매크로블록의 특성을 이용한 적응적인 라그랑지안 계수의 선정 방법

최경석(Kyung-Seok Choi),강현수(Hyun-Soo Kang) 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.9 No.4

비디오 부호화에서의 라그랑지안 계수의 선정은 Rate-Distortion Optimization의 성능을 결정하는 중 요한 요소이다. H.264의 참조소프트웨어인 JM에서는 모든 매크로블록에 하나의 RDO모델을 사용한다. 그러나 각각의 매크로블록의 특성은 다르기 때문에 그에 맞는 RDO모델을 적용함으로써 성능향상을 기대할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 매크로블록의 특성에 따라서 적응적인 RDO 알고리즘을 제안한다. 우리는 실험적으로 각 매크로블록의 특성에 따른 최적의 라그랑지안 계수를 얻었다. 성능평가를 위하여 제안한 알고리즘은 참조 소프트웨어 JM10.2에 적용되었고, 실험결과 약 0.2 ㏈정도의 화질 향상을 얻을 수 있었다. Selection of the Lagrangian multiplier is a key factor to determine the performance of Rate-Distortion Optimization (RDO) in video coding. JM, reference S/W of H.264, employs only one RDO model for all macroblock. However, since the characteristics of macroblocks are different, RDO model adaptive to their characteristics can give some performance improvement. In this paper, we propose an RDO algorithm adaptive to characteristics of macroblocks. We empirically obtain the optimal Lagrangian multipliers considering characteristics of macroblocks. For performance evaluation, the proposed method is applied to JM10.2 and, as a result, we have PSNR gain of 0.2 ㏈ on average.

양자화 오차의 확률 분포를 이용한 율-왜곡 최적화

김윤호(Yoon-Ho Kim),박기홍(Ki-Hong Park),이주신(Ju-shin Lee) 한국정보기술학회 2010 Proceedings of KIIT Conference Vol.2010 No.-

본 논문에서는 H.264에서 기존의 율-왜곡 예측 방식과 양자화 오차의 확률 분포 기반의 율-왜곡 예측 방식 간의 율-왜곡 최적화(RDO:Rate-Distortion Optimization) 모드 결정 방식에 대한 계산량 감소 비율과 전체 부호화 계산량을 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 제안하는 율-왜곡 예측이 성능 저하가 거의 없으며, 17%의 RDO 계산량 감소의 성능 이득을 얻었다.

The Eighth Karmapa Mi bskyod rdo rje (1507-1554) on the Relation between Buddha Nature and its Adventitious Stains

Klaus-Dieter Mathes 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 2017 불교학 리뷰 Vol.22 No.-

고전 이후의 티벳의 여래장 논쟁 가운데, 제 8대 까르마빠(Karmapa) 미꾀 도르제의 견해가 가장 돋보이는데, 이것은 그가 ‘유정의 마음의 흐름은, 붓다들이 갖춘 속성의 미세한 씨앗의 의미에서 조차, 여래장을포함하지 않는다’고 단호하게 부인한 것으로부터 기인한다. 한 개인의 심신의 집합체는 단지 객진 번뇌들로만 구성되어 있다. 모든 것에 편재하지만 존재론적으로 별개인 붓다가 이러한 객진번뇌들에 의해 덮혀 있는 것이다. 결과적으로 ‘속’(俗)과 ‘성’(聖)은 각각 ‘모든 것의 기반이 의식’(kun gzhi rnam shes)와 ‘모든 것의 기반이 되는 지혜’(kun gzhi ye shes)라는 서로 다른 기반을 두고 있으며, 이두 범주는 조낭빠 논사들이 전형적으로 사용하는 것이다. <<입중관론>>주석의 서문에서 미꾀도르제는 또한 ‘생각들이 법신으로서 나타난다’는 마하무드라 가르 침에 대한 일반적인 해석을 비판하여 그 둘이 본질적으로 하나라는 가능성을 배제하였다. 나는 이 논문에서 여래장에 대한 미꾀도르제의 견해를 이해하는 것을 촉진하고자 노력할 것이고, 이는 그가 객진번뇌와의 관계에서 여래장을 어떻게 묘사했는가를 괴로짜와 쇤누뺄(Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal, 1392-1481)과 될뽀빠 세랍걜챈(Dol po pa Shes rab rgyal mtshan, 1292-1361)과 비교를 통해 행할 것이다. 이를 위해서 미꾀도르제의 저작들인 <<입중관론>>과 <<현관장엄론>>주석서들(서문), <<꾸쑴오뙤남쌔>>, <<챡가첸뾔되붐>> , 그리고 타공(他空)에 관한 독립적인 저작인 <<우마섄똥마외쐴렉빠르체외된메>>에 중점적으로 다룰 것이다. 괴로짜와 쇤누뺄의 깔라짜끄라 주석서인 <<귀쑴쌍와>>에 대한 미꾀도르제의 리뷰에 특별한 관심을 가질 것인데, 이것에 기반하여 미꾀도르제는 붓다와 다른 개별적 마음의 본성이라는 의미에서 여래장을 부정하기 때문이다. Among the positions within the post-classical Tibetan tathāgatagarbha debates, the Eighth Karmapa Mi bskyod rdo rje’s pointedly stands out by reason of his categorical denial that the mind-stream of sentient beings contains a buddha nature, not even one in the sense of subtle seeds of buddha qualities. The entire repertoire of one’s psycho-physical aggregates consists of nothing but adventitious stains. What is covered up by them is an all-pervading but ontologically separate buddha. Consequently the ‘profane’ and ‘sacred’ also have different foundations, the ‘all-ground consciousness’ (kun gzhi rnam shes) and ‘all-ground wisdom’ (kun gzhi ye shes), two categories that are typical of the Jonangpas. In the introduction to his Madhyamakāvatāra, Mi bskyod rdo rje also criticizes the popular interpretation of the Mahāmudrā teaching that thoughts appear as the dharmakāya and excludes the possibility that the two are one in essence. In the present paper I will seek to further our understanding of Mi bskyod rdo rje’s position on buddha nature by looking at how he describes it in relation to adventitious stains in comparison to ‘Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal (1392-1481) and Dol po pa Shes rab rgyal mtshan (1292-1361). The main focus will be his commentaries on the Madhyamakāvatāra (introduction), the Abhisamayālaṃkāra (introduction), the sKu gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad, the Phyag rgya chen po’i sgros ‘bum and Mi bskyod rdo rje’s independent work on gzhan stong, the dBu ma gzhan stong smra ba’i srol legs par phye ba’i sgron me. Of particular interest will be also Mi bskyod rdo rje’s review of ’Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal’s Kālacakra commentary rGyud gsum gsang ba, on the basis of which Mi bskyod rdo rje’s denial of a buddha nature in the sense of an individual nature of mind that differs from a Buddha is most forcefully made.

Proposal of an Appropriate Decalcification Method of Bone Marrow Biopsy Specimens in the Era of Expanding Genetic Molecular Study

최성은,윤선옥,홍순원 대한병리학회 2015 Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine Vol.49 No.3

Background: The conventional method for decalcification of bone specimens uses hydrochloric acid (HCl) and is notorious for damaging cellular RNA, DNA, and proteins, thus complicating molecular and immunohistochemical analyses. A method that can effectively decalcify while preserving genetic material is necessary. Methods: Pairs of bilateral bone marrow biopsies sampled from 53 patients were decalcified according to protocols of two comparison groups: EDTA versus HCl and RDO GOLD (RDO) versus HCl. Pairs of right and left bone marrow biopsy samples harvested from 28 cases were allocated into the EDTA versus HCl comparison group, and 25 cases to the RDO versus HCl comparison group. The decalcification protocols were compared with regards to histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis. For molecular analysis, we randomly selected 5 cases from the EDTA versus HCl and RDO versus HCl groups. Results: The decalcification time for appropriate histomorphologic analysis was the longest in the EDTA method and the shortest in the RDO method. EDTA was superior to RDO or HCl in DNA yield and integrity, assessed via DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and silver in situ hybridization using DNA probes. The EDTA method maintained intact nuclear protein staining on immunohistochemistry, while the HCl method produced poor quality images. Staining after the RDO method had equivocal results. RNA in situ hybridization using kappa and lambda RNA probes measured RNA integrity; the EDTA and RDO method had the best quality, followed by HCl. Conclusions: The EDTA protocol would be the best in preserving genetic material. RDO may be an acceptable alternative when rapid decalcification is necessary.

The Eighth Karmapa Mi bskyod rdo rje (1507-1554) on the Relation between Buddha Nature and its Adventitious Stains

클라우즈 디터 마테즈 금강대학교 불교문화연구소 2017 불교학 리뷰 Vol.22 No.-

Among the positions within the post-classical Tibetan tathāgatagarbha debates, the Eighth Karmapa Mi bskyod rdo rje’s pointedly stands out by reason of his categorical denial that the mind-stream of sentient beings contains a buddha nature, not even one in the sense of subtle seeds of buddha qualities. The entire repertoire of one’s psycho-physical aggregates consists of nothing but adventitious stains. What is covered up by them is an all-pervading but ontologically separate buddha. Consequently the ‘profane’ and ‘sacred’ also have different foundations, the ‘all-ground consciousness’ (kun gzhi rnam shes) and ‘all-ground wisdom’ (kun gzhi ye shes), two categories that are typical of the Jonangpas. In the introduction to his Madhyamakāvatāra, Mi bskyod rdo rje also criticizes the popular interpretation of the Mahāmudrā teaching that thoughts appear as the dharmakāya and excludes the possibility that the two are one in essence. In the present paper I will seek to further our understanding of Mi bskyod rdo rje’s position on buddha nature by looking at how he describes it in relation to adventitious stains in comparison to ‘Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal (1392-1481) and Dol po pa Shes rab rgyal mtshan (1292-1361). The main focus will be his commentaries on the Madhyamakāvatāra (introduction), the Abhisamayālaṃkāra (introduction), the sKu gsum ngo sprod rnam bshad, the Phyag rgya chen po’i sgros ‘bum and Mi bskyod rdo rje’s independent work on gzhan stong, the dBu ma gzhan stong smra ba’i srol legs par phye ba’i sgron me. Of particular interest will be also Mi bskyod rdo rje’s review of ’Gos Lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal’s Kālacakra commentary rGyud gsum gsang ba, on the basis of which Mi bskyod rdo rje’s denial of a buddha nature in the sense of an individual nature of mind that differs from a Buddha is most forcefully made.

H.264/AVC 부호화기에 대한 효과적인 모드 결정 알고리즘

문정미,김재호,문용호,Moon Jeong-Mee,Kim Jae-Ho,Moon Yong-Ho 한국통신학회 2006 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.31 No.3C

본 논문에서는 H.264/AVC의 부호화기에서 RDO 모드 결정을 위한 효율적인 방식을 제안한다. DCT 계수와 RDO 모드 결정 과정의 특징에 기반하여 모든 DCT 계수들이 양자화 후에 '0'이 되는 오차 블록 (AZCB)을 검출하는 새로운 조건이 유도된다. 제안 알고리즘에서는 AZCB에 대한 (I)DCT, (역)양자화, 엔트로피 부호화 과정의 생략이 이루어진다. 이것은 RDO 모드 결정 과정에 요구되는 계산량을 감소시킨다. 모의 실험 결과는 기존 방식에 비하여 약 40% 이상의 계산량 감소가 제안 알고리즘에서 이루어짐을 보여준다. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm for the RDO mode decision in H.264/AVC encoder. Based on the properties of DCT coefficients and the RDO mode decision processing, we derive a new condition for detecting an error block having all-zero DCT coefficient (AZCB). (I)DCT, (I)Q, and entropy coding are skipped for AZCBs in the proposed algorithm. It makes the reduction of the computational complexity for the RDO mode decision. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm achieves computational saving over 40% compared to the conventional method.

Uncertainty-based MDO for aircraft conceptual design

Park, Hyeong-Uk,Lee, Jae-Woo,Chung, Joon,Behdinan, Kamran Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2015 Aircraft engineering and aerospace technology Vol.87 No.4

<P><B>Purpose</B></P> <P> – The purpose of this paper is to study the consideration of uncertainty from analysis modules for aircraft conceptual design by implementing uncertainty-based design optimization methods. Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO), Possibility-Based Design Optimization (PBDO) and Robust Design Optimization (RDO) methods were developed to handle uncertainties of design optimization. The RBDO method is found suitable for uncertain parameters when sufficient information is available. On the other hand, the PBDO method is proposed when uncertain parameters have insufficient information. The RDO method can apply to both cases. The RBDO, PBDO and RDO methods were considered with the Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) method to generate conservative design results when low fidelity analysis tools are used. </P> <P><B>Design/methodology/approach</B></P> <P> – Methods combining MDO with RBDO, PBDO and RDO were developed and have been applied to a numerical analysis and an aircraft conceptual design. This research evaluates and compares the characteristics of each method in both cases. </P> <P><B>Findings</B></P> <P> – The RBDO result can be improved when the amount of data concerning uncertain parameters is increased. Conversely, increasing information regarding uncertain parameters does not improve the PBDO result. The PBDO provides a conservative result when less information about uncertain parameters is available. </P> <P><B>Research limitations/implications</B></P> <P> – The formulation of RDO is more complex than other methods. If the uncertainty information is increased in aircraft conceptual design case, the accuracy of RBDO will be enhanced. </P> <P><B>Practical implications</B></P> <P> – This research increases the probability of a feasible design when it considers the uncertainty. This result gives more practical optimization results on a conceptual design level for fabrication. </P> <P><B>Originality/value</B></P> <P> – It is RBDO, PBDO and RDO methods combined with MDO that satisfy the target probability when the uncertainties of low fidelity analysis models are considered.</P>

H.264에서 고속의 모드 결정을 위한 율-왜곡 예측 방식

문정미(Jeong-mee Moon),김재호(Jae-ho Kim) 한국통신학회 2008 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.33 No.1C

본 논문에서는 H.264 부호화기에서 고속의 율-왜곡 최적화된 모드 결정을 위한 효과적인 율-왜곡 예측 방식을 제안한다. 비트율과 왜곡치가 최소가 되는 율-왜곡 최적화된 모드를 결정하기 위해서는 각 매크로 블록 모드를 부호화하고 복호화 하여 비트율과 왜곡치를 계산해야 한다. 이 과정에서 요구되는 계산량을 줄이고자 DCT 영역에서 비트율과 왜곡치를 효과적으로 예측하는 방식을 제안한다. 모의실험 결과는 제안 방식을 이용하여 모드 결정을 하였을 때 율-왜곡 성능은 거의 유지되면서 H.264의 율-왜곡 최적화된 모드 결정 계산량의 약 81%를 감소시키고 전체 부호화 계산량의 약 26%를 감소시킴을 보여준다. In this paper, a new rate-distortion estimation method is proposed for fast rate-distortion optimized(RDO) mode decision in H.264 encoder. A bit-rate and distortion should be calculated by encoding and reconstruction of each macroblock mode in order to select the optimal RDO mode. To reduce the computations for getting them, a bit-rate and distortion is efficiently estimated in DCT domain. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves computational saving about 81% of RDO mode decision and saves about 26% of total encoding time without noticeable degradation in coding performance.

Fast intra prediction method by adaptive number of candidate modes for RDO in HEVC

Chung, Byungjin,Yim, Changhoon Elsevier 2018 Information processing letters Vol.131 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The intra prediction of high efficiency video coding (HEVC) selects the candidate modes through rough mode decision (RMD) among 35 modes for intra coding. The fixed number of candidate modes after the RMD might be inefficient, because the rate-distortion optimization (RDO) process using candidate modes still takes about 35% of total encoding time.</P> <P>In this letter, we propose an efficient method to reduce the number of candidate modes adaptively by adjusting the threshold for Hadamard cost (HC). The threshold is determined using the weight based on the standard deviation of gray level of pixels in prediction unit. The proposed method performs the RDO process using the reduced number of candidate modes having smaller HC than the threshold. Simulation results show that the proposed method gives about 16% complexity reduction with just 0.08% BD-rate increase compared with the original HEVC test model. The proposed method gives significant improvement of BD-PSNR and BD-rate with similar complexity reduction compared with the previous state-of-the-art method.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We propose an efficient method to reduce the number of candidate modes adaptively. </LI> <LI> The proposed method gives about 16% complexity reduction compared with the HM. </LI> <LI> The proposed method gives significant improvement of BD-PSNR and BD-rate compared with the existing methods. </LI> </UL> </P>

H.264/AVC Scalability Extension의 부호화 효율 향상 기법

강창수(Chang Soo Kang) 大韓電子工學會 2010 電子工學會論文誌 IE (Industry electronics) Vol.47 No.2

본 논문에서는 H.264/AVC SE(Scalability Extension)의 부호화 효율을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 방법은 율-왜곡 최적화 기법(Rate-Distortion Optimization, RDO)이 적용된 JM(Joint Model)의 FME(Fast Motion Estimation)를 대상으로 예측된 움직임 벡터의 방향성을 고려하여 탐색영역을 결정한 후 적용적인 후보 나선형 탐색을 수행한다. 다양한 영상들을 대상으로 실험한 결과 기존의 예측 방식에 최대 80%의 연산량을 줄일 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 따른 화질 열화는 평균 0.05㏈-0.19㏈에 불과하며, 압축률은 평균 0.58%의 미미한 감소를 보임으로써, 제안한 방법이 매우 효율적임을 확인하였다. This paper proposed an efficient algorithm to reduce the amount of calculation for Scalability Extension which takes a great deal of the operational time in H.264/AVC. This algorithm decides a search range according to the direction of predicted motion vector, and then performs an adaptive spiral search for the candidates with JM(Joint Model) FME(Fast Motion Estimation) which employs the rate-distortion optimization(RDO) method. Experimental results by applying the proposed method to various video sequences showed that the process time was decreased up to 80% comparing to the previous prediction methods. The degradation of video Quality was only from 0.05㏈ to 0.19㏈ and the compression ratio decreased as small as 0.58% in average. Therefore, we are sure that the proposed method is an efficient method for the fast inter prediction.