The Korean Security Police s Perception towards NORTH KOREAN Refugees: Gender and Age

Sungtaek Cho,Sunggu Jo,Myeongnam Park J-INSTITUTE 2021 International Journal of Military Affairs Vol.6 No.3

Purpose: This study has examined and validated the differences in the perceptions towards North Korean refu-gees among the police officers of the South Korean security police organization in charge of the North Korean refugees at a point in time where North Korean are entering South Korea due to the recent economic downfall of North Korea, and through which, has explored the security police s perception towards the North Korean refugees. In particular, this study focused on how the perception towards the North Korean refugees differs as per the gen-der and age of the security police officers in connection with the adaptation of the North Korean refugees in South Korea. Method: In this study, to examine and validate how the perception towards the North Korean refugees varies by the gender and age of the police officers in the security police department, a survey was conducted by using the self-administration method targeting 100 trainees of the Police Human Resources Development Institute, which is the police training institution of Korea, among the police officers of the security department experienced in the work related to the North Korean refugees by recruiting Korean police officers in 2020. As for the analytical method, the frequency analysis, t-test, and the one way ANOVA were performed. Results: In Q-1 “North Korean refugees are satisfied with their lives in South Korea” and Q-27 “Understanding vocational training is the most necessary education for North Korean refugees to adapt to the South Korean socie-ty,” and in Q-1(2.5902±.66776) and Q-27(3.3443±.68032), men turned out to be higher than women at the sig-nificance level of 5%. Subsequently, in Q-21 “The reason the North Korean refugees visit South Korean police sta-tions is because they have been defrauded or assaulted by someone,” those in their 20s(3.8571±.37796) turned out to be higher than those in their 40s(3.0333±.66868) at the significance level of 5%. Conclusion: Among the South Korean police officers, men perceived more than women that the North Korean refugees are satisfied with their lives in South Korea, and vocational training is an important education necessary for them to adapt to their lives in South Korea. Furthermore, police officers in their 20s perceived more than those in their 40s that the North Korean refugees have been defrauded or assaulted by someone.

Process of Change in the North Korean Refugees Settlement Support Policy and Its Future Tasks

( Jung Soo Kim ) 이화여자대학교 통일학연구원 2012 Journal of peace and unification Vol.2 No.1

The number of the North Korean refugees arriving in South Korea is likely to increase in the coming years. The main reason behind the rising outflow of the North Korean refugees lies in the North Korean people’s inability to overcome economic, social, and political challenges they face in North Korea. The South Korean government must carry out the following tasks in order to effectively handle the rising number of the North Korean refugees who are settling in South Korea and to help them adjust smoothly to South Korean society. First, the South Korean government must improve the North Korean refugees’ satisfaction with their life in South Korea. Second, South Korean citizens must pay more attention to multicultural families and strive to make all South Korean residents live in harmony with one another. Third, the South Korean government must devote significant resources to improving the North Korean refugees’ economic conditions. In particular, the South Korean government must consider the fact that many of the North Korean refugees are women and that there is a need for customized programs and incentives specially designed for female refugees, including vocational training programs and infant care incentives. Fourth, the South Korean government must create programs that teach the refugees how to take care of their health on their own. The South Korean government needs to promote public awareness and improve South Korean people’s understanding of the fact that the North Korean refugees can be invaluable manpower resources once they successfully resettle in South Korea and become healthy and responsible members of South Korean society. In fact, North Korean refugees will eventually become important unification leaders in the future.

신자유주의 시대 남한영화에 재현된 탈북이주민과 그 문화적 함의

이명자 ( Myung Ja Lee ) 평화문제연구소 2013 統一問題硏究 Vol.25 No.2

이 연구는 탈북 디아스포라영화를 통해 남한에서 탈북이주민이 문화담론으로 생산되는 방식과 그 의미를 보고자 했다. 탈북 디아스포라영화는 탈북이주민을 중심인물로 한영화로 남한의 사회문화의 변동, 남북관계, 남북한 주민이 상대를 인식하는 정도, 분단과 통일에 대한 대중의 감각이 중층적으로 얽혀있는 장이라고 할 수 있다. 신자유주의적 공세가 거세진 2000년대 제작된 탈북 디아스포라영화는 탈북이주민을 괴물이나 부적응자로 재현하고 있으며 탈북의 정신적 의미를 탐색한다. 이들 영화는 탈북자를 우리 사회 내의 소수자로서 담론화하는 경향이 강해지고 있는데, 남북관계가 경색되자 북한을 비우호적 대상으로 인식하는 경향이 높아지고 탈북이주민을 부담스러운 존재로 인식하는 경향이 증가하고 있다. 이는 신자유주의적 공세와 탈북자의 대량입국으로 누적된 남한 대중들의 피로감이 표출된 것이라 할 수 있다. 탈북이주민의 정착과 남한주민과의 관계정립을 위해 소수자와의 연대 그리고 사회전반적으로 이질적 문화를 수용하고 타자와 교섭하는 능력을 확대해야 한다. In this research, an attempt was made to examine how North Korean refugees are packaged into a cultural discourse through a review of diaspora films of North Korean refugees produced in South Korea. A lower-level genre of films on the division of Korea, the diaspora films of North Korean refugees may be regarded as a space in which social and cultural changes in South Korea, the relationship between South Korea and North Korea, the way South Korean and North Korean residents recognize each other, and popular perception on the division and reunification of Korea are all interwoven multi-laterally. The 2000s when North Korean refugees began to enter South Korea en masse was a time when the South Korean society underwent a signifiant change in the direction of new liberalism not only in economic area but also in political and cultural spheres as well, as the new social changes were routinized in everyday life of the South Korean society. Along with this structural change, the South Korean society was confronted with a rapid increase in the number of North Korean refugees as more than 2,000 of them are pouring in every year, heightening the necessity to treat this North Korean refugee issue as a phenomenon that can be likened to an immigration from the North. Judging from the overall flow of diaspora films of North Korean refugees, there is a tendency to recognize them as burdensome personalities especially since the first decade of 21st century, reflecting the increasing fatigue that many South Koreans feel under aggravating offence of new liberalism and a pouring-in of North Korean refugees. In order to help North Korean refugees settle successfully in South Korea and to help establish a desirable relationship with South Korean residents, we need to pay closer attention to the implications of these diaspora films of North Korean refugees as they can promote a solidarity with social minorities, help accommodate heterogeneous cultures throughout the society, and enhance our capability to negotiate with other people in the society.

Process of Change in the North Korean Refugees Settlement Support Policy and Its Future Tasks

Kim, Jung Soo Ewha Institute of Unification Studies 2012 Journal of peace and unification Vol.2 No.1

The number of the North Korean refugees arriving in South Korea is likely to increase in the coming years. The main reason behind the rising outflow of the North Korean refugees lies in the North Korean people’s inability to overcome economic, social, and political challenges they face in North Korea. The South Korean government must carry out the following tasks in order to effectively handle the rising number of the North Korean refugees who are settling in South Korea and to help them adjust smoothly to South Korean society. First, the South Korean government must improve the North Korean refugees’ satisfaction with their life in South Korea. Second, South Korean citizens must pay more attention to multicultural families and strive to make all South Korean residents live in harmony with one another. Third, the South Korean government must devote significant resources to improving the North Korean refugees’ economic conditions. In particular, the South Korean government must consider the fact that many of the North Korean refugees are women and that there is a need for customized programs and incentives specially designed for female refugees, including vocational training programs and infant care incentives. Fourth, the South Korean government must create programs that teach the refugees how to take care of their health on their own. The South Korean government needs to promote public awareness and improve South Korean people’s understanding of the fact that the North Korean refugees can be invaluable manpower resources once they successfully resettle in South Korea and become healthy and responsible members of South Korean society. In fact, North Korean refugees will eventually become important unification leaders in the future.

북한이탈주민의 국제적 보호

이봉구 법무부 통일법무과 2012 統一과 法律 Vol.- No.10

북한이탈주민의 국제적 보호에는 난민의 지위 인정과 강제송환금지가 가장 중요한 문제이다. 난민의 지위 인정과 강제송환금지에 관한 이론만으로는 북한이탈주민에 대한 국제적 보호의 목적을 달성하기가 어려움으로 국제적인 실질적 보호 방안을 강구하여야 한다. 난민은 넓은 의미로는 본국에서 박해를 받기 때문에 외국으로 이탈한 사람들이다. 냉전이 종식된 오늘날에도 인종적, 종교적, 민족적 갈등으로 인하여 난민 문제가 계속 발생하고 있다. 따라서 난민 문제는 세계 평화와 안전을 위협하는 국제 문제가 되고 있다. 1990년대 이후 북한이탈주민들은 북한의 경제난과 식량난 그리고 갖은 인권유린으로 인하여 중국으로 탈출하여 은신하고 있다. 이들의 수는 5만 내지 10만명으로 추산되고 있다. 이들 북한이탈주민들은 중국에서 약간의 돈을 벌어 일부 귀환하기도 하나 북한에서 계속되는 경제난과 처벌의 위험 때문에 중국에 계속 체류하면서 대부분 한국으로 입국하기를 기도하고 있다. 중국에 체류하는 북한이탈주민은 북한은 물론 중국이나 한국으로 부터도 법적 보호를 받지 못하고 있다. 중국은 북한과 체결한 양자 조약에 의해 불법월경자라는 이유로 이들을 체포하여 북한으로 강제 송환하고 있다. 북한이탈주민은 전부는 아니나 상당수가 1951년 난민협약과 1967년 동의정서에 의해 난민의 지위를 인정받아 체류국인 중국이나 제3국에 합법적으로 체류할 수 있다. 북한이탈주민이 난민 자격이 있는가 여부는 인종, 종교, 국적, 특정사회 집단의 구성원신분 또는 정치적 의견을 이유로 박해를 받을 우려가 있다는 충분한 공포로 인하여 국외에 체류하면서 북한의 보호를 받는 것을 원하지 않는 경우에 성립된다. 모든 북한이탈주민이 난민 자격이 있다고는 보지 않으나 대부분 난민 자격이 있다고 본다. 미국 등 서방선진국은 중국을 경유하여 입국한 500명 이상의 북한이탈주민을 국제법상 난민으로 인정하여 받아드렸다. 중국은 1982년에 난민협약과 난민의정서에 가입하였다. 중국은 다른 외국사람에 대해서는 난민의 지위에 관하여 UNHCR과 협의하고 난민의 지위를 인정하고 있다. 그러나 북한이탈주민에 대해서는 전혀 난민의 지위를 인정하지 않고 UNHCR 과 협의도 하지 않고 있다. 중국은 북한과 체결한 양자 조약에 의거하여 이들을 체포하여 강제 송환하고 있다. 이는 국제법 위반이다. 북한이탈주민들은 중국 공안의 체포 및 강제송환이 두려워 외국 공관에의 진입, 즉, 외교적 비호의 방법을 통해 제3국으로, 사실상 대부분 한국으로 입국하고 있다. 중국은 북한이탈주민은 난민협약상 난민이 아니라고 주장하며 공식적으로 국제법, 국내법 및 인도주의 원칙에 따라 북한이탈주민 문제를 처리한다고 주장한다. 북한이탈주민의 국제적 보호는 난민에 관한 이론만으로는 보호를 받을 수 없어 실질적인 다양한 방법이 강구되어야 한다. 따라서 국제적 보호를 위한 실질적 방안으로 국제 사회를 통한 방안과 남북한간 협력 및 중국에 대한 다양한 외교적 노력을 강구하는 것이 절실히 필요하다. 북한이탈주민은 앞으로 남북한 통일에 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. 입국한 북한이탈주민이 한국사회에 적응하는 과정에서는 취업과 교육문제가 가장 중요하다. 이들이 국내 정착에 성공한다면 통일 후에 이루어질 남북한간 조화에 큰 도움이 될 것이다. The two most important aspects for international protection for the North Korean defectors are the recognition of refugee status and the principle of non-refoulement. It is difficult to attain the goal of international protection for the North Korean defectors based only on the recognition of refugee status and the principle of non-refoulement. In a broad sense, refugees are those who defect to a foreign country because they would be persecuted at home. Though the cold war has ended, to this day, refugee problems are continuously arising due to conflicts in race, religion and nationality. Therefore, the problem of refugees poses a threat internationally to world peace and safety. Since the 1990s, North Korean defectors are escaping and hiding in China due to hardships in the economy, lack of food and violation of human rights in North Korea. The number of defectors is estimated to be between 50,000 to 100,000. Some return to North Korea after earning a bit of money in China, but because of the continuous hardships in the economy and the danger of being punished upon return, North Korean defectors stay in China, mostly attempting to enter South Korea. For those defectors staying in China, they obviously do not have any legal protection from North Korea as well as from China and South Korea. Under the bilateral agreements between China and North Korea, China arrests the North Korean defectors for having crossed the border illegally and forcibly repatriates them to North Korea. Some of the North Korean defectors can remain legally in China or in a third nation by obtaining the status as refugees under the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. The eligibility of the North Korean defectors as refugees is decided upon the well-founded fear of being persecuted due to race, religion, nationality and membership of a particular social group or political opinion, resulting in living abroad and not wishing to receive the protection of North Korea. China joined the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees in 1982. China discusses with UNHCR the status of other foreign refugees and recognizes them as refugees. However, China does not regard North Koreans as refugees and does not discuss at all with UNHCR regarding them. China arrests and repatriates the North Korean defectors by force in accordance with the bilateral agreements made with North Korea. This is illegal by the international law. As the North Korean defectors fear of being arrested by the Chinese police and of being forcibly repatriated to North Korea, they enter foreign embassies under the diplomatic asylum to come to South Korea. China insists that North Korean defectors are not refugees in accordance with the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Officially, China insists that they are dealing with the problem of North Korean defectors according to the principles of international law, national law and humanitarianism. Since the international protection for North Korean defectors cannot take place by the theory of refugee status alone, more substantial and various methods have to be considered. First is cooperation by international society. Secondly, economic cooperation and dialogue between South Korea and North Korea and thirdly but most urgently, diverse diplomatic efforts towards China are required. North Korean defectors will place an important role in the reunification of the two Koreas. For the North Koreans who have entered Korea, in the process of adapting to the Korean society, solutions for employment and education would be key issues. The success of their integration to Korean society will play a big role in the harmonization of South and North Korea after the reunification.

탈북자 인권침해 실태와 보호방안 : 국내입국 탈북자를 중심으로

김윤영 치안정책연구소 2010 치안정책연구 Vol.24 No.2

2010년 11월 말 현재 국내입국 탈북자들은 2만여명을 넘어섰다. 탈북자들은 소정의 사회적응 교육을 마친 후 한국사회에 정착하고 있다. 그러나 이들은 사회 정착과정에서 사회주의 생활습관을 비롯하여 북한에 두고 온 가족 걱정과 그리움, 건강 상의 어려움, 취업능력 부족과 직업유지의 어려움, 경제적 어려움, 일상생활 적응의 어려움, 탈북과정에서 겪은 육체적․정신적 피폐에 따른 외상 후 스트레스 장애 등으로 우리사회에 쉽게 동화되지 못하는 과정에서 인권침해를 당하고 있다. 그럼에도 북한의 경제난과 식량난 등 북한체제의 구조적인 문제가 해결되지 않는 한 탈북행렬은 지속성을 가질 수밖에 없다. 이러한 문제의식 하에 이 글은 국내 탈북자 인권실태와 관련된 가능한 최근 자료를 분석한 후, 탈북자들의 국내입국 초기 및 정착과정에서 야기 될 수 있는 인권침해 실태를 검토하고 개선방안을 종합적으로 제언하였다. 이러한 개선방안과 정부차원의 정책도 중요하지만 시민단체나 유관기관들의 적극적인 협조와 함께 국민들이 동참할 때 가능하다. 탈북자들을 우리사회가 어떻게 맞이하느냐에 따라 국가의 미래가 좌우될 수 있다. 탈북자들에 대한 적극적인 보호․지원 대책이 이루어 질 때 사회 안정화는 물론 남북통일의 초석이 될 수 있고, 그렇지 못할 경우에는 국민과 탈북자들과의 갈등이나 남북주민간의 갈등 등에 따른 또 다른 아픔을 겪을 수밖에 없다는 것이다. 오늘도 북한 동포들은 생존을 위해 목숨을 걸고 탈북을 시도하고 있다는 사실을 간과해서는 안 될 것이다. The purpose of this study is to examine the human rights violations and protective plans for North Korean Refugees. The apparatus of North Korea's Communism was failure. North Korean were aware of the failure of the North Korea's Communism system. North Korean Refugees escaping from economic crisis and food shortage seeking refuge in South Korea. It will continue its refuge. Now North Korean Refugees ins a huge issues in South Korea. We analyzed recent data related to North Korean Refugees. North Korean Refugees amount to 20 thousands in October 2010. South Korean Government support a refugee resettlement education. After finished refugee resettlement education North Korean Refugees settled down in South Korea. But life style and the way of thinking can lead North Korean Refugees to maladjustment in South Korea. North Korean Refugees also suffering from anxiety about his family who remains in North Korea, poor health, underemployment, economic difficulty, maladjustment of everyday life and PTSD(Post-traumatic Stress Disorder). These results lead us to the conclusion that not only comprehensive improvement and government policy but also coordination of civic group and participation of nation necessary to successful resettlement of North Korean Refugees. Successful resettlement of North Korean Refugees is the cornerstone of the social stability and unification of South and North Korea. In point that, we shouldn't overlook the North Korean Refugees escape at the risk of their lives. I would like to close by proposing that resettlement of North Korean Refugees will determine the success of failure of the Koreas future.

북한이탈주민의 사회통합을 위한 법정책적 고찰 - 「북한이탈주민의 보호 및 정착지원에 관한 법률」의 내용을 중심으로 -

한명진(Han, Myeongjin) 한국비교공법학회 2020 공법학연구 Vol.21 No.1

1997년에 제정된 「북한이탈주민보호 및 정착지원에 관한 법률」은 대한민국의 보호를 받고자 하는 북한이탈주민이 급증함에 따라 이들에 대한 종합적인 보호 및 정착지원에 관한 제도적인 기반을 확립하여 북한이탈주민이 자유민주주의 체제에 적응할 수 있도록 각종 보호․혜택을 부여하는 등 우리 국민의 일원으로서 정착하여 보람된 삶을 영위할 수 있도록 지원하려는 목적에서 제정되었다. 이러한 「북한이탈주민지원법」은 군사분계선 이북지역에서 벗어나 대한민국의 보호를 받으려는 북한이탈주민이 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화 등 모든 생활 영역에서 신속히 적응․정착하는 데 필요한 보호 및 지원에 관한 사항을 규정하고 있다. 이러한 입법적 노력과 더불어 정부는 2004년 이전에는 북한이탈주민에 대하여 ‘수혜적인’ 보호정착 지원정책을 펼쳐왔지만, 북한이탈주민수의 증가와 더불어 국민 여론이 북한이탈주민에 대하여 자립자활 중심으로 이루어져야 한다는 의견으로 모아짐에 따라 정부는 2004년 이후부터 정착지원제도를 인센티브 중심으로 변경하여 북한이탈주민의 자립․자활을 장려하는 형태로 각종 정책을 시행해 오고 있다. 그러나 이러한 지원제도는 초기 정착지원제도로서의 의미만 가질 뿐이며 북한이탈주민이 한국사회에 잘 통합되고 적응해나갈 수 있는 지원제도로는 보기 어렵다. 북한이탈주민이 실질적으로 한국사회에 잘 정착하고 적응해나갈 수 있는 사회통합관점에서의 지원정책이 요구된다. 북한이탈주민의 분포 특성, 북한이탈주민 입국 인원의 감소세 및 총 이미 정착을 시작한 북한이탈주민이 3만명을 초과하였다는 사실을 통해 현시점에서 안보차원, 보훈차원, 체제선전차원, 사회복지차원, 통일대비의 순서로 진행되어온 북한이탈주민에 대한 우리 정부의 기존의 지원체계수립 방향이 ‘관리’, ‘지원’, ‘보호’라는 기존의 패러다임에서 벗어나 향후 일관성있는 정책설정을 위한 새로운 방향의 정책설정이 필요한 것이다. 이와 관련하여 지방자치단체의 역할강화가 강조되어야 한다. 「북한이탈주민지원법」은 통일부와 북한이탈주민지원재단이라는 두 기관에 대한 북한이탈주민에 대한 책무와 역할을 규정하고 있을 뿐, 지방자치단체의 행정서비스, 전담공무원, 부서설치에 대한 규정은 전무한 상태이다. 또 북한이탈주민에 대한 지원 및 보호에 대해서는 지자체와 민간이 협업하여 북한이탈주민사업을 해야한다는 정책적 논의를 내세우면서도 지자체의 책무에 대한 언급없이 국가의 책무만을 강조하면서, 지역적응센터의 지정에 대해서만 개괄적으로 규정해놓고 있을 뿐이다. 중앙의 관리기구로 기능해야 할 북한이탈주민지원재단과 지역적응센터와의 관계에 대하여도 명확한 규정을 마련해놓고 있지 않아, 센터에 대한 체계적인 관리가 미흡하고 센터의 전문성과 체계성을 제고하지 못하는 문제점이 발생한다고 판단된다. 북한이탈주민의 지역사회로의 정착 및 거주지역으로의 통합 관점에서 지방자치단체의 역할강화가 요구에 대응하기 위해 정책적 결단을 통한 법률개정이 필요하다. 다른 한편으로 북한이탈주민의 사회통합을 위해 가장 중요한 것은 차별없이 북한이탈 주민을 똑같은 국민의 한 사람으로 바라보는 우리 국민의 인식전환이라 하겠다. 북한이탈주민은 특혜를 주어야 하는 특별한 집단이 아니라 우리 사회와 통합되어야 하는 일반 국민의 일원으로 받아들여야 한다. The “NORTH KOREAN REFUGEES PROTECTION AND SETTLEMENT SUPPORT ACT” was enacted in 1997 to establish a systematic basis for comprehensive protection and settlement support for North Korean refugees who wanted to be protected by the Republic of Korea. In addition, the Act was enacted with the aim of helping North Korean Refugees to lead a fruitful life by settling down as members of the South Korean people, including giving various protection and benefits to North Korean Refugees to adapt to a liberal democracy system. This Act stipulates the protection and support necessary for North Korean Refugees to adapt and settle quickly in all areas of life, including politics, economy, society and culture, to escape the area north of the Military Demarcation Line and be protected by the Republic of Korea. In addition to such legislative efforts, the government had implemented a “reward” protective settlement policy for North Korean Refugees before 2004. But, with the increasing number of North Koreans fleeing the country and the publics opinion that North Korean Refugees should be self-reliant, the South Korean government has implemented various policies since 2004 to encourage North Korean Refugees to stand on their own feet and support themselves by changing the settlement support system to an incentive basis. However, the aid system only has the meaning of an initial settlement support system, and it is hard to see it as a support system where North Korean Refugees can be well integrated and adapted to Korean society. A policy of support is called for in terms of social integration in which North Korean refugees can effectively settle and adapt to Korean society. Through the fact that the number of North Korean refugees has decreased and the fact that the number of North Koreans who have already settled in has exceeded 30,000, the South Korean government needs to set policies in a new direction, moving away from the existing paradigm of ‘management’, ‘support’ and ‘protection’ at this point. In this regard, strengthening the role of local governments should be emphasized. The “NORTH KOREAN REFUGEES PROTECTION AND SETTLEMENT SUPPORT ACT” stipulates the responsibility and role of North Korean refugees to the two organizations, the Unification Ministry and the North Korean Foundation for the Support of Refugees, but there are no regulations on local governments administrative services, dedicated government officials and the establishment of departments. In addition, the Act only outlines the designation of regional centers, while stressing the responsibility of the state without mentioning the responsibility of the local governments, while presenting policy discussions on the support and protection of North Korean refugees. As there are no clear regulations on the relationship between the North Korean Residents Support Foundation and the Regional Coordination Center, which should function as a central management body, it is deemed that the problem arises due to insufficient systematic management of the center and failure to enhance the centers expertise and structure. Law revisions are needed to respond to demands by local governments to strengthen their role in terms of the settlement of North Korean refugees into the community and integration into residential areas. On the other hand, the most important thing for the social integration of North Korean refugees is a shift in the South Korean peoples perception of North Korean refugees as one of the same people without discrimination. North Korean refugees should not be accepted as special groups that should be given preferential treatment, but as members of the general public that should be integrated with our society.

탈북난민의 미국 초기 적응에 관한 사례연구

엄태완 한국사회복지질적연구학회 2012 한국사회복지질적연구 Vol.6 No.2

In this study, the cases of North Korean refugees who are living in the United States were analyzed and compared with the life of the first-generation Korean immigrants in the United States. The purpose of this study was to find the way to improve the North Korean refugees’adaptation to life in the United States through aforementioned analysis and comparison process, and to raise policy issues on North Korean refugees in the United States. In this study, case study, a qualitative study, were chosen, and the cases were classified into a phase before contact with the states, a phase with contact with the states, and phase with a settlement in the states. For a phase before contact with the states, motif for defection from North Korea and process of defection were not greatly different between North Korean refugees in the states and South Korea, but at the last stage of selection, the refugees in the states showed a turning point in their awareness and changed the final destinations to the states from South Korea. At a phase with contact with the states, similarities were found in factors such as selection for the child, cultural differences, and language barrier between North Korean refugees in the states and the first-generation Korean immigrants but life as a refugee and support from the Korean American Association were differences between North Korean refugees in the states and the first-generation Korean immigrants. At the phase with a settlement in the states, it was found that indirect assumption could be made about the future North Korean refugees’adaptation to the states based on the types of adaptations of the first-generation Korean immigrants. 본 연구의 목적은 미국에 거주하는 탈북난민의 초기 적응 과정을 탐색하여 이들의 일상적 삶에 관한 실천적, 정책적 이슈를 제기하는 것이었다. 이러한 연구목적의 달성을 위해 질적연구방법의 하나인 사례연구를 선택하였으며, 사례는 미국 접촉이전단계, 미국 접촉단계, 미국 정착단계의 3 단계로 구분하여 분석되었다. 탈북난민은 미국 접촉이전 단계에서 남한 탈북이주민과 또 다른 인식 전환의 과정이 있었다. 미국 접촉단계에서는 자녀를 위한 선택, 문화적 차이, 언어의 장벽 등과 같은 요인에서 한인 이민 1세대와 유사성도 발견되었지만, 난민으로서의 삶과 기존 한인회의 원조 등은 차이점이었다. 다음으로 미국 정착단계에서는 한인 1세대의 기존 적응유형을 통해 향후 탈북난민들의 미국 적응을 간접적으로 추정해 볼 수 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 탈북난민에 대한 국내외의 관심과 이들의 적응을 위한 실제적 실천방안들이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

그렇다면 대한민국은 지난 23년간 ‘북한이탈주민’을 어떻게 보았는가? : ‘북한이탈주민’, ‘탈북민’, ‘새터민’ 관련 언론 보도 빅데이터 분석

박종민(Jongmin Park),주호준(Ho Jun Joo),정영주(Young Ju Jung),김현우(Hyeon Woo Kim) 한국언론학회 2022 한국언론학보 Vol.66 No.1

In this study, about 200,000 linguistic morphemes and sentimental words were investigated for Naver articles including ‘North Korean refugee’, ‘North Korean defector’ and ‘North Korean defector(positively refined)’. The research question examined was in regards to how the linguistic intensity, emotional expression frequency, and positive/negative emotional direction in articles differed across five governments and two opposing factional media since 1998. Additionally, secondary data for the period that could be examined (2011~2014) were analyzed to understand the change in public perception of North Korean refugees. First, in the articles, the terms, ‘North Korean defectors (132,080 articles)’, ‘North Korean refugee (44,281 articles)’, and ’North Korean defector (positively refined) (27,262 articles)’, in this respective order, were used most frequently to refer to North Korean migrants. ‘North Korean defector’ was the most negative, and recently, the expression ‘North Korean refugee’ was a positive and common label used. As for the direction of emotion, positive articles on ‘North Korean defector’ and ‘North Korean defector(positively refined)’ have maintained a higher frequency than that of negative articles. Looking at the emotional language of articles related to North Korean migrants and the temporal relationship of important inter-Korean relations, it was found that the social interest in North Korean defectors in South Korea decreased as interest in North Korea increased, due to large positive and negative inter-Korean issues. This is expressed as a so-called ’frame of conflicting interest between North Korea and North Korean refugees in the media (North Korea ↔ North Korean refugee)’. Whereas, when viewed by the government of the Republic of Korea, the media sentiment frame of the pro-North Korean government was not a ’frame of conflict of interest between North Korea and North Korean refugees (North Korea ↔ North Korean refugee)’, but a ’pro-North Korean sentiment frame that embraces North Korean refugees (North Korea ⊃ North Korean refugee)’. In times of rapid change in inter-Korean relations (Kim Dae-jung, Roh Moo-hyun, Park Geun-hye governments, etc.), there was also observed a sharp fluctuation in the direction of positive and negative emotions. Looking at the differences according to the media’s political orientation, first, the articles related to ‘North Korean refugee’ + ‘North Korean defector’ + ‘North Korean defector (positively refined)’ tended to have a lower verbal intensity than that of the progressive media. Second, the conservatives used ‘North Korean defector’ more than ‘North Korean refugee’ compared to the progressive media, and reports related to ‘North Korean refugee’ dealt with various topics, causing a great wave of expression. Third, the emotional expression of articles related to North Korean refugees was more in the conservative media, and furthermore, the positive emotional direction of the conservative media in all governments except the Moon Jae-in administration was higher than that of the progressive media. Lastly, as a result of the public perception survey on North Korean refugees, being male, older in age, higher in education level, higher in income, and more progressive was associated with reporting higher intentions to accept North Korean refugees. This result was discussed by applying the concept of attribute agenda setting.

Low Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Is Prevalent among North Korean Refugees in South Korea

송영수,최성우 대한가정의학회 2018 Korean Journal of Family Medicine Vol.39 No.3

Background: The number of North Korean refugees entering South Korea is rising. Few studies have investigated the risk of non-communicable disease in North Korean refugees. Moreover, kidney insufficiency, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has not been studied in this population. We compared the prevalence of non-communicable disease and kidney function in North Korean refugees and South Koreans.Methods: Our study was conducted using a case-control design. We enrolled 118 North Korean refugees from the Hana Center and selected 472 randomly sampled South Korean individuals as controls, who were age- and sex-matched with the North Korean refugees in a ratio of 1:4, from the 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database.Results: The prevalence of non-communicable disease did not differ significantly between the groups; however, a low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; <90 mL/min per 1.73 m2) was more prevalent in the North Korean refugees than in the South Korean population (52.1% vs. 29.9%, P<0.001). After adjusting for covariates and weight gain after escape, the prevalence of a low eGFR was associated with the length of residence in South Korea (odds ratio, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–7.89).Conclusion: The prevalence of non-communicable disease did not differ between North Korean refugees and the South Korean population, while a low eGFR was more prevalent in North Korean refugees than in South Koreans. Moreover, after adjusting for other covariates, the prevalence of a low eGFR in North Korean refugees was associated with the length of residence in South Korea.