Effect of different tooth preparation designs on the marginal and internal fit discrepancies of cobalt-chromium crowns produced by computer-aided designing and selective laser melting processes

Na Yu,Hong-Wei Dai,Fa-Bing Tan,Jin-Lin Song,Chao-Yi Ma,Xue-Lu Tong 대한치과보철학회 2021 The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics Vol.13 No.5

PURPOSE. To evaluate the impact of five different tooth preparation designs on the marginal and internal fit discrepancies of cobalt-chromium (CoCr) crowns produced by computer-aided designing (CAD) and selective laser melting (SLM) processes. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Five preparation data were constructed, after which design crowns were obtained. Actual crowns were fabricated using an SLM process. After the data of actual crowns were obtained with structural light scanning, intaglio surfaces of the design crown and actual crown were virtually superimposed on the preparation. The fit-discrepancies were displayed with colors, while the root means square was calculated and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s test or Kruskal-Wallis test (α = .05). RESULTS. The marginal or internal color-coded images in the five design groups were not identical. The shoulder-lip and sharp line angle groups in the CAD or SLM process had larger marginal or internal fit discrepancies compared to other groups (P < .05). In the CAD process, the mean marginal and internal fit discrepancies were 10.0 to 24.2 μm and 29.6 to 31.4 μm, respectively. After the CAD and SLM processes, the mean marginal and internal fit discrepancies were 18.4 to 40.9 μm and 39.1 to 47.1 μm, respectively. The SLM process itself resulted in a positive increase of the marginal (6.0 - 16.7 μm) and internal (9.0 - 15.7 μm) fit discrepancies. CONCLUSION. The CAD and SLM processes affected the fit of CoCr crowns and varied based on the preparation designs. Typically, the shoulder-lip and sharp line angle designs had a more significant effect on crown fit. However, the differences between the design groups were relatively small, especially when compared to fit discrepancies observed clinically.

향상가능성과 자기불일치가부정정서에 미치는 영향

김지은,박준호 한국청소년학회 2018 청소년학연구 Vol.25 No.11

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effect of Probability of Improvement on emotion whether the level of Actual-Ideal Self Discrepancies is low or high. This research has experimentally verified how Known to be associated with negative emotions Probability of Improvement and Self Discrepancies interact and affect effect emotion. This research was a completely randomized design of 2(Probability of Improvement: high/low) x (Self Discrepancies: high/low) and 82 college students participated. This study was manipulated through two tasks. After choosing the desired score in the first task, the level of self discrepancy was manipulated by informing the actual score higher or lower. Next, After conducting the second task, the Probability of Improvement was manipulated by notifying the possibility of improving the next performance score. Finally, we measured the scale of emotion. As a result of this research, the hypothesis was supported since the duality interation of Probability of Improvement and Self Discrepancies. This result implies that the Probability of Improvement alone affects negative emotions when feeling higher Self Discrepancies that affects unfair emotions. 본 연구는 자신이 중요하게 생각하는 영역에서의 이상-실제 자기불일치(이하 자기불일치) 수준에 따라, 향상가능성이 부정정서에 어떤 영향을 미치게 되는지 알아보는 데 목적이 있다. 따라서 자기불일치가 기존에 부정정서와 관련되어 있다고 알려진 향상가능성과 상호작용하여 부정정서에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하기 위해 두 변인의 관계를 실험적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 2(향상가능성: 고/저) x 2(자기불일치: 고/저)의 완전무선설계였으며, 대학생 82명이 참가하였고 2가지의 과제를 통해 조작하였다. 첫 번째 애플리케이션과제를 시행에 앞서 희망하는 목표점수를 설정 한 후 과제를 시행하게 된다. 과제시행이 끝나면 결과가 공개되고 그 결과에 따라 자기불일치를 경험하게 된다. 그리고 두 번째 애플리케이션 과제는 총 3회의 검사를 하게 된 후 회별로 점수를 분석해서 점수가 향상되고 있는지를 알려주어 향상가능성 수준을 조작하였다. 마지막으로 부정정서에 대한 설문지를 측정하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 보면, 향상가능성과 자기불일치의 이원상호작용이 유의하여 가설이 지지되었다. 이 결과는 향상가능성 만으로는 부정정서에 영향을 주기보다는 높은 자기불일치를 느낄 때 부정정서에 영향을 주게 된다는 것을 시사한다.

유아-청소년 자녀의 연령에 따른 어머니의 행복: 어린 시절과 현재의 행복감, 행복 조건 및행복 괴리감을 중심으로

정계숙 ( Kai Sook Chung ) 한국아동교육학회 2014 아동교육 Vol.23 No.3

본 연구는 유아-청소년 자녀를 둔 어머니의 현재 행복감, 행복 조건 및 행복 괴리감은 자녀의 연령에 따라 차이가 있는지, 또한 어린 시절의 행복감과 현재의 행복감, 행복 조건 및 행복 괴리감과의 관련성은 자녀의 연령에 따라 어떠한지를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 2개 대도시와 2개 중소도시에 거주하는 223명의 유아, 473명의 아동 및 265명의 청소년 자녀를 둔 어머니들로, 어머니의 행복감 척도, 행복 조건에 대한 인식 척도 및 어린 시절의 행복감 척도에 응답하였다. MANOVA, MANCOVA, 적률상관계수 및 Scheffe 사후분석으로 자료를 분석한 결과, 자녀의 연령대에 따라 현재의 행복감, 행복의 조건 및 행복 괴리감에서 유의한 차이가 있었으나, 어머니의 어린 시절 행복감은 차이가 없었다. 어머니가 어린 시절 경험한 행복감은 현재의 행복감 및 행복 조건과 낮으나 정적 관계가 있으며 행복 괴리감과는 전반적으로 낮으나 부적 상관이 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 자녀의 연령 및 어머니의 이전 행복 경험을 고려한 어머니의 행복감과 행복 역량 증진 부모교육 프로그램에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다. The purposes of this study were to understand the differences of mothers’ perceptions of past and present happiness, the conditions of happiness, the discrepancies between expectations of happiness and present happiness, and the relationships between past happiness with present happiness, the conditions of happiness and happiness discrepancies according to their children‘s age. The participants were 961 mothers of 223 young children, 473 school-aged children, and 265 adolescents. The mothers completed 3 scales of happiness. The data were analyzed with MANOVA, MANCOVA, and Scheffe post-hoc test. The results showed that there were differences in mothers’ perceptions of past and present happiness, the conditions of happiness and happiness discrepancies according to children’s age. Mothers’ perception of past happiness was related positively with present happiness and negatively with happiness discrepancies. The implications of parent education program for enhancing mothers’ happiness in the long-term perspective were discussed.

양안 공통어의 표준 독음 차이

신우선 ( Woo Sun Shin ) 한국중국언어학회 2016 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.63

The standard language of Chinese is referred to as putonghua 普通話 ‘common speech’ in mainland China, guoyu 國語 ‘national language’ in Taiwan. The phonology of these two standard languages is based on the phonology of the Beijing dialect. Although these two are mutually intelligible, there still exists discrepancies in phonology, lexicon, syntax, and so forth. In order to examine the different standard reading pronunciations of characters, this paper compares “Putonghua yiduci shenyin biao” 普通話異讀詞審音表 (1985) of mainland China and “Guoyu yi zi duoyin shending biao” 國語一字多音審訂表 (1999) of Taiwan. It is confirmed that over 200 standard reading pronunciations show discrepancies. This paper also tries to explain the causes of different standard reading pronunciations. The results of study indicate that putonghua tends to employ “irregular” pronunciations caused by exceptional development such as analogical reading based on the graphs, popular pronunciations, etc., while guoyu shows a tendency to follow “regular” pronunciations based on the categorization of traditional rhyme books. Moreover, there are cases that the two norms adopt different reading pronunciations from a) distinct chronological layers, or b)different pronunciations of polyphonic characters. In addition, guoyu tends to keep multiple pronunciations where they make semantic distinction, whereas putonghua adhere to the “one character, one sound” rule. In cases that the discrepancy was caused by different chronological layers or popular pronunciations, contrary to the former, guoyu tends to admit one pronunciation, while putonghua allows multiple pronunciations.

청소년의 실제-이상 자기불일치가 우울에 미치는 영향: 자의식과 자기침묵의 매객 효과

강석 ( Suk Kang ),이지연 ( Jee Yon Lee ) 경북대학교 중등교육연구소 2013 중등교육연구 Vol.61 No.4

본 연구에서는 청소년의 실제-이상 자기불일치, 우울, 자의식, 자기침묵 간의 상호 관련성을 살펴보고, 이러한 변인들이 청소년기 우울에 어떠한 영향을 주는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 경기·인천 소재 고등학생 508명을 대상으로 하였으며, 실제-이상 자기불일치, 우울, 자의식, 자기침묵에 대하여 설문 조사하였다. 분석 결과 실제-이상 자기불일치와 자의식, 자기침묵은 유의한 낮은 정도의 정적 상관을 보였으며, 자의식, 자기침묵과 우울과의 상관관계는 유의하게 낮은 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 실제-이상 자기불일치와 자의식, 자기침묵은 우울 간 관계에서 자의식의 하위 요인인 사회불안, 자기침묵의 하위 요인인 외적인 자기자각이 청소년의 우울을 가장 높게 예언하였다. Baron과 Kenny 검증 결과 자의식과 자기침묵은 청소년의 실제-이상 자기 불일치와 우울과의 관계를 부분매개하였다. 본 연구는 청소년의 실제-이상 자기불일치와 우울과의 관계에 있을 수 있는 심리적 기제를 탐색하고 자의식과 자기침묵이 매개 변인으로 작용함을 보여 줌으로써 청소년 우울에 대한 교육 및 상담적 개입에서 자기일치가 중요함을 시사하였다. This purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating effeet of self-consciousness and self-silencing between adolescence`s actual-ideal self discrepancies and depression. 508 high school students in the Metropolitan area were surveyed and data from them analyzed. First, the result indicated that actual-ideal self discrepancies showed a significant, low positive correlation in relation with self-consciousness and self-silencing. and self-consciousness, self-silencing showed a significant low positive correlation in relation with depression. The result of Baron & Kenny test showed partial mediating self-consciousness and self-silencing between adolescence`s actual-ideal self and depression. The results of this study had significance in the exploring the psychological mechanism of adolescence`s depression which is caused by adolescence`s actual-ideal self and suggesed that self-consistence treatment might be useful therapeutic intervention for the depression caused by actual-ideal self discrepancies.

대학생의 지각된 신체상 불일치에 따른 신체불만족과 사회적 체형불안

정용민(Chung, Yong-Min),정상훈(Jeong, Sang-Hoon) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate the differences between body dissatisfaction and social physique anxiety according to the perceived body image discrepancies among male and female from college. To achieve this purpose of study, 558 valid samples were used for analysis. The results are as follows. First, a comparison of perceived body image discrepancy in female had shown to be higher than male. Second, in the body dissatisfaction according to the sex and discrepancy between current perceived and ideal body image, females were found to be significantly higher than males and the obesity than thin or standard weight showed the higher body dissatisfaction in discrepancy between current perceived and ideal body image. Third, in the difference of social physique anxiety according to the sex and discrepancy between current perceived and ideal body image, females were found to be significantly higher than males. The orders from standard, thin, and obesity had higher social physique anxiety in perceived discrepancy.

다양한 디지털 스캔 방법에 따른 지르코니아관의 변연 및 내면 간극 비교

김유리 대한치과재료학회 2019 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.46 No.3

In this study, marginal and internal discrepancies of zirconia crowns fabricated with the CAD/CAM (computer aided design – computer aided manufacturing) system were compared. Digital impressions were obtained using model scan (MS), impressionscan (IS), oral scan (OS) and dental CT scan (CT). The left mandibular first molar resin tooth was prepared as occlusal 2mm, axial 1 mm reduction with convergence angle of 6 degree and shoulder margin. After fifteen scan procedures per group,each fifteen zirconia crowns were fabricated. The marginal and internal discrepancies of the crowns were measured using asilicone replica technique with a light body silicone impression material. The replica specimens were sectioned buccolinguallyand mesiodistally and then examined using a microscope ×160 magnification. The data were statistically analyzed with one-wayANOVA and post-hoc was Duncan’s multiple test (α=0.05). Mean marginal discrepancies of zirconia crowns were significantlylower in OS group and MS group than in IS group and CT group. Mean cervical discrepancies were a statistically significantdifference (p<0.05) in the OS group compared to the other groups (p<0.05). The CT group and the MS group did not showany significant difference (p>0.05). The IS group showed the lowest axial discrepancies and the MS group showed the greateststatistically significant difference (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the OS group and the CT group (p>0.05). The occlusal discrepancies were the lowest in OS group and the largest in CT group, indicating a significant difference (p<0.05). The MS group showed no statistically significant difference from the OS group and the IS group. The marginal discrepanciesand cervical discrepancies of the zirconia crowns were lowest in the OS group and the axial discrepancies were lowest inthe IS group. All groups except the CT group were within the clinically acceptable range. 본 연구는 CAD/CAM 시스템의 디지털 영상 획득 과정에서 다양한 방법을 통해 제작한 지르코니아관의 변연과내면의 간극 크기를 비교 분석하고자 하였다. 좌측 하악 제1대구치 레진 모형에 지대치를 형성하고, 모형 스캔(MS군),인상체 스캔(IS군), 구내 스캔(OS군)과 치과용 CT 스캔(CT군)을 이용하여 각 군당 각각 15번의 영상을 획득한 후,각각 15개의 지르코니아관을 제작하였다. 변연과 내면 간극 크기(치경부, 축면, 교합면)를 측정하기 위해 실리콘 레플리카술식을 이용하였다. 지르코니아관 내부를 저점도의 실리콘 인상재(Examixfine injection type, GC America Inc., USA)로채우고 지대치에 위치시킨 후, 만능재료시험기(Instron 3345; Instron, Canton, MA, USA)를 이용하여 50 N의 힘으로5분간 유지시키고 지르코니아관을 분리하였다. 디지털 현미경(JTZ-7XT, Samwon, Korea)을 이용하여 16개 지점에서실리콘 두께를 수직으로 측정하고, one-way ANOVA와 Duncan's multiple range test (α=0.05)로 분석하였다. 실험결과, 변연 간극은 OS군과 MS군이 낮은 간격을 보여 IS군, CT군과 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 치경부 간격의평균값을 비교한 결과, OS군이 가장 낮게 나타나 다른 군과 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.05), CT군과 MS군은서로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 축면부 간격의 평균값을 비교한 결과, IS군이 가장 낮게 나타났고, MS군이가장 크게 나타나 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). OS군 과 CT군은 서로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 교합면 간격의 평균값을 비교한 결과, OS군이 가장 낮게 나타났고, CT군이 가장 크게 나타나 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). MS군은 OS군, IS군과 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로 지르코니아관의 변연 간극과치경부와 교합면 간극은 OS군이 가장 작았으며, 축면 간극은 IS군이 작았다. 치과용 CT 스캔군을 제외한 모든 군에서임상적으로 허용할 만한 범위 내에 있었다.

직업목표불일치 척도 타당화

문승태,박화춘 한국진로교육학회 2018 진로교육연구 Vol.31 No.4

The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity and the reliability of the Korean translation of the Career Goal Discrepancy Scale(KCGDS). Career goal discrepancy is the perceived gap between a person’s career goal set for one’s future self or situation and the current progress being made toward the goal. A total of 341 Korean high school and college students between 17 years old and 26 years old provided usable data. The construct of the KCGDS was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. To examine discriminant validity of the KCGDS, the correlation between participants’ career goal discrepancies and life satisfaction was examined. Also, correlations of career goal discrepancies for gender and school levels were examined. Internal consistency of the KCGDS was tested employing Cronbach’s alpha. The result of the study revealed that the KCGDS is a one-factor model, which is the same factor structure as the original CGDS. The one factor explained 62.75% of the common variance. The model fit indices suggested that the KCGDS was a good model fit to the data collected: χ²(54, n=171)=354.376, p<.001, TLI=.901, CFI=.912, SRMR=.042. The coefficient alpha was .952. Finally, the current status of career goal discrepancies of Korean young adults was examined for gender and school levels. The result suggested that male students experienced more discrepancies than female students and that high school students experienced more discrepancies than those in colleges. Based on the findings of the study, implications and suggestions for further studies are discussed. 대부분의 사람들은 직업 목표를 설정하고 자신이 원하는 직업을 성취하기 위해서 계획하고 실천하지만 실제 원하는 직업을 성취하는 것이 어려워 직업목표와 성취와의 불일치를 경험한다. 그러나 우리나라에는 이러한 직업목표와 현재 자신의 상태와의 차이를 측정할 수 있는 도구가 없다. 본 연구는 호주에서 개발된 직업목표불일치측정(The Career Goal Discrepancy Scale; Creed & Hood, 2015) 도구를 국내에서 활용할 수 있도록 번역하여 도구의 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 국내의 고등학교와 대학교에 재학 중인 만 17세 이상부터 26세 이하의 314명의 학생이 제공한 표본자료를 활용하여 직업목표불일치측정 도구(KCGDS)의 한국어판을 타당화 하였다. 도구의 타당도를 검증을 위하여 탐색적 및 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과 1차원으로 구성된 척도모델을 추출하였고 이는 호주에서 개발된 척도와 같은 결과였다. 추출된 모델에 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, χ² (54, n=171)=354.376, p<.001, TLI=.901, CFI=.912, SRMR=.042로 나타나 우수한 적합도를 나타냈다. 도구의 변별타당도를 위하여 연구대상자의 직업목표불일치 정도를 삶의 만족도와의 상관관계, 연령 및 성별과의 상관관계를 검증하였다. Cronbach’s α를 적용하여 산출한 내적 신뢰도는 α=.952로 나타났다. 마지막으로 고등학생과 대학생의 직업목표불일치의 현황을 성별과 학교수준별로 살펴본 결과 남학생이 여학생보다, 고등학생이 대학생보다 직업목표불일치를 더 많이 경험하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 시사점과 제한점 그리고 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다.

대학생의 자기불일치와 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략이 사회불안에 미치는 영향: 사회적 지지의 조절된 매개효과

김근태 ( Kim Geuntae ),박은민 ( Park Eunmin ) 한국청소년학회 2024 청소년학연구 Vol.31 No.4

본 연구는 전국 대학생 445명을 대상으로 자기불일치와 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략이 사회불안에 미치는 영향에서 사회적 지지의 조절된 매개효과를 살펴보았다. 사회불안, 자기불일치, 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략 간에는 정적상관이 있었으며, 사회적 지지와는 부적상관이 있었다. 자기불일치가 사회불안에 미치는 영향에서 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략의 부분매개효과가 유의하였다. 이는 자기불일치는 사회불안에 직접적으로 영향을 미쳤고, 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략을 통해서도 사회불안에 영향을 미치는 것을 의미한다. 자기불일치가 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략을 매개하여 사회불안에 미치는 영향에서 사회적 지지의 조절된 매개효과가 유의했다. 이는 사회적 지지 수준이 높은 집단은 낮은 집단과 비교했을 때 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략이 사회불안에 미치는 영향이 작다는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구 결과 대학생의 사회 불안에 대한 개입으로 자기불일치, 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략 그리고 사회적 지지의 중요성을 확인하였으며, 자기불일치, 부적응적 인지적 정서조절전략을 줄이고 사회적 지지를 높이는 방향으로 개입이 이루어져야 할 것이다. This study examined the moderated mediating effect of social support in the effects of self-discrepancies and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies on social anxiety in college students. There was a positive correlation between social anxiety, self-discrepancies, and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and there was a negative correlation with social support. The partial mediating effect of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies was significant in the effect of self-discrepancies on social anxiety. This means that self-discrepancies directly affected social anxiety and also affected social anxiety through maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The moderated mediating effect of social support was significant in the effect of self-discrepancies on social anxiety through maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. This means that the group with a high level of social support has a smaller impact on social anxiety than the group with a low level. As a result of this study, the importance of self-inconsistency, maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and social support as interventions in social anxiety of college students was confirmed, and interventions to reduce self-discrepancies and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and increase social support should be made.

신용장거래에 있어서 개설의뢰인의 서류심사 및 통지의무

박규영(Kyu-Young Park) 한국통상정보학회 2006 통상정보연구 Vol.8 No.4

This study is related with the judgements of our country’s supremcourt against the transaction of Letter of Credit which is beneficiary’s fraudulent trade deal. In this case I think to analyse the judgements and to present the basic grounds on which the judgements were established. In Letter of Credit transaction, there are the major parties, such as, beneficiary, issuing bank, or confirming bank and the other parties such as applicant, negotiating bank, advising bank and paying bank. Therefore, in this cases, the beneficiary, the French Weapons’ Supplier who did not shipped the commodities, created the false Bill of Lading, let his dealing bank make payment against the documents presented by him and received the proceeds from the negotiating bank or collecting bank, thereafter was bankrupted and escaped. For the first time, even though the issuing bank conceived that the presented documents were inconsistent with the terms of L/C. it did not received the payment approval from the applicant against all the discrepancies, made the negotiating bank pay the proceeds to exporter and thereafter, delivered the documents to the applicant long after the time of the issuing bank’s examination of documents. The applicant who received the documents from the issuing bank, instantly did not examine the documents and inform to the issuing bank whether he accepted the documents or not. Long time after, applicant tried to clear the goods through custom when he knew the bill of ladings were false and founded out the documents had the other discrepancies which he did not approved. As the results, the applicant, Korea Army Transportation Command claimed, that the issuing bank must refund his paid amount because issuing bank examined the documents unreasonably according to u.c.p 500 Act 13th, 14th. In spite of the applicant’s claim, the issuing bank argued that it paid the proceeds of L/C reasonably after receiving the applicant’s approval of an discrepancy of document, the delayed shipment, but for concerning the other discrepancies, the trivial ones, the applicant did not examined the document and noticed the discrepancies in reasonable time. Therefore the applicant sued the issuing bank for refunding it’s paid proceeds of L/C. Originally, this cases were risen between Korea Exchange Bank and Korea Army Transportation Command. As result of analysing the case, the contents of the case case have had same procedure actually, but the lower courts, the district and high courts all judged the issuing bank was reasonable and did not make an error. As analysing these supreme court’s judgements, the problem is that whether there are the applicant’s liability of examining the documents and informing its discrepancies to the issuing bank or not, and if the applicant broke such a liabilities, it lost the right of claiming the repayment from issuing bank. Finally to say, such applicant’s liabilities only must be existed in case the documents arrived to the issuing bank was delivered to the applicant within the time of the documents examination according to u.c.p 500 Act 14, d. i. But if any the documents were delivered to applicant after time of the documents examination, the applicant had not such liabilities because eventhough after those time the applicant would have informed to the issuing bank the discrepancies of documents, the issuing bank couldn’t receive repayment of its paid proceeds of document from the negotiating bank. In the result after time of issuing bank’s examination of documents, it is considered that there’s no actual benefit to ask the applicant practice it’s liability. Therefore finally to say. I concluded that the Suprem Court’s judgement was much more reasonable. In the following, the judgements of the supreme court would be analysed more concretely, the basic reasons of the results be explained and the way of protecting such L/C transaction would b