K Wamoto,황기현(Gee Hyun Hwang) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2016 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.39 No.2

Use of ICT in Government has ability to improve service delivery to its citizens, and yet many developing countries have lagged behind in the implementation of e-Government. Many e-Government initiatives also failed to achieve their objectives in developing countries. This paper therefore aims to identify critical failure or success factors in Kenya, using Heeks' Factor Model. A survey questionnaire was developed and data were collected and analyzed from officials and interested citizens. The analysis results enabled to highlight seven specific success and failure factors, and their constituent elements in Kenya. The Kenyan overall e-Government implementation score belongs to the Zone of Improvement (3.52 of total 5.0), which means partial success or failure. The enablers of e-Government projects are good strategy formulation, and internal and external drive, whereas main failures of e-Government are weak ICT infrastructure. The areas for improvement are project management, design, com-petencies and funding. Data analysis highlights both strengths and weaknesses for each factor or variable. In particular, Kenyan government excels at the drive for change by top to bottom government officers as well as external stakeholders, while the government officers who are using e-Government are satisfied with the availability of vision, strategy and plan of e-Government implementation. Both technologies and e-transactions laws were the worst of all the variables in e-Government implementation. Two areas should be improved using immediate corrective action. In-depth study reveals that government officers and citizens can't fully use their laptop and mobile devices due to the lack of both ICT network and its operating technology, and legal system associated with the transaction of business information. Finally, the study ends up with recommendations for policy makers to shape the future of e-Government system in both developing and developed countries.

Strategic Innovation, Knowledge Sharing and Policy Innovation Factors In E-Government in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania

Emmanuel Constantine Lupilya,박정훈 서울대학교행정대학원 2015 Journal of Policy Studies Vol.30 No.3

The existing gap from strategic innovation in e-government knowledge creation has affected the effort to timely develop e-government policy in Tanzania. This paper is an attempt to describe multiple innovations outside the Tanzania that involve developing country collaboration, institutional innovation and resources and their linkages to national e-government-think tank. The central argument of this paper is to find factors for enhancing the development of national e-government policy innovation outside Tanzania. We developed national e-government policy framework to orchestrate local innovation and forge ahead of the e-government policy innovation. To do so, we developed and administered a set of the questionnaire from government and private institutions, entrepreneurship and social network group. Data collections were conducted from July 15 to September 20, 2015. The exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 22 was employed to analyze data for strategic innovation, knowledge sharing, and e-government policy innovation. Four critical factors were identified as the key driver to the success of national e-government policy innovation: Coordinate knowledge sharing on e-government policies in the nation and international institutions; empower and coordinate e-government-think tank forum locally and nationally; create a technoculture society at local and national level; and Support e-government research alliance & engagement respectively. In additional, three developing countries were used as a reference model to support these findings. Our conclusion shows how national e-government-think tank and research alliance can become a strategic innovation in e-government towards coordinating knowledge sharing within private and government institutions. This can represent as “valuable and intellectual assets” for government institutions’ stability and change towards national e-government policy innovation process.

E-government Strategic Plan Implementation in Tanzania:Learning from Challenges and Experiencesfrom Kenya, Korea, India and Malaysia

Emmanuel Constantine Lupilya 서울대학교행정대학원 2015 The Korean Journal of Policy Studies Vol.30 No.2

For the past two years, the implementation of e-government strategic plan in Tanzania has been in a mixed approach resulting from lack of conceptual understanding: firstly, is the lack of a conceptual framework as a baseline for e-government strategic plan implementation. Secondly, is the mixture of understanding the two concepts, the institutional accountability and institutional ownership. The failure to understand these two concepts obscures the institutional process efforts to implement the e-government strategic plan. The study pointed out that such complexities continue to disrupt the institutional efforts in dealing with competing conflicts of interest, corruptions and delays between institutions process, resources and the enhancement of guidelines factors. Thirdly, is the idea that the implementation of the e-government strategic plan can be explained in view of mono-tasking; in a sense that tasks of developing the e-government strategic plan focusing on the guidelines, the institutional process, and enhancing the resource factors are reduced into a single task. In additional, the failure of e-government strategic plan was regarded as a linear timeline factor: for instance, there is a persisting lack of guidelines, resources and institutional process framework in the development of the specific sectorial guidelines. The aim of this research is twofold: First, is to identify factors that affect the successful implementation of the e-government strategic plan. Second is to suggest a conceptual framework for implementing the e-government strategic plan in the context of Tanzania. To do so, the current study examines these factors using a descriptive cases drawn from four countries: Kenya, Korea, Malaysia, and India. The study analyzed different models from these cited countries and suggests a spectacular method on how the e-government conceptual framework can be established within their effort of achieving the e-government strategic plan. The study concluded that a conflict of interest, IT/e-government system ownership and accountability, within the institutions and the private sector were the stumbling block to forward the implementation of the e-government strategy plan. For the success of implementing the e-government strategic plan more efficiently therefore, ties with guidelines, resources and institutional process that should be monitored by e-government task force to eliminate barriers and forge ahead to results oriented. The proposed conceptual framework is inevitable to address the problems that a parasite to the implementation of the e-government strategic plan in Tanzania.

전자정부와 부패: 국가단위 분석을 중심으로

최진욱 ( Jinwook Choi ) 성균관대학교 국정관리대학원 2014 국정관리연구 Vol.9 No.1

이 논문은 전자정부가 부패에 어떤 효과를 가져 오는지 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 정부 운영과 관리의 효율성 증대에 관한 전자정부의 효과 이외에 최근에는 전자정부의 부패예방과 절감에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 전자정부와 부패에 관한 기존 연구의 다수는 특정 국가나 특정 사례에 분석의 초점을 두고 있어 연구결과를 일반화하기에 한계가 있다. 이 논문은 국가 단위 수준의 실증 분석을 통해 전자정부와 부패 간의 관계에 관한 일반적 추론을 이끌어내었다. 경제적 수준, 정부의 규모, 정부 규제와 같은 전통적 요인을 통제한 상태에서 실증 분석한 결과는 전자정부가 정부부패 감소에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 전자정부의 영역과 범위가 포괄적이라는 측면에서 이 논문은 전자정부를 통신 인프라, 온라인 서비스, 온라인 참여 3개의 하위요인으로 분류하여 각 하위 요인이 부패에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 3개의 전자정부 하위 요인은 개념적으로 전자정부 인프라 기반, 정부의 투명성, 책임성, 국민에 대한 권한 위임과 연계되며, 실증분석 결과 3개 하위요인이 부패감소에 긍정적인 효과를 가져다주는 것으로 나타났다. 분석결과를 토대로 이 논문은 각 국가가 전자정부 도입에 적극적이라는 점에서 반부패 전략으로써 전자정부가 다른 반부패 전략에 비해 현실적합성이 높다는 점을 강조하고 있다. This article aims to examine the effect of e-Government on corruption. Although e-Government in public administration has been studied in the context of efficiency enhancement, recent research has shed light on the causality between e-Government and corruption. However, the majority of previous studies have focused on one-country or anecdote-based analysis of which the results are not generalizable. Analyzing country-level data, this article attempts to provide a basis for a broader generalization regarding the impact of e-Government on corruption. Through controlling traditional causes of corruption such as the level of economic development, the size of government, and the degree of government regulation, the results of the empirical analysis of this article show that e-Government has a positive influence on corruption reduction. Considering that the notion of e-Government is broad in terms of areas and ranges, this article breaks down e-Government into the three components of telecommunication infrastructure, online participation, and online services. These three components are connected conceptually with ICT infrastructure, and transparency, accountability and empowerment driven by e-Government. Empirical results confirm that these three e-Government dimensions have a statistically significant influence on corruption. Findings suggest that e-Government can be regarded as a pragmatic anti-corruption strategy in the sense that most governments are eager to adopt e-Government systems.

전자정부의 진화와 시민참여 : e-거버넌스 관점에서

윤성이 ( Seong Yi Yun ) 慶熙大學校 社會科學硏究院 2007 社會科學硏究 Vol.33 No.3

지금까지 각국이 전자정부를 통해 추구해온 비전과 목표는 대부분이 행정업무의 효율성과 공공서비스 개선을 강조하고 있는 반면 전자정부의 중요한 한축인 민주적 가치실현을 위한 노력은 제대로 이루어지지 않고 있다. 사적 분야, 즉 시장과 기업의 정보화는 효율성 제고와 경쟁력 강화를 최우선의 목표로 할 수 있다. 그러나 효율적이고 경쟁력 있는 정부가 반드시 투명하고, 책임 있는 그리고 민주적인 정부를 의미하지는 않는다. 전자정부 구현이 행정의 효율성과 경쟁력 강화에 한정되지 않고 민주적 가치실현과 나아가 새로운 거버넌스(governance) 구현이라는 전자민주주의 범위까지 확대되어야 한다. 현재 한국의 전자정부 추진현황을 살펴보았을 때 아직까지는 행정업무의 효율성이라는 좁은 의미의 전자정부 개념에 치중하고 있으며, 민주적 가치의 실현을 포함하는 넓은 의미의 전자정부 즉, e-거버넌스의 단계에는 이르지 못하고 있다. 향후 전자정부 개념은 정보통신기술을 이용한 새로운 거버넌스, 즉 e-거버넌스 구현까지 포함하는 범위로 확장되어야 할 것이다. 전자정부(e-government)는 정부의 업무처리 방식과 관련된 부분에 사용될 수 있는 개념이며, e-거버넌스는 정보통신기술을 매개로 하는 공공서비스 전달 및 정부와 시민들 간의 상호작용의 일련의 과정을 의미한다. 즉 시민들이 단순히 공공서비스의 소비자가 아니라 공동 생산자로서 정책과정에 적극 참여할 수 있어야 한다는 점을 중요시 한다. 이를 위해서는 정부와 시민, 기업, 그리고 시민단체 사이의 파트너십 형성, 정부업무처리 과정의 분권화, 정치과정의 공개와 투명화 등이 요구된다. E-government means a democratic government which provides the best level of public service efficiently through ICTs. Most of e-government projects have been focused on improving government service deliveries. Efficiency and best service delivery have been a main theme of e-government visions and objectives, without full consideration of achieving democratic values. Efficiency and competitiveness can be a main goal of digitalization in private sector. However an efficient and competitive government does not always mean a transparent, accountable and democratic government. The goal of e-government should be extended to the level of realizing e-governance, not being limited to achieve administrative efficiency and competitive power. Although South Korean governments have steadily carried out various e-government projects, e-government has not reached to the stage of e-governance. If the purpose of e-government is to combine administrative services with informatization in order to improve efficiency and competitiveness, the main purpose of e-governance is to widen the measures for citizens to participate in the policy making process and its execution. For e-governance citizens should be engaged in policy making process as active participants, instead of being remained as clients of government services.

英國의 電子政府政策과 法制

金鍾鐵 법무부 2003 선진상사법률연구 Vol.- No.18

영국의 전자정부정책은 정보사회(information society)의 대두와 영국 헌정의 현대화(constitutional modernisation)라는 두 가지 배경하에 추진되고 있다. 전자정부는 시민과경제주체들의 정부서비스에의 접근과 활용을 원활하게 하기 위하여 정보통신기술을 활용하는 것을 의미하는데 정부서비스에의 정보통신기술의 적용은 정보사회로의 변화요구를 정부영역으로 수렴하는 것인 동시에 정부기능의 효율성을 제고하여 정부현대화를 촉진할 수 있기 때문이다. 이 글은 이 같은 배경을 가진 영국 전자정부정책의 추진현황과 이를 법적으로 뒷받침하는 제도의 변화에 대하여 소개하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 2000년 발표된 다국적 민간컨설팅 Deloitte Consulting의 공공영역연구보고서 "전자정부의 여명: 소비자로서의 시민"(At the Dawn of e-Government: The Citizen as customer)에 정리된 전자정부 진화 6단계 중 다기능 포털의 단계(multi-purpose portals)의 초입부에 있는 영국의 전자정부정책과 법제는 다음과 같은 세 가지 특성을 가지는 것으로 정리될 수 있겠다. 첫째, 전자정부정책은 여전히 17세기적 헌정구조를 기초하고 있는 지배체제를 현대화하려는 계획의 일부를 구성하고 있다. 둘째, 영국의 독특한 법체계적 특성에 따라 전자정부법제를 새로이 구축하는 방식이 아니라 기존의 법제에서 전자정부의 기반구축을 위하여 필요한 최소한의 부분을 보완하는 방식으로 마련하고 있다. 특히 전자정부와 전자상거래의 전제가 되는 전자서명을 비롯한 전자통신(electronic communications)의 법적 효력을 개별적 법영역들에서 추가적으로 인정하는 방식을 취하는 한편 전자정부구축의 전제가 되는 정보공개와 개인정보보호도 특별한 개별입법이나 조치없이 일반법원칙에 따라 처리하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 셋째, 전자정부화는 지구촌화(globalization)라는 시대적 조류에 따라 탈국가적 무한경쟁이 일상화된 상황에서 전자상거래의 획기적 발전을 제도적으로 뒷받침하는 기능을 수행하고 있다. 넷째, 전자정부정책의 지속적 발전을 도모하면서도 그에 따른 변화가 요구하는 정부의 민주적 책임성의 강화나 국민의 기본권침해의 예방을 위해 통일적인 법제의 정비가 요청된다. E-government policy in the UK can be best understood in two backgrounds: the one is the advent of information society in general and the other is constitutional modernisation movement in the UK. These backgrounds come across at the crossroad of e-government. The advent of information age requires the transformation of delivery of government services, which in turn offers an opportunity for restructuring the out-of-date British governmental system. In this essay, providing a chronological sketch of Blair Government's e-government policy and its accompanying legislation, the author points out four features of the UK e-government policy and legislation. First, e-government policy is part and parcel of modernising government project, a primary agendum of Blair's reform drive. Second, there is no new primary legislation planned for e-government but a number of statutory instruments authorized by the Electronic Communications Act 2000 enacted to recognize legal effect of electronic communications play important role in facilitating not only e-government but also e-commerce. The Freedom of Information Act 2000 and the Data Protection Act 1998 provides indirect legal basis for e-government too. Third, e-government goes hand in hand with e-commerce as the latter is regarded as the basis for the advance of the former and vice versa. Fourth, since e-government policy may change not only the relationship between government and citizen but also the way that government itself is structured and organised, there is a need for a comprehensive primary legal framework to ensure government's accountability as well as protect citizen's human rights in information age.

A Study on the Measurement of e-Government Application Index

Sangki Jin(진상기),Dongeun Gam(감동은),Sang-Baek Chris Kang(강상백) 한국지역정보화학회 2016 한국지역정보화학회지 Vol.19 No.2

현재의 전자정부 활용의 측정방법의 대부분은 전자정부 사용자보다는 서비스 제공자의 관점에서 추진되어 왔다. 전자정부의 최근 패러다임은 전자정부 사용자 관점에 부합할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 요구하고 있다. 정책 마케팅의 관점에서, 전자정부 서비스는 정책 제품(서비스)로 분류될 수 있으며, 전자정부 사용자의 만족도는 제품 (서비스)의 재사용을 위한 핵심요인이 될 수 있다. 이러한 정책 마케팅 접근 방법에 기초하여, 본 연구는 전자정부 활용지수의 측정방법에 대한 새로운 평가방법을 제안하였다. 즉, 고객만족지수 및 정보시스템 (IS) 성공요인 모델의 문헌을 고찰하여, 이를 기초로 체계적 전자정부 서비스 활용의 요소를 도출하였는데, 이는 전자정부 활용평가 → 만족 → 인식 → 사용의 순환구조가 될 것으로 분석된다. 이러한 사용 및 평가방법에 기초하여, 본 연구에서 제안하는 새로운 전자정부 애플리케이션 평가모델은 전자정부 서비스의 실제 활용을 식별하기 위한 가중선형모델인데, 각 요소의 가중치는 학계, 연구 기관, 정부에서 전자정부 서비스 관련 23명 전문가의 파일럿 전문가 설문 조사를 실행한 결과로 제시되었다. Many of current e-government application measurement methods are based on the prior e-government model which was more focused on the perspective of e-government service suppliers rather than that of e-government users. The recent paradigm of e-government has been changing more toward user basis from supplier perspective, which calls for a new methodology that can be aligned with e-government user perspective. As a policy-marketing perspective, e-government service can be defined as a policy product(service) and that the satisfaction level of e-government users can be the core assets for reusing the product(service). Based on these policy-marketing approaches, the current study suggested a new application evaluation methodology for an e-government application index and measurement methodology. Furthermore, the current study has done an extensive literature review of customer satisfaction indexes and Information System (IS) success factor models as well. Based on these premises, the current study systematically extracts the factors for e-government service application as follows: With the influence of exogenous factors, e-government application usage mechanism is found to be the cycles of Awareness→Usage→Satisfaction→Evaluation. Based on this usage and evaluation mechanism, a new e-government application evaluation model is suggested by a weighted linear model for identifying actual application usage level of e-government services. Furthermore, the current study executed a pilot expert survey of 23 experts of e-government services from academia, research institutes, government officials, etc. to capture weights of each elements. The current study recommends a new e-government application index by “(Awareness *W1)+(Usage*W2)+(Satisfaction*W3)/3.” The limitations of the current study and avenues of future research along with implications for practitioners in this domain are suggested, wherein.

우리나라 전자정부서비스 이용 실태 추세 분석

권혁성,김준한 한국정보화진흥원 2016 정보화정책 Vol.23 No.3

The Korean government has done annual fact-finding surveys on the use of e-government since 2007, but put little effort to analyse and draw implications. We analyzed the trend of the use of e-government in Korea using the survey results of 2012~2015. While the awareness and the user uptake of e-government in Korea have increased steadily, the relative portion and frequency of the use stagnates and falls back. Korean citizens still utilize in-person channel more than e-government channels, and the speed of the transfer from the former to the latter is not fast enough. While more than 95% of the Korean people intend to use the e-government as the main channel in the future, their actual rate of use was 43.2%. We suggest following measures to overcome the troubling situation and increase the uptake of e-government services in Korea through: the expansion of mobile e-government services, strengthening of seamless services, elevation of the level of customization, increasing frequency of using the current e-government services, and raise of the awareness level and the improvement of Korean E-Government Portal. 우리나라의 전자정부서비스 이용 실태조사는 2007년부터 시작되었으며, 2012년부터는 통계청 승인통계로 인정받아 매년 엄격한 방법론에 따라 실시되고 있으나, 조사결과에 대한 심층 분석과 함의 도출은 아직 미진한 상태이다. 이논문에서 2012년부터 2015년까지의 이용 실태조사 결과에 나타난 추세를 분석한 결과, 우리나라 전자정부서비스의 인지도와 이용률이 증가하여 저변 확대에는 성공하였으나, 이용 비중이나 빈도는 정체 또는 후퇴하고 있음을 발견하였다. 국민들은 아직도 직접방문에 크게 의존하고 있으며, 이를 전자정부 채널로 바꾸는 속도도 느린 편이다. 또한 전자정부서비스 이용에 대해 긍정적인 의향을 갖고 있었으나, 실제 이용은 부진하였다. 이용 활성화 방안으로 모바일 전자정부서비스의 확대, 연계서비스의 확대, 맞춤형서비스의 확대, 기존 전자정부서비스의 이용률 제고, 전자정부서비스에 대한 인지도 제고 및 대한민국정부포털 개선 등을 제시하였다.

E-government Skills Identification and Development: Toward a Staged-Based User-Centric Approach for Developing Countries

khan gohar feroz,이철,노재정,문정훈 한국경영정보학회 2010 Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems Vol.20 No.1

One of the prominent challenges of e-government identified in developing countries is low level of ICT literacy and skills of e-government users. For those countries at the nascent stage of e-government development, it is crucial to identify and provide e-skills needed from the demand side. However, prior research has mostly focused on the supply side of e-skills, ignoring the consumption side of e-skills. In addition, no user centric approach for e-skills identification and development for e-service consumption, with respect to the stages of e-government development, have been proposed and validated. The purpose of this article is thus to: 1) Identify skills required for e-services utilization by all participants-citizens, public, and private sector employees-involved in G2C, G2B, and G2E e-government relationships respectively; assuming they are consumers of e-government and to 2) Propose and validate an user-centric approach for e-skills identification and development based on stages of e-government utilizing the Delphi method. As a result of the study, a comprehensive list of e-skills (N = 81) was generated. We found that e-skills required for e-service consumption are not merely technical; they include a wide variety of related skills that can be applied to enhancing e-skills. Therefore, the findings can serve as a standard curriculum for training and educating both citizens and government employees in developing countries. Moreover, the findings of this research may also facilitate international organizations in indentifying and measuring citizens’ readiness for e-government in terms of e-skills.

전자정부 성숙도 모델의 재검토: 모델의 의의와 한계, 실증분석을 통한 제언

성욱준 한국지능정보사회진흥원 2023 정보화정책 Vol.30 No.3

This study aims to analyze the usage behavior of e-government service users based on the e-government maturity model and provide suggestions for advancement of the e-government services. The changes in Korea's e-government services were analyzed as follows; 1) Proportion of use of e-government services in Korean public services, 2) E-government service types/stages use, 3) Service use by platform 4) User response to e-government service 5) Users’ requests for future e-government service usage methods. For the analysis, this study used data from Korea's 2012-2020 e-government usage behavior survey data. As a result of the analysis, first, the proportion of e-government service has been continuously increasing, and second, the use of the e-participation stage is relatively low compared to the presenting information, interaction, and transaction stages. Third, by platform, e-government service has been expanded to various access platforms such as mobile, kiosk, and SNS centering on the web. Fourth, users' satisfaction with e-government service is very high. However, to vitalize e-government services, users requested improvements such as providing one-stop integrated services and simplifying authentication procedures. Based on the analysis results, this study 1) reflects the user's point of view in the maturity model of e-government, 2) considers access to various platforms according to the development of digital technology, 3) improves the e-government maturity model through data-based analysis such as user usage behavior suggested the need.