Alteration of Histone H3 Lysine 4 Trimethylation on Putative Lytic Gene Promoters by Human Set1 Complex during Reactivation of Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus

Jong, Jae Eun,Cha, Seho,Jang, Jun Hyeong,Seo, Taegun S. Karger AG 2013 Intervirology Vol.56 No.2

<P>Abstract</P><P><B><I>Objective:</I></B> Histone H3 lysine 4 is trimethylated by the human Set1 complex, which regulates the activation of gene expression. The aim of this study was to identify whether the levels of histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and the recruitment of human Set1 complex at the promoter regions of lytic genes quantitatively change during reactivation from latent to lytic infection of Kaposi’s sarcoma-association herpesvirus (KSHV). <B><I>Methods:</I></B> During KSHV reactivation, global changes of H3K4 methylation in KSHV-infected cells were analyzed by Western blot. The relative levels of association between proteins and promoter regions were determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and quantitative real-time PCR using specific antibodies and primer sets. <B><I>Results:</I></B> Our results showed that KSHV reactivation does not alter the overall cellular levels of H3K4 methylation. We observed that the switch from latency to lytic cycle leads to upregulation of H3K4me3 at the active lytic genes. We also found that the recruitment of RNA pol II and subunits of human Set1 complex were enriched at the same regions in response to KSHV reactivation. <B><I>Conclusion:</I></B> These results demonstrate that the increase of H3K4me3 by human Set1 complex is involved in activation of lytic genes during the lytic infection of KSHV.</P><P>Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel</P>

국내 발생 말구진의 역학적 평가

양재혁,임윤규,Yang, Jaehyuk,Lim, Yoon-Kyu 대한수의학회 2012 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.52 No.1

This study evaluated the epizootiological characteristics of equine coital exanthema (ECE) in South Korea. A PCR test was used to determine the equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3) release period, excretion by suckling foals, morbidity rate, effect on fertility, and onset of breeding partner after treatment. The morbidity rate of ECE based on clinical symptoms was 8.3% (2/24) for stallions and 10.8% (45/416) for mares, and 29 of 45 (64.4%) animals were positive on the PCR test. Ten (22%) broodmares had symptoms before breeding, while 26 (58%) had symptoms after breeding. Nine (20%) mares had uncertain coverage periods and occurrence times. Suckling foals had no clinical findings and EHV-3 was not detected in their nostrils, although it was detected on teasers. No lesions were observed in the clitoral fossa on broodmares, although EHV-3 was detected by PCR. The period of EHV-3 emission was 22~23, 18~19, 6, and 58 days in stallions, broodmares, teasers, and mares with a mixed E. coli-like infection, respectively. ECE had no negative effects on the breeding capability of stallions and no symptoms were observed in broodmares after recovering from ECE.

말구진 진단법 개발을 위한 바이러스 및 항체 검출 평가

양재혁 ( Jae Hyuk Yang ),임윤규 ( Yoon Kyu Lim ) 한국예방수의학회(구 한국수의공중보건학회) 2011 예방수의학회지 Vol.35 No.3

Equine coital exanthema (ECE) caused by equine herpes virus type 3 (EHV-3) is a sexually transmitted disease which is resulted in the failure of mating, declination of horse productivity and finally economic loss in horse industry. In this thesis, diagnosis studies on ECE have been performed in order to develop a serological diagnosis method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA has been developed to detect antibodies against EHV-3. Whole EHV-3 viruses were purified from cell culture and coated on ELISA plate, which successfully captured by anti-EHV-3 antibody in serum samples. The positive cut-off value of developed ELISA was 0.334 at OD405 using 15 negative control horse sera. The positive rate of 20 sera from ECE positive horses by PCR was 65% and the positive rate of 12 sera from ECE negative horses by PCR was 25%. The positive rate of 72 sera from horses showing clinical signs was 59.7% and the positive rate of 72 sera from horses showing no clinical signs was 13.9%. The correlation of serum positivity between broodmares and their sucklings was analysed using 12 pairs of cases (y=0.5418x-0.0158, R2= 0.4931). The data suggested that specific antibody against EHV-3 from broodmares might be transferred to their sucklings by nursing. When compared with the results of PCR, the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 65%, 81.8% respectively.

수두-대상포진 바이러스에 노출된 소아 환자의 예방 조치

양송이 ( Song I Yang ),임지희 ( Ji Hee Lim ),김은진 ( Eun Jin Kim ),박지영 ( Ji Young Park ),윤기욱 ( Ki Wook Yun ),이환종 ( Hoan Jong Lee ),최은화 ( Eun Hwa Choi ) 대한소아감염학회 2016 Pediatric Infection and Vaccine Vol.23 No.3

목적: 본 연구는 병원 내에서 의도치 않게 수두-대상포진 바이러스(varicella zoster virus [VZV]) 감 염 환자에 노출된 의료진과 소아 입원 환자의 사례를 대상으로 노출 후 예방 조치와 그에 따른 2차 수 두 감염 발생 여부를 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 2010년 1월부터 2015년 12월까지 서울대학교 어린이병원에 입원한 수두 혹은 대상포진 환자 중 초기에 적절한 격리 조치가 이루어지지 않았던 사례와 노출자를 대상으로 하였다. 노출자의 VZV에 대한 면역력과 면역 저하 상태의 유무에 따라 노출 후 예방 조치를 시행하였다. 의무기록을 통하여 사례 환자와 노출자들의 임상 정보 및 2차 감염 발생 여부를 조사하였다. 결과: 2010년부터 2015년까지 147명의 VZV 감염 환자가 입원하였고 이 중 의도치 않게 노출되었던 환자는 13명이었다. 이 중 5명(38.5%)의 사례 환자는 수두 백신 접종력이 확인되었다. 총 86명의 환자 가 다인용 병실에서 사례 환자에 노출되었고, 62.8% (54/86)에서 VZV에 대한 면역력이 있었다. 27명 의 노출 환자에게 노출 후 예방 조치를 시행하였으며, VZIG를 투약받은 환자는 23명이었고 수두 백신을 접종받은 환자는 4명이었다. 2차 수두가 발병한 환자는 4명으로, 예방 조치를 받지 않은 소아 1명과 예 방 조치를 받은 27명 중 3명에서 감염이 확인되었다. 이들은 모두 한 명의 사례 환자에게 노출되었다. 2차 수두 감염률은 4.7% (4/85)이었고, 노출 후 예방 조치를 받은 환자 중 2차 감염률은 11.1% (3/27) 이었다. 면역 기능이 정상인 환자에서 2차 수두 감염률은 1.9%, 면역 저하 환자에서는 9.7%이었다. 결론: 수두의 진단이 지연되면 병원에서 VZV에 노출되는 사례가 발생할 수 있으며 이로 인하여 감수성 이 있는 소아나 면역 저하자에게 수두가 2차적으로 발생할 수 있다. VZV에 대한 면역력 여부를 기반으로 노출 후 예방 조치 여부를 결정하는 국내 기준의 적정성을 재고할 필요가 있다. Purpose: This study described the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and secondary varicella infection in children inadvertently exposed to varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the hospital. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with VZV infection who were initially not properly isolated, as well as children exposed to VZV at the Seoul National University Children`s Hospital between January 2010 and December 2015. The PEP measures were determined by the presence of immunity to VZV and immunocompromising conditions. Patient clinical information was reviewed via medical records. Results: Among 147 children hospitalized between 2010 and 2015, 13 inadvertent exposures were notified due to VZV infection. Five index children had a history of VZV vaccination. Eighty-six children were exposed in multi-occupancy rooms and 62.8% (54/86) were immune to VZV. The PEP measures administered to 27 exposed patients included varicella zoster immunoglobulin and VZV vaccination. Four children developed secondary varicella, which was linked to a single index patient, including one child who did not receive PEP and three of the 27 children who received PEP. The rates of secondary varicella and prophylaxis failure were 4.7% (4/85) and 11.1% (3/27), respectively. The secondary varicella rates were 1.9% (1/54) and 9.7% (3/31) among immunocompetent and immunocompromised children, respectively. Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis of VZV infection can lead to unexpected exposure and place susceptible children and immunocompromised patients at risk for developing varicella. The appropriateness of the current PEP strategy based on VZV immunity may require re-evaluation.

대상포진과 대상포진 수막염의 임상 및 혈청학적 검사에 대한 비교 분석

나찬호 ( Chan Ho Na ),정병훈 ( Byung Hoon Jeong ),김민성 ( Min Sung Kim ),신봉석 ( Bong Seok Shin ),최훈 ( Hoon Choi ) 대한피부과학회 2023 대한피부과학회지 Vol.61 No.10

Background: Herpes zoster is a viral infection caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). VZV can also cause infection of the central nervous system, such as meningitis. There are relatively few studies investigating the clinical features and serological findings differentiating herpes zoster and zoster meningitis. Objective: To compare clinical features and serological findings of zoster meningitis and herpes zoster without meningitis. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 473 patients with herpes zoster or zoster meningitis admitted in our hospital between May 2017 to June 2022. We investigated the patients’ underlying comorbidities, clinical features and laboratory findings including fever, headache, nausea/vomiting, dizziness, meningeal irritation sign, dermatomal distribution, skin inflammation severity, initial pain numeric rating scale (NRS) at the initial visit, serum VZV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) titer, serum VZV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Results: Overall, 410 patients with herpes zoster and 63 patients with zoster meningitis were included. No significant differences in age, serum VZV IgM, VZV PCR and skin inflammation severity were found between groups. Initial pain NRS was higher significantly in zoster meningitis group (herpes zoster group: 4.8±2.1, zoster meningitis group: 5.7±2.2) (p=0.003) and mean VZV IgG was lower in zoster meningitis group (herpes zoster group: 2,506±1,345.8, zoster meningitis group: 1,712±1,796.3 mIU/mL) (p=0.028). Conclusion: No typical symptoms of meningitis are found in case of trigeminal nerve involvement. Moreover, if there is severe initial pain or low levels of serum VZV IgG are detected, further evaluations such as CSF tapping may be necessary to differentiate zoster meningitis from herpes zoster. (Korean J Dermatol 2023;61(10):612∼619)

A Case of Herpes Zoster Granulomatous Dermatitis: Report of Wolf’s Isotopic Response

( Ji Ha Yoon ),( Ye Ji Jang ),( Eun Joo Park ),( Kwang Joong Kim ),( Kwang Ho Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2021 Annals of Dermatology Vol.33 No.2

Wolf’s isotopic response refers to the occurrence of a novel skin disease at the site of a preceding treated or untreated skin disease. Although the most common preceding skin disease was found to be herpes zoster (HZ), HZ-related dermatological phenomena are not well known in the literature. We report a case of HZ granulomatous dermatitis in a 77-year-old female with a previous history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and HZ. She presented with a 3-month history of a pruritic skin lesion on her right thigh. The location of the lesion was consistent with a previous HZ site. Histopathological examination revealed lympho- histiocytic infiltration in the superficial dermis, forming a granulomatous structure. Based on clinical and histopathological findings, we made a diagnosis of granulomatous dermatitis at a previous HZ site. We assumed that the lesion arose from an isotopic response of Wolf. The patient was treated with topical steroids for 3 months and showed clearance of the lesion and symptom. We suggest that treatment should be based on the individual disease, which in our case was topical steroid. (Ann Dermatol 33(2) 186∼189, 2021)

Current scenario and future applicability of antivirals against herpes zoster

Sang Hun Kim 대한통증학회 2023 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.36 No.1

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a common disease in the aging population and immunocompromised individuals, with a lifetime risk of 20%–30% that increases with age. HZ is caused by reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which remains latent in the spinal dorsal root ganglia and cranial sensory ganglia after resolution of the primary VZV infection. The main focus of HZ management is rapid recovery from VZV infection as well as the reduction and prevention of zoster-associated pain (ZAP) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). The use of antivirals against VZV is essential in the treatment of HZ. However, limited antivirals are only licensed clinically for the treatment of HZ, including acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, brivudine, and amenamevir. Fortunately, some new antivirals against different types of Herpesviridae have been investigated and suggested as novel drugs against VZV. Therefore, this review focuses on discussing the difference in efficacy and safety in the currently licensed antivirals for the treatment of HZ, the applicability of future novel antivirals against VZV, and the preventive or therapeutic effects of these antivirals on ZAP or PHN.

Zoster sine herpete: a review

( Junli Zhou ),( Juan Li ),( Lulin Ma ),( Song Cao ) 대한통증학회 2020 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.33 No.3

Zoster sine herpete (ZSH) is one of the atypical clinical manifestations of herpes zoster (HZ), which stems from infection and reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the cranial nerve, spinal nerve, viscera, or autonomic nerve. Patients with ZSH display variable symptoms, such as neuralgia, however, different from HZ, ZSH show no zoster, which makes clinical diagnosis difficult. ZSH not only causes initial symptoms, such as neuropathic pain in the affected nerve, Bell palsy, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome, but also postherpetic neuralgia and fatal complications such as VZV encephalitis and stroke. The misdiagnosis of ZSH and tardy antiviral treatment may lead to severe ZSH sequelae. We review the publications related to ZSH, especially its diagnosis with VZV DNA and/or anti-VZV immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM). More work about ZSH, especially ZSH epidemiological survey and guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment, are needed because most of the present studies are case reports.

Segmental Zoster Paresis with Late-Onset Skin Rash Mimicking a Herniated Cervical Disc: A Case Report

Jeong Seung Jun,Jin-Shup So,Young Jin Kim 대한말초신경학회 2022 The Nerve Vol.8 No.2

Segmental zoster paresis (SZP) of the limbs, characterized by focal weakness of the extremity, is recognized as a rare complication of herpes zoster that can lead to a misdiagnosis of other radiculopathies or musculoskeletal problems. Here, we present a rare case where the patient experienced severe pain and weakness of the right upper extremity caused by SZP. A 58-year-old man came to the hospital with severe right upper extremity radicular pain. Cervical magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord showed disc protrusion at the C5-6 level with a high signal change. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion was performed. On the first and second postoperative days, the patient’s symptoms showed slight improvements. However, on the fourth postoperative day, the patient experienced a right shoulder drop along with exacerbated radicular pain and presented a herpetic rash on the right extremity. The patient showed a dramatic improvement in pain and weakness after taking antiviral medication and undergoing a fluoroscopic-guided right C6 selective nerve root block. He fully recovered from his symptoms after 12 weeks of rehabilitation and physical therapy. This rare case involved SZP which was misunderstood as a herniated cervical disc. If a patient complains of severe pain with motor weakness inconsistent with radiologic findings, SZP should be discriminated from other possible diagnosis.

국내분리 말구진 원인병원체(Equine herpesvirus type 3)의 특징

Jaehyuk Yang(양재혁),Yoon-Kyu Lim(임윤규) 한국생명과학회 2011 생명과학회지 Vol.21 No.8

Equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3)는 말[馬]에서 말구진을 유발하고 말산업에 치명적인 악영향을 끼치는 매우 중요한 병원체이다. 국내에서 처음으로 말구진이 발생하였고, 말 생산농가에 경제적 피해를 입혔으나 다행히 원인바이러스 분리에 성공하였다. 이에 원인바이러스의 생물학적 특징을 연구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. EHV-3를 RK-13 cell에 접종한 결과 접종 48 시간부터 세포변성효과가 나타남을 확인하였고 접종 72 시간부터는 세포박리가 일어났다. 세포를 수확하여 바이러스 DNA를 추출한 후 PCR 검사를 수행하였다. 그 결과 EHV-3에만 양성이었고 EHV-1 및 EHV-4에는 음성이었다. Swab에서 바이러스 DNA를 추출하여 10배씩 serial dilution을 한 후 PCR 검사를 실시한 결과 10⁴까지 밴드를 확인할 수 있었다. 국내분리 EHV-3의 gG 특정부위에 대한 염기에서 표준주인 EHV-3 334/74 strain과 397개가 일치하여 99.25%의 상동성을 나타내었고 국내분리주를 EHV-3 거로주(Georo strain)라 명명하였다. 전기영동 결과에서는 EHV-3가 EHV-1보다 적은 수의 밴드를 확인할 수 있었다. 국내 분리주 EHV-3 거로주의 단백질을 분석한 결과 145 kD, 60 kD, 45 kD, 40 kD에서 단백 밴드를 관찰하였다. Equine coital exanthema caused by equine herpesvirus type 3 (EHV-3) is a venereal disease which seriously drops horse reproduction rates. Here, we isolated EHV-3 from infected horses and investigated their biological characteristics. Initial cytopathic effects such as rounding of cells were detected 48 hours post infection of the virus into RK-13 cells. The infected cells were going to detach from the surface of culture flasks 72 hours post infection. The type of isolated viruses from swabbed samples was EHV-3 by PCR analysis. Glycoprotein G (gG) of isolated EHV-3 has a 99.25 percent similarity rate to that of EHV-3 334/74 control strain. The isolated EHV-3 was named Georo strain. Georo strain consisted of four major proteins including 145 kD, 60 kD, 45 kD and 40 kD, as shown by SDS-PAGE analysis. We hope the newly isolated Georo strain of EHV-3 can be used for studying various aspects of Korean equine coital exanthema.