아동권리에 대한 지각성 연구

양심영 한국아동권리학회 2004 아동과 권리 Vol.8 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 아동, 부모, 교사의 아동의 권리에 대한 지각성을 살펴보고 둘째, 아동의 특성에 따른 인권지각성에의 영향력을 고찰하는 것이다. 인권지각성은 상황 인지적 지각, 결과예측의 감성적 지각, 책임 행동적 지각의 세 하위요소로 구성되며 인권과 관련된 갈등상황을 묘사하는 에피소드의 구성을 통하여 권리에 대한 지각의 정도를 측정하였다. 연구대상은 초등학교 4,5,6학년 및 중학교 1,2,3학년의 아동, 아동의 학부모, 학교 및 시설교사이며 4개의 초등학교 및 4개의 중학교, 12개의 시설에서 표집하여 828명이 최종 분석에 사용되었다. 연구결과, 인권지각성은 교사, 부모에 비해 아동이 가장 낮았으며 책임 행동지각성영역에서 특히 유의미하게 나타났다. 에피소드별 세 집단의 비교에서는 아동은 부모나 교사집단에 비해 사생활보호에 대한 인권주제에 더 민감히 지각하는 반면 성차별에 대해서는 상대적으로 낮게 지각하였다. 아동의 특성에 따른 지각성의 결과로서 남자아동보다 여자아동이 시설보호아동보다 일반가정의 아동이, 인권에 대한 사전경험이 없는 경우보다 경험이 있는 아동이 권리에 대한 지각이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<.01). This is a study of children, parent, and teachers' perception on the children's rights through episodes and the influence of children's background characteristics on the human right perception. Human right perception is composed of situational cognitive perception, emotional perception on the predicting results, actional perception of responsibility. The subjects were 828 4th through 9th grade children, parents, teachers. Results indicated that children have lower level of human right perception than that of parents or teachers, especially in the area of actional perception of responsibility. The comparison of three group on episodes showed that children perceived more sensitively in the right of private protection than in the right of gender discrimination. There are significant influence of sex, residence type. previous experience of human right education on the human right perception; girls than boys, family residence children than institute residents, children having human right education than those of no educational experience, are higher level of the perception on the human rights(p<.01).

DMD 폰을 대상으로 한 신제품 인식의 변화에 대한 연구

김주영 ( Ju Young Kim ),고덕임 ( Deok Im Ko ) 한국마케팅과학회 2008 마케팅과학연구 Vol.18 No.3

논문은 컨버천스 제품이 시장에 처음 나타났을 때 소비자들이 어떻게 컨버전스제품들을 인식하고 또 기업에서 소비자들의 인식을 변경하고자 광고를 냈을 때 어떻게 인식이 변경되는지를 연구하Jl자 하였다. 컨버천스 제품으로는 DMB서비스를 대상으로 하였으며, 지상파DMB 서비스가 출시되기 전에 조사를 시행하였다. 연구를 위하여 자료는 대학생을 대상으로 수집하였다. 먼저 DMB와 관련된 멀티미디어 기기들과의 유사성 및 속성평가를 통하여 DMB 에 대한 인식조사를 하였으며, 기본적인 멀티미디어 기기 사용현황을 조사 하였다. 그후에 조사대상을 무작위로 구분하여 소비자 인식을 변화시키기 위하여 만든 2가지 광고물을 따로 보여주고, 역시 DMB와 다른 멀티미디어 기기들과의 유사성 및 속성평가를 다시 하게 하였다. 분석순서는 먼저 광고물을 보여주기 전에 DMB를 어떻게 인지승}는지를, 즉 휴대폰과 비슷하게 생각하는 집단과 TV와 비슷하다고 생각하는 집단으로 구분하고, 판별분석을 통하여 두 집단을 가장 잘 구분하는 변수를 찾아보았다. 결과로, DMB를 알고 있는지의 여부와 휴대폰과 :MP3를 사용하는 빈도수가 가장 유의한 변수로 판명되었다. 소비자집단의 DMB 에 대한 인식의 차이는 조사 시행 전에 위성 DMB의 광고를 알고 있는,사전지식이 있는 사람과 그렇지 못하고 휴대폰과 :MP3를 단순히 많이 사용하는 사람들의 차이인 것으로 나타나서 사전지식이 광고전 인식을 결정하는데 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 요인이었다. 그다음에 인식의 변화를 알아내기 위하여 Proxscal과 Corresphondence 분석을 하였다. 두 분석은 서로 다른 알고리즘을 채택하고 있지만 마케팅에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 분석이다. 결과적으로 패B를 휴대폰과 비슷하다고 느끼게 승}는 광고는 포지셔닝맴에서의 DMB의 위치를 휴대폰과 가깝게 움직이게 해주고, TV와 비슷하다고 느끼게 하는 광고는 DMB의 위치를 TV에 가깝게 움직여주는 것이 확인되었다. 이는 Proxscal과 Corresphondence 분석 모두에서 나타난 결과이다. 추가적으로 광고를 본후에 DMB 서비스에 대한 사용의도가 각 집단별로, 각 광고별로 어떤 차이가 있는지를 분석하여 보았다. 결과적으로 보니 π와 비슷하다고 처음에 생각한 집단에게 π와 유사하게 느끼게 하는 광고를 해주는 것이 가장 서비스 이용희망이 높았고, 두 번째로는 휴대폰과 비슷하다고 처음에 생각한 집단에게 휴대폰과 유사하다는 광고를 해주는 것이 그 다음으로 높았다. 처음생각과 다른 광고를 보여주는 것은 서비스이용희망을 낮게 하였다. 하지만 이런 차이의 통계적인 유의도는 높지 않았다. 본 분석은 일상적으로 마케팅전략에서 언급되던 상황을 실제로 검증하고, 실무자들도 실제로 효과를 명확하게 분석할 수 있는 방법을 제시한 논문이라고 할 수 있다. 하지만 좀더 엄격한 모수 통계적인 검증을 제시하지 못한 한계가 있다. 또한 DMB서비스가 처음 나온 시점이 아니라 위성 DMB는 시범서비스를 하고 광고도 일부 진행되었던 시점이기 때문에 컨버전스 제품의 제품 특징만을 보고 소비자의 인식점을 찾지 못했다는것도 한계점으로 지적할 수 있겠다. 다음 연구에서는 통계적인 분석방법과 보다 다양한 컨버전스제품을 대상으로 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다. Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer`s need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer`s mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer`s interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer`s perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer`s perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer`s perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don`t know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs ``similar-to-Cellular phone`` segment or ``similar-to-TV`` segment? However, we analyze the AD`s effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor`s allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn`t know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don`t know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as `after DMB`` and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can`t provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

Perceptional Change of a New Product, DMB Phone

김주영,고덕임 한국마케팅과학회 2008 마케팅과학연구 Vol.18 No.3

Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with pe... Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception afte...

불안수준과 위험지각이 범죄자극의 주의과정에 미치는 영향: 주의편향을 중심으로

최철원,장문선,곽호완 한국건강심리학회 2018 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.23 No.3

This study administered (a)Change Detection Task, which consists of criminal words and neutral words, and (b)Comparison Blindness Task with three types of pictures(Risk+Risk Change, Risk+Neutral Stimulus, Neutral Stimulus+ Neutral Stimulus Change) to find the effect of anxiety levels and risk perception on attentional bias, compared with a control group, and conducted Comparison Blindness Task by presenting pictures as an alternative of words to supplement limits of Change Detection Task. Also, BAI and DOSPER were conducted among 432 undergraduate students and more than 20% of DOSPER scores was classified as the Risk Perception Group, out of which participants with more than 22 BAI scores were selected as a group with a high level of both anxiety and risk perception. The Anxiety&Risk Perception Group(n=21), Risk Perception Group(n=21), and Control Group(n=21) conducted Change Detection Task. Thereafter, there is not a significant difference between the Anxiety&Risk Perception Group and the Risk Perception Group, while the main effect among three groups is significant. However, the interaction between emotional conditions and words stimuli is significant and responses to criminal words are faster in case of positive emotion. These results indicated that as information increases, decision ability decreases by the effect of emotion, and the Anxiety & Risk Perception Group responded slowly in the condition of negative emotion and did not display any significant difference from the Risk Perception Group. In Experiment 2, attentional bias was tested through three types of pictures in Comparison Blindness Task. However, there was no significant difference in response time between the Anxiety+Risk Perception Group and the Risk Perception Group because of avoidant responses to anxiety. In the aspect of different conditions of picture stimuli types, the results showed response time was fast in Risk+Risk Change, Risk+Neutral Stimulus Change, Neutral+Neutral Stimulus Change in order. Finally, through response time analysis, results demonstrated the group with anxiety tendencies and the Risk Perception Group had attentional bias to risky stimuli and these attentional characteristics distinguished those groups from the control. 본 연구는 불안수준과 위험지각 수준이 주의편향에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위해 범죄단어와 중립단어로 구성된 변화탐지과제와 단어 실험 현출성이 떨어지는 것을 보강하기 위해 세 가지 그림유형(위험물 포함 + 위험물 변화, 위험물 포함 + 중립물 변화, 중립물 포함 + 중립물 변화)을 통해 비교맹시과제 실험을 함께 실시하여 통제집단과의 차이를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 432명을 대상으로 불안척도(Beck Anxiety Inventory: BAI)와 위험지각척도(The Domain Specific Risk Taking Scale: DOSPER)를 실시하여 DOSPER 점수 상위 20% 이상을 위험지각집단으로 분류하였고, 이 중에서 BAI가 22점 이상인 집단을 불안과 위험지각 모두 높은 집단으로 분류하였다. 불안+위험지각 집단(21명), 위험지각 집단(21명), 통제집단(21명)을 대상으로 범죄단어와 중립단어로 구성된 변화탐지 과제를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 집단의 주효과는 유효하였지만 사후검증 결과 불안+위험지각 집단, 위험지각 집단의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 정서조건과 단어자극의 상호작용이 유의하였지만 긍정정서일 때 범죄단어에 더 빠른 반응을 보였다. 이와 같은 결과는 정서의 영향으로 다른 정보들의 양이 증가함에 따라 판단이 감소하였으며 불안+위험지각 집단은 불안의 영향으로 부정적 정서 유발 집단이 긍정정서 보다 느리게 반응하며 위험지각 집단과 차이가 나타나지 않은 결과를 나타냈다. 실험2, 비교맹시과제의 세 가지 그림자극 유형(위험물포함 + 위험물 변화, 위험물 포함 + 중립물 변화, 중립물 포함 + 중립물 변화)을 통해 주의 편향 실험을 실시하였다. 결과, 첫째, 불안+위험지각 집단, 위험지각 집단의 반응시간은 불안에 의한 회피반응으로 차이는 나지 않았다. 둘째, 그림자극유형에서 상이조건에서 위험물 포함 + 위험물 변화, 위험물 포함 + 중립물 변화, 중립물 포함 + 중립물 변화 순으로 빠른 반응의 결과를 도출되었다. 반응시간분석으로 본 연구결과는 전체적으로 불안경향집단과 위험지각 집단이 위협자극에 대해 주의편향을 보이고 있으며 이러한 주의특성으로 통제집단과는 확연히 구별됨을 볼 수 있다.

자동차 주행환경에서 움직이는 자극에 대한 거리지각 특성

이예진,정광태 대한인간공학회 2024 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.43 No.1

Objective: This study was conducted for the purpose of examining gender-specific characteristics and learning effects on distance perception of moving visual stimuli. Background: Distance perception during car driving is a very important process related to driver safety, and its characteristics should be studied from various perspectives. Although humans' ability to perceive distance is known to be very accurate, individual differences are known to exist. Therefore, it is necessary to find out how distance perception characteristics appear according to gender and learning. Method: In this study, we investigated the distance perception characteristics of moving stimuli using CPAD. CPAD is useful as a tool to test the cognitive-perceptual functions required for driving. An experimental stimulus consisting of two vertical lines that narrowed toward the top, several small horizontal lines, and a horizontal arrow bar moving up and down in the middle was used. The experiment was conducted in such a way that the subject pressed the joystick button when the arrow and the horizontal lines on both sides were aligned in a straight line. The subjects were 33 male and female college students (average 22.0, standard deviation 1.23), of which 16 were male (average 22.9, standard deviation 1.01) and 17 were female (average 21.1, standard deviation 0.68). The experiment was repeated three times for each subject. Results: As the result, there was no significant difference in the number of correct distance perceptions and judgment times between men and women. The number of times the distance perception was correctly judged tended to significantly increase as the experiment was repeated. And although learning was significant up to the second experiment repetition, no significant learning occurred after that. Judgment time did not show a significant decrease as the experiment was repeated. Conclusion: In this study, an experiment using CPAD was conducted to identify how distance perception while driving a car differs depending on gender and how learning effects occur in distance perception. Through experimental research, it was found that the distance perception ability between men and women shows similar characteristics. And it was found that learning about the accuracy of distance perception occurred very quickly in the beginning and then stabilized. On the other hand, it was found that there was almost no learning effect on the judgment time of distance perception. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of humans' distance perception of moving objects while driving a car, and is judged to provide significant value. Application: The results of this study provide academic results on human distance perception characteristics and can be used as important research results in future navigation information design and driver safety education or training method design.

노인들의 건강지각이 건강증진행위에 미치는 영향

이소윤 ( Soo Yum Lee ),이은령 ( Eun Ryeong Lee ),여미영 ( Mi Young Yeo ) 한국노인의료복지학회 2010 노인의료복지연구 Vol.2 No.1

This study aimed to analyze the primary factors which have effect on health promoting behavior of elderly and prompt the method to form the right health habit of elderly, so that it can be applied as the basic data for development of health promoting behavior program. The data was analyzed by SPSS 12.0 program, the internal consistency reliability analysis and t-test, ANOVA, and the result of study is as follows. 1) The health promoting behavior of general characteristic by the health perception In the health promoting behavior by sex distinction, the group with high health perception had high health promoting behavior, and in the health promoting behavior by sex distinction and health perception, there was relevance between sex distinction and health perception but there was no interaction effect between sex distinctions. In health promoting behavior by age, the group with high health perception had high health promoting behavior, and in the health promoting behavior by age and health perception, there was no relevance with age but health perception, and there was no interaction effect between the sex distinction and health perception. In the health promoting behavior by level of education and health perception, there was no relevance with level of education but health perception, and here was on interaction effect between the level of education and health perception. In the health promoting behavior by living arrangement and health perception, there was no relevance with living arrangements but health perception, and there were no interaction effects between living arrangements and health perception. In the health promoting behavior by monthly income and health perception, there was no relevance with monthly income but health perception, and there was no interaction effects between monthly income and health perception. In the health promoting behavior by current health status and health relevance with current health status but health perception, and there was no perception, there interaction effects between current health status and health perception. 2) The primary factor affect on health promoting behavior In the results of regression analysis of health promoting behavior adding health perception on general characteristic and life style, these independent variables were expressing 51.4% of the health promoting behavior, so it increased 13.2 % more than 38.2% of descriptivity of general characteristic and life style, and the value of F was 35.189, so there was statistical significance. The characteristics which had significant effect on health promoting behavior were sex distinction(b=-0.175), life style(b=0.352) and health perception standard(b=0.442).

고전 상키야와 요가 학파의 지각론에 대한 연구

도창원(都昶元) 원광대학교 원불교사상연구원 2017 원불교사상과 종교문화 Vol.73 No.-

지각(perception)은 인식론에서 가장 신뢰할 만한 것으로 다른 인식수단들 보다 우월한 위상을 갖는다. 고전 상키야와 요가 학파가 공통적으로 인정하는 세 가지 인식수단 중 첫 번째인 직접지각(pratyakṣa)은 타당한 지식 획득을 위한 출발점이다. 상키야에서 직접지각은 ‘각각의 대상을 확정하는 인식’으로서 붓디(지성)의 기능이 강조된다. 반면 요가에서는 바른 인식수단임에도 불구하고 마음의 작용 중 하나이기 때문에 제어해야 할 대상이다. 이외에도 두 학파는 자파의 입장에 따라 곳곳에서 인식론적 견해차를 드러낸다. 지각에 관여하는 기관들에서부터 지각의 범주에 이르기까지 두 학파는 니야야와 불교 인식논리학자들의 견해를 비판적으로 수용하며 지각론의 체계를 갖춘 것으로 보인다. 특히 고전 요가는 5-6세기에 큰 영향을 끼쳤던 유식 학파를 경쟁상대로 여기며 마음(citta)을 중심으로 한 경험론적 인식론의 체계를 확립하였다. 지각에 관한 각 학파와 논자들의 견해는 다양하다 못해 혼란스럽기도 하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 논자는 순수한 감각-지각으로부터 개념적 확정-지각으로 이어지며, 거기에 수행적 의미가 더해져 초감각적 요기의 지각으로 확장되는 것으로 범주를 설정해보았다. 그러나 지각이 최종적인 목표인 독존(해탈)을 성취하는데 직접적이지 않다는 한계도 지니고 있음 또한 인정한다. 본 연구가 고전 상키야와 요가 학파의 지각론으로 한정되어 있지만 올바른 지각에 대한 이해가 올바른 행동으로 그리고 참된 지식으로 이어지기 때문에 의미있는 시도라고 생각된다. Perception is the most reliable thing in Epistemology and has a superior position to other means of recognition. Direct Perception(pratyakṣa), the origin of three right means of recognition in Classical Sāṃkhya and Yoga schools expands from the pure sense organ-perception(indriya-pratyakṣa) to the pretersensual Yogi’s perception(prāptiba or yogi-pratyakṣa). The present writer attempted to find the Epistemological characteristics of Classical Sāṃkhya and Yoga only through the magnifying glass of perception(pratyakṣa). As a result, it was found that the two schools had different characteristics in many ways. The findings are as follows. First, after classifying the organs(indriya) related to perception in Classical Sāṃkhya in detail, it was found that Classical Sāṃkhya emphasized the role of Buddhi(intelligence), whereas Classical Yoga integrated the internal organs into ‘citta’(mind) and discussed its action and how to control it. Second, Classical Sāṃkhya explained about the occurrence of perception through contact with sense organ and object, traditional methods, whereas Classical Yoga expressed the reflection of citta through comparison of ‘quartz’to ‘magnet and iron.’Third, Classical Sāṃkhya wasn’t clear about self-perception in Vijñānavādin, whereas Classical Yoga refused the self-perception(Svasaṁvedana) clearly, thus aiming at Anākārajñānavāda. Finally, taken the views from the two schools on definition and characteristics of perception together, it can be classified into sense organ-perception, determination-perception and Yogi’s perception. As this study is just an attempt to identify the Epistemology in the two schools, further researches need to conduct a close study by expanding the scope of study into the entire Epistemology in the future. Nevertheless, it is still hoped that the present writer’s attempt can be of help for people to take interest in epistemological views from the two schools.

초등 특별편입 예비교사의 체육에 대한 인식변화

조순묵(Soon Mook Cho) 한국스포츠교육학회 2005 한국스포츠교육학회지 Vol.12 No.1

이 연구는 체육과 교육과정을 이수한 초등 특별편입 예비교사들의 체육교과에 대한 인식의 변화과정 및 내용을 파악하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 ○○대학교 초등 특별편입학과 학생 631명을 대상으로 개방형 질문지를 통한 자료 수집과 귀납적 범주 분석을 통한 내용 분석을 바탕으로 결과를 도출하였다. 분석의 결과 예비교사들의 인식 변화를 `교과인식`, `교사인식`, `수업인식`, `변화 없음` 이라는 4개의 대영역으로 분류하여 범주화 할 수 있었는데, 「교과인식」의 변화 범주는 4가지의 대영역 중 가장 많은 사례를 기록 하였으며 `교과로서의 체육교육 인식, 체육교육의 중요성 인식, 체육교육의 필요성 인식, 체육교육에 대한 불신`이라는 중영역을 토대로 생성되었다. 「수업인식」의 변화 범주는 `교수방법의 중요성 인식, 수업계획의 중요성 인식, 힘들고 어려운 수업, 수업에 대한 자신감, 수업에 대한 기대`라는 중영역의 인식들을 기초로 하여 생성되었으며, 「교사인식」의 변화 범주는 `교사로서의 자신감, 노력이 필요한 교사, 전문성이 필요한 교사`를 기초로 하여 생성되었다. 그리고 나아진 큰 변화가 없었다는 인식에 기초하여 「변화없음」이라는 범주가 생성되었다. 이러한 결과에 근거하여 특별편입 체육교육과정을 이수한 예비교사들의 체육에 대한 인식의 변화는 적극적으로 이루어졌으며, 대부분 긍정적인 방향으로 이루어졌음을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study was investigated what the perception change was about the physical education at the point of ending the teacher education of preservice teachers in elementary special enlist. This study have collected the data through the open-ended questionnaire in the object of 621 students in the department of special enlist in ○○university for this purpose, and produced the result through the inductive contents analysis method. As a result of the analysis, this study have classified the perception change of preservice teachers into `the subject perception`, `the teacher perception`, `the physical education classes perception`, and `no change` of 4 large categories and categorized them. The change category of "the subject perception] has recorded the most cases out of the 4 large categories, and it has been produced on the basis of midium categories of `the perception of physical education as a subject, the perception of importance of physical education, the perception of necessity of physical education, and the disbelief about physical education`. The change category of `the physical education classes perception_, has been produced on the basis of medium categories of `the perception of importance of instruction method, the perception of importance of instruction plan, the hard and difficult instruction, the confidence about instruction, and the expectation about instruction`, and the change category of 1 the teacher perception] has been produced on the basis of `the confidence as a teacher, the teacher wanting efforts, and the teacher wanting the expertise`. And the category of ` no change] has been produced on the basis of the perception that there wasn`t any big change. It is viewed that the perception change about the physical education of preservice teachers having completed the physical education curriculum by elementary special enlist has been made positively on the basis of these results, and that it has been made mostly positive way.

불교인식논리학에서 유사지각과 자증지 해석에 관한 지각 논쟁

성청환 ( Sung Chungwhan ) 인도철학회 2018 印度哲學 Vol.0 No.52

디그나가(Dignaga) 사상의 계승자로 일컬어지는 다르마키르티(Dharma kirti)는 NB에서 지각의 종류는 감각지각(indriyajnana), 의지각(manasa-pratyaksa), 자증지(svasamvedana), 요가행자의 지각(yogiprayaksa)의 4가지를 각각 독립된 직접지각의 종류로 분류한다. 그렇다면 디그나가도 이들 4가지 직접지각을 독립된 종류로 분류하고 있는가? 이 물음에 대해 학자들의 의견은 일치하지 않는다. 현대 학자들의 논쟁은 디그나가는 지각의 종류를 3가지로 분류하고 있다는 주장과 4가지로 분류한다는 견해로 양분된다. 전자는 핫토리(Hattori), 나가토미(Nagatomi), 프랑코(Franco) 등의 학자들이 주장하는 견해이고, 웨이만( Wayman)과 야오(Zhihua Yao)는 후자를 주장한다. 논쟁에서의 핵심은 디그나가의 사상에서 자증지가 독립된 지각의 한 종류로 분류될 수 있는가에 있다. 근거를 두는 게송과 주석서에 따라 다양한 해석의 가능성이 열려있고, 또한 불명료한 부분이 있기 때문에 여러 학자들 사이에서 여전히 논쟁의 중요한 주제 중의 하나이다. 학자들의 주장을 분석하면 불교인식논리학에서 ‘디그나가의 논서는 소위 위대한 주석자라고 하는 논사들의 주석과는 별개로, 디그나가 그 자체로 읽고 해석해야 한다.’는 결론에 이른다. 다르마키르티가 위대한 주석자이며 디그나가의 사상을 계승 발전시켰을지라도 디그나가의 사상은 디그나가 논서 그 자체에 의해서만 이해되어져야만, 디그나가와 다르마키르티 사상의 차별성도 부각될 수 있으며, 이는 다른 논사들의 경우에도 마찬가지이다. Dharmakirti clearly states that there are four types’ perception, namely sense perception, mental perception, self-awareness, and yogic perception. However, there is no agreement whether Dignaga accepts the four type’s perceptions. The purpose of this paper is to exam this discussion and elaborate the limited solution by each scholar. On the argument about the number of perception in Dignaga’s definition scholars opinions are divided into two camps. The first group agrees that Franco’s interpretation and argument is quite reasonable. They advocate Dignaga only approves three kinds of perception. These scholars are Masaaki Hattori, Masatoshi Nagatomi, and Eli Franco. The second one is that like Dharmakirti, Dignaga also consents four types of perception. This debate is suggested by Alex Wayman and Zhihua Yao. Based on Sanskrit text and previous research, Eli Franco argues that Dignaga only accepts three type’s perception in which self-awareness is not an independent perception. He principally insists that apart from the annotations of the so-called great commentators, Dignaga’s thought must be understood the framework of Dignaga’s literature not other commentators’ interpretation. In other words, even though Dharmakirtiis a great commentator and succeeded Dignaga’s thought, Dignaga’s thought can be distinguished only by Dignaga. In contrast, Zhihua Yao strongly states that Dignaga also accepts four types perception and so in his framework self-awareness is an independent. The evidences of his discussion are based on Chines and Tibetan literatures. Yao also reaches the agreement of Franco’s one but reminders the fact that there is no existing Sanskrit literature in Dignaga’s literatures. Before two scholars’ discussion, several scholars involved in this matter. Nevertheless, it is still an important topic of controversy because of the inarticulacy of the possibilities of various interpretations based on the verses and commentaries. Therefore, it would be said that the intellectual explore in epistemological discourse is necessary to be limited and inclined to on a certain bias.

세계관과 위험지각에서 전문가와 일반인의 차이: 문화이론 다시보기

이나경,임혜숙,이영애 한국심리학회 2008 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.27 No.3

The present study examined a culture theory regarding the relations between worldviews and risk perception of lay people (N=350) and experts (N=190) in science and technology. The culture theory suggests that worldviews are associated with concerns about distinct types of risks and that risk perception can be explained by worldviews. We explored this hypothesis because lay people and experts show difference in worldviews and risk perception and because the variance in risk perception are predicted by worldviews. Both group showed qualitative and quantitative differences in correlations between worldviews and risk perception. Most difference emerged from the risks in scientific technology such as nuclear power as shown by experts. While lay people showed positive correlations between egalitarianism and perception of risks, experts showed negative correlations. The hypothesis of the culture theory about relations between worldviews and risk perception was confirmed only for lay people. The variances in risk perception explained by worldviews and also by trust were very different for both groups, specially in technology risks. Worldviews were significant predictors of risk perception for expert, but not for lay people. Contrary to worldviews, trust explained the risk perception for lay people, but not for experts. The results of present study were discussed in the context of culture theory and the characteristics of risk perception of the Korean people. 본 연구는 과학기술 분야의 전문가(N=190)와 일반인(N=350)의 세계관과 위험지각의 관계를 조사하여 위험지각의 문화이론(Douglas와 Wildavsky, 1982)을 검증하였다. 문화이론은 특정 세계관과 특정 위험유형에 대한 지각이 연합되어 있기 때문에 세계관으로 위험지각을 설명할 수 있다고 주장한다. 위험에 대한 전문지식 또는 인지의 차이 때문에 세계관과 위험지각과의 관계 및 세계관의 설명력에서 두 집단이 차이를 보일 것이라는 가설을 검증하였다. 세계관과 위험유형 사이의 관계에서 두 집단은 양적 또는 질적 차이를 보여주었다. 가장 큰 차이는 전문가 집단과 관련이 깊은 과학기술 분야의 위험들에서 나타났다. 일반인은 평등주의와 과학기술 위험사이의 정적상관을 보인 반면에, 전문가의 경우 부적상관이 나타났다. 따라서 세계관과 위험지각 사이의 관계에 대한 문화이론의 가설은 일반인 집단에서만 지지되었다. 또한 위험지각에 대한 세계관 및 신뢰의 설명력에서 두 집단은 큰 차이를 보였다. 원자력 공학기술 위험과 같은 전문가와 관련된 위험지각에서 세계관의 설명력은 전문가 집단의 경우 유의미한 것으로 나타났지만 일반인 집단에서는 그렇지 않았다. 이와 반대로 신뢰의 설명력은 일반인 집단에서는 유의미하였지만 전문가 집단에서는 그렇지 않았다. 문화이론 및 한국인의 위험지각 특성과 관련하여 연구결과들을 논의하였다.