A review on sustainable construction management strategies for monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting the building’s dynamic energy performance: Focused on the operation and maintenance phase

Hong, Taehoon,Koo, Choongwan,Kim, Jimin,Lee, Minhyun,Jeong, Kwangbok Elsevier 2015 APPLIED ENERGY Vol.155 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>According to a press release, the building sector accounts for about 40% of the global primary energy consumption. Energy savings can be achieved in the building sector by improving the building’s dynamic energy performance in terms of sustainable construction management in the urban-based built environments (referred to as an “<I>Urban Organism</I>”). This study implements the concept of “<I>dynamic approach</I>” to reflect the unexpected changes in the climate and energy environments as well as in the energy policies and technologies. Research in this area is very significant for the future of the building, energy, and environmental industries around the world. However, there is a lack of studies from the perspective of the dynamic approach and the system integration, and thus, this study is designed to fill the research gap. This study highlights the state-of-the-art in the major phases for a building’s dynamic energy performance (i.e., monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting phases), focusing on the operation and maintenance phase. This study covers a wide range of research works and provides various illustrative examples of the monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting of a building’s dynamic energy performance. Finally, this study proposes the specific future developments and challenges by phase and suggests the future direction of system integration for the development of a carbon-integrated management system as a large complex system. It is expected that researchers and practitioners can understand and adopt the holistic approach in the monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting of a building’s dynamic energy performance under the new paradigm of an “<I>Urban Organism</I>”.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> This study reviews the state-of-the-art in “energy” as well as “building”. </LI> <LI> Building’s dynamic energy performance should be managed in the built environments. </LI> <LI> This study summarizes recent progress in the building’s dynamic energy performance. </LI> <LI> The major phases can be categorized into monitoring, diagnosing, and retrofitting. </LI> <LI> This study proposes the specific future development directions and challenges by phase. </LI> </UL> </P>

풍력 데이터를 이용한 발전 패턴 예측

서동혁(Dong-Hyok Suh),김규익(Kyu-Ik Kim),김광득(Kwang-Deuk Kim),류근호(Keun-Ho Ryu) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2011 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.16 No.11

화석 연료의 무분별한 사용으로 환경이 심각하게 오염되고, 화석 연료의 고갈에 대한 문제가 대두됨에 따라서 화석 연료에 대한 문제를 해결 할 수 있는 대체 에너지원에 대해 관심이 집중되기 시작하였다. 현재 신재생 에너지 중에서 가장 각광을 받고 있는 에너지는 중에 하나가 풍력에너지이다. 풍력에너지 발전단지와 기존의 전력 발전소는 소비되는 전력에 대한 생산의 균형을 맞춰야하며, 풍력에너지단지에서 균형적인 생산을 하기 위해서는 풍력에너지에 대한 분석 및 예측이 필요하다. 이를 위해서 데이터마이닝 분야의 예측 기법이 활용 될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 풍력 데이터를 이용하여 발전 패턴을 예측하기 위해 SOM(Self-Organizing Feature Map) Clustering 기법과 의사결정나무(decision tree)를 이용한 연구를 진행하였다. 즉, 1) 풍력 데이터의 누락된 데이터와 이상치 데이터를 처리하기 위하여, 전처리 과정을 수행하였고, 이 과정에서 특징 벡터를 추출하였다. 2) 전처리 단계를 거쳐 정제되고 정규화된 데이터 집합을 MIA(Mean Index Adequacy) 척도와 SOM Clustering 기법에 적용하여 대표 발전 패턴을 찾아내고 각각의 데이터에 해당하는 대표 패턴을 클래스 레이블로 할당하도록 하였다. 3) 의사결정나무 기반의 분류 기법에 데이터 집합을 적용시켜 새로운 풍력에너지에 대한 분석 및 예측 모델을 생성하였다. 실험 결과, 의사결정나무를 통한 풍력에너지 발전 패턴을 예측하기 위한 모델을 구축하였다. Due to the imprudent spending of the fossil fuels, the environment was contaminated seriously and the exhaustion problems of the fossil fuels loomed large. Therefore people become taking a great interest in alternative energy resources which can solve problems of fossil fuels. The wind power energy is one of the most interested energy in the new and renewable energy. However, the plants of wind power energy and the traditional power plants should be balanced between the power generation and the power consumption. Therefore, we need analysis and prediction to generate power efficiently using wind energy. In this paper, we have performed a research to predict power generation patterns using the wind power data. Prediction approaches of datamining area can be used for building a prediction model. The research steps are as follows: 1) we performed preprocessing to handle the missing values and anomalous data. And we extracted the characteristic vector data. 2) The representative patterns were found by the MIA(Mean Index Adequacy) measure and the SOM(Self-Organizing Feature Map) clustering approach using the normalized dataset. We assigned the class labels to each data. 3) We built a new predicting model about the wind power generation with classification approach. In this experiment, we built a forecasting model to predict wind power generation patterns using the decision tree.

국제 에너지 기구를 통한 국가 간 네트워크와 에너지 협력 강화 전략

신상윤(Shin, Sang Yoon) 한국전략문제연구소 2016 전략연구 Vol.70 No.-

본 연구는 국제 에너지 기구를 통해 형성된 네트워크를 분석하고 이를 기반으로 한국의 향후 국제 에너지 협력에 대한 정책적 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2014년 G20 승인 보고서에 포함된 28개 기구의 멤버십을 통한 국가 간 연결을 바탕으로, 확률적으로 유의미하지 않은 연결을 배제하여 재구성한 네트워크를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 한국은 주요 에너지 교역국으로 구성된 네트워크에서 상당 부분 유리한 위치를 점유하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 해당 네트워크에서 확인된 이러한 정량적 측면에서의 성과를 감안하면서, 본 연구는 향후 국제 에너지 협력의 질적 제고 필요성을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 특정 목표 국가와의 추가적인 협력 관계 형성을, 그리고 기존 국제기구를 기반으로 함과 동시에 지역에 특화된 에너지협력 관계의 모색을 제안하였다. 추가적으로 현재 활동 중인 국제 에너지 협력 무대에 있어, 선택과 집중을 통한 협력 활동 강화의 필요성을 강조하였다. This study investigates a network formed through international energy organizations and suggests policy implications for Korea with regard to international energy cooperation. On the basis of a report endorsed by the G20 in 2014, 28 international energy organizations were selected. Then, a national network was derived after excluding statistically-insignificant ties. The analysis result was that Korea holds an advantageous position in the network of 49 major countries with regard to energy export and import. Considering the quantitative performance in that network, this study proposes a need of qualitative enhancement in international energy cooperation of Korea. More specifically, it suggests to form new links with target countries and to lead initiatives which focus on regional energy development through the partnership with existing organizations. In addition, this study emphasizes a need to strengthen supports for participation to a selected number of international energy organizations.

센서네트워크의 에너지 효율성을 고려한 라우팅 알고리즘 설계 및 구현

정대인,채병진,Jeong, Dae-In,Chea, Byong-Jin 한국통신학회 2005 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.30 No.10B

본 논문은 센서네트워크에서의 에너지기반 라우팅 알고리즘에 대한 연구 내용으로서, 특히 에너지 인지에 따르는 여러 가지 간결한 경로 설정방식을 연구하였다. 네트워크 자가 구성과정을 통해 확보된 이웃 노드의 에너지 정보를 기반으로, 단일 흡 라우팅을 결정하는 네 가지 방식을 제안하였다. 다수의 경로 간에 에너지 소비를 고르게 분포시키며 에너지를 효율적으로 활용하는 것이 설계 목표이다. 에너지 상태정보로는, 각 노드의 가용 에너지양이 기본적으로 활용되었다. 또한, 이웃 노드의 에너지 저하로 인해 관리노드로의 가용 경로정보가 상실된 경우, 간단한 우회 경로 탐색 방안을 제안하였고, 이는 에너지 효율성 개선방안으로 활용될 수 있음을 보였다. 제안된 알고리즘에 대해서 다양한 시뮬레이션을 기반으로 에너지 효율성, 데이터 전송의 신뢰성, 네트워크의 수명, 전송 delay 등 여러 성능 지표에 대한 검증을 수행하였으며, 단순한 구조의 라우팅 방안에 대한 가능성을 확인하였다. In this paper, we propose energy-aware routing schemes which are simple enough to be applicable to the wireless sensor networks. The one hop upstream no de in direction of the base-station is determined in four different ways based on the energy information of neighboring nodes, which are obtainable via the process of self-organization of the network. The fair distribution of the energy consumption over all the possible routes to the base-station is one of the design objectives. Also, an alternate route search mechanism is proposed to cope with the situation in which no routing information is available due to lack of remaining energy of the neighboring nodes. The mechanism turns out to be a supplementary scheme to improve the energy efficiency. Lots of simulations are performed to examine the performance metrics such as the energy efficiency, throughput, network lifetime, and the transmission latency of the proposed schemes. Simulation results show the feasibility of the simple routing schemes for the sensor networks.

조직문화에서의 감정에너지와 신뢰

엄묘섭 ( Myo Sup Eom ) 대구가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 2011 사회과학논총 Vol.10 No.-

We always have to make a decision and take an action in the some kind of organization as well as in the society. In most cases, organizations rely on rationality when they face decision-making, so the emotion of the employees, usually recognized as the impediment of rationality, is easily neglected. However, the decision-making in the organization is already deeply related with the employees` feelings and emotions by the interaction rituals between the employees and the culture of each organization, before it is recognized as rationality. According to the premise, the aim of the thesis focuses on how employees` interaction ritual, emotional energy and their confidence affect organizations, especially in the academic and scientific field. Conclusively, the organizations of academic and scientific field, have a kind of coherence based on the confidence and organizational culture which emphasize on competition and solidarity. Therefore, organizations have to try recovering and enhancing the confidence of the employees for the employees` royalty toward the organizations and the effective communication of the organization. In contrast to the self-attention emotion like shame which encourages social conformity and withering the boundary of the interactions with others, the emotion of confidence enables active and enlarged social relations. Emotion of confidence is practical, too, and helps making the employees working hard for the future of the organization, boosting the coherence of the organization and its emotional energy. Therefore, emotion of confidence is kid of secretive weapon that makes the members of the academic and scientific field show the most of their potentials and cooperate with the organization.

백색 산란계의 단백질 및 에너지 대사에 미치는 성형 목탄가루, 목초액 및 양조식초 첨가사료의 영향

고태송,최윤석,김동희 한국가금학회 1991 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.18 No.2

성형목탄가루 함유사료(CPD)를 급여한 밝은 대조에 비해서 분질소(FN)는 유의하게 (P<0.05)많이 요질소(UN)는 유의하게(P<0.05) 낮게 배설하였다. 단백질 소화율은 88∼92%였으며 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게(P<0.05) 낮아졌으나 목초액 또는 양조식초의 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 총질소섭취량(NI)에 대한 요질소(UN/NI)와 흡수질소(AN)에 대한 요질소(UN/AN)의 비율은 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게 (P<0.05) 낮아지나, 이에 비해서 목초액 함유사료(PWV)에서는 높아지는 경향이 있고 양조식초 함유사료(PFA)에서는 유의하게 (P<0.05) 높았다. 총질소 섭취량에 대한 요산태 질소(UAN/NI) 및 UAN/AN도 대조에 비해서 CPD를 급여하면 유의하게 낮아지나, 이에 비해서 PWV에서는 높아지는 경향이 있고 PFA에서는 유의하게 (P<0.05) 높아졌다. 그러나 총질소 또는 흡수된 질소에 대한 암모니아태 질소율은 대조에 비해서 실험사료를 급여하면 일반적으로 높아지는 경향이 있었고 PPA에서는 유의하게(P<0.05) 높았고, 크레아틴 및 요소태 질소의 배설은 실험사료의 영향이 관찰되지 않았다. 에너지 소화율(DE/GE)은 80∼84%로 실험사료 사이에 유의차가 발견되지 않았으나, 대사율(ME/GE또는 MEn/GE)은 대조사료를 급여한 것에 비해서 CPD및 V를 급여하면 높아지는 경향이 있었고 PFA를 급여한 것에서는 낮아지는 경향이 있었다. 한편 ME/GE는 PFA를 급여한 것에 비해서 PWV를 급여한 것에서 유의하게 (P<0.05) 높았고, MEn/GE는 PFA를 급여한 것에 비해서 대조 및 CPD를 급여한 것에서 유의하게 (P<0.05) 높았다. 이러한 대사율의 변화에 미치는 분에너지의 비율은 실험사료에 관계없이 16∼23%가 되었고, 요에너지는 2.3∼3.0%로 적었다. 그러나 대사율에 미치는 실험 사료의 영향은 분에너지의 변화보다는 주로 요에너지 변화에 기인하였고 요에너지 변화는 주로 요산에너지의 변화에 기인한다는 것이 관찰되었다. The investigation concerned an effect of the ground charcoal powder and organic acids on the digestibilities of protein and energy or the contents of uric acid, ammonia, creatine and urea in excreta of 113 week-old White Leghorn strain layers. Birds were fed basal (control) diet composed of mainly corn-soybean meal during a week of previous feeding and subsequent experimental diets during 12 weeks of experimental feeding . The experimental diets were the control diet(CON). diet(CPD) substituted 0.5% of the ground charcoal powder with the defatted rice bran of the CON, diet(PWV) added 0.1mM(based on the acetic acid) wood vinegar in the CPD and diet(PFA) added 0.1mM (based on the acetic acid) fermented acetic acid in the CPD. Birds fed CPD excreted significantly(P<0.05) more fecal nitrogen(FN) and lower urinary nitrogen (UN) than those of birds fed CON. Digestibility of protein was lower significantly (P< 0.05) in CPB-fed bird than in bird fed CON. while birds fed CON. PWV and PFA showed similar values. Also urinary nitrogen per nitrogen intake (UN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (UN/AN) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in birds fed CPD compared with those in birds fed CON. And birds fed PWV tended to increase UN/NI and UN/AN, while PFA-fed birds excreted significantly (P<0.05) higher UN/Nl and UN/Ah than those of birds fed CPD diet. The uric acid nitrogen (UAN) per nitrogen intake (UAN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (UAN/AN) were lower significantly(P<0.05) in CPD-fed birds and were tended to decrease in birds fed PWV compared with those in birds fed CON and PFA The ammoniacal nitrogen(AMN) per nitrogen intake (AMN/NI) or absorbed nitrogen (AMN/NI) was tended to increase in birds fed experimental diets and was increased significantly(P<0.05) in birds fed PFA compared with those of birds fed CON. The excretion of creatine and urea nitrogen per nitrogen intake or absorbed nitrogen was shown similar values among birds fed experimental diets Digestibility of energy (DE/GE) was not shown any significant effect of experimental diet and were in the range of 80~84%. But metabolizability (ME/GE or MEn/GE) was increased in birds fed CPD and PWV and was decreased in birds fed PFA compared with those in birds fed CON. Although birds fed PWV showed significantly(P<0.05) higher ME/GE than bird fed PFA, the MEn/GE were higher significantly (P<0.05) in birds fed CON and CPD compared with that in birds fed PFA. Fecal energy affects 10~23% in the change of metabolizability though significant effect of fecal energy on the metabolizability were not found. But the effect of urinary energy on the metabolizability of diet was lowered as 2.3~3, 0% and the effect of experimental diets on the metabolizability of diets was due to change of urinary energy which also was originated from the change of uric acid energy.

설비공학 분야의 최근 연구 동향

이대영(Dae-Young Lee),김사량(Sa Ryang Kim),김현정(Hyun-Jung Kim),김동선(Dong-Seon Kim),박준석(Jun-Seok Park),임병찬(Pyeong Chan Ihm) 대한설비공학회 2015 설비공학 논문집 Vol.27 No.7

This article reviews the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering during 2014. It is intended to understand the status of current research in the areas of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation, and indoor environments of buildings and plant facilities. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The research works on the thermal and fluid engineering have been reviewed as groups of heat and mass transfer, cooling and heating, and air-conditioning, the flow inside building rooms, and smoke control on fire. Research issues dealing with duct and pipe were reduced, but flows inside building rooms, and smoke controls were newly added in thermal and fluid engineering research area. (2) Research works on heat transfer area have been reviewed in the categories of heat transfer characteristics, pool boiling and condensing heat transfer and industrial heat exchangers. Researches on heat transfer characteristics included the results for thermal contact resistance measurement of metal interface, a fan coil with an oval-type heat exchanger, fouling characteristics of plate heat exchangers, effect of rib pitch in a two wall divergent channel, semi-empirical analysis in vertical mesoscale tubes, an integrated drying machine, microscale surface wrinkles, brazed plate heat exchangers, numerical analysis in printed circuit heat exchanger. In the area of pool boiling and condensing, non-uniform air flow, PCM applied thermal storage wall system, a new wavy cylindrical shape capsule, and HFC32/HFC152a mixtures on enhanced tubes, were actively studied. In the area of industrial heat exchangers, researches on solar water storage tank, effective design on the inserting part of refrigerator door gasket, impact of different boundary conditions in generating g-function, various construction of SCW type ground heat exchanger and a heat pump for closed cooling water heat recovery were performed. (3) In the field of refrigeration, various studies were carried out in the categories of refrigeration cycle, alternative refrigeration and modelling and controls including energy recoveries from industrial boilers and vehicles, improvement of dehumidification systems, novel defrost systems, fault diagnosis and optimum controls for heat pump systems. It is particularly notable that a substantial number of studies were dedicated for the development of air-conditioning and power recovery systems for electric vehicles in this year. (4) In building mechanical system research fields, seventeen studies were reported for achieving effective design of the mechanical systems, and also for maximizing the energy efficiency of buildings. The topics of the studies included energy performance, HVAC system, ventilation, and renewable energies, piping in the buildings. Proposed designs, performance performance tests using numerical methods and experiments provide useful information and key data which can improve the energy efficiency of the buildings. (5) The field of architectural environment was mostly focused on indoor environment and building energy. The main researches of indoor environment were related to the evaluation of work noise in tunnel construction and the simulation and development of a light-shelf system. The subjects of building energy were worked on the energy saving of office building applied with window blind and phase change material(PCM), a method of existing building energy simulation using energy audit data, the estimation of thermal consumption unit of apartment building and its case studies, dynamic window performance, a writing method of energy consumption report and energy estimation of apartment building using district heating system. The remained studies were related to the improvement of architectural engineering education system for plant engineering industry, estimating cooling and heating degree days for variable base temperature, a prediction method of underground temperature, the

혐기성 처리에 의한 유기성 폐기물 에너지화 (Ⅰ) : 음식폐기물의 수소화

한선기 유기성자원학회 2011 유기물자원화 Vol.19 No.1

Characteristics of hydrogen production from various food wastes in anaerobic batch reactors were evaluated to assess the energy potential of organic wastes. Organic wastes which were used in this study were scallion as vegetable, apple as fruit, rice as grain and pork as meat. Ultimate hydrogen yield of scallion, apple, rice and pork were 0.46, 0.47, 0.62 and 0.05 mol H2/mol hexose, respectively. On the other hand, hydrogen production rates of scallion, apple, rice and pork were 0.013, 0.021, 0.014 and 0.005 mol H2/mol hexose/h, respectively. These results indicated that anaerobic hydrogen fermentation from food waste except for meat was effective in removing organic material as well as producing renewable energy. Volatile fatty acids increased as hydraulic retention time was increased. In the hydrogen fermentation, acidification degree of rice was measured as the highest rate of 75.8% whereas pork was found as the lowest rate of 35.2%. 혐기성 회분식 반응조를 이용하여 다양한 유기성 폐기물의 에너지화 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 수소발생 특성을 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 채소류는 파, 과일류는 사과, 곡류는 쌀밥 그리고 육류로는 돼지고기를 사용하였다. 파, 사과, 쌀밥 및 돼지고기의 최종 수소 수율은 각각 0.46, 0.47, 0.62 및 0.05mol H2/mol hexose로 나타났다. 수소 발생율은 파, 사과, 쌀밥 및 돼지고기에서 각각 0.013, 0.021, 0.014 및 0.005 mol H2/mol hexose/h로 평가되었다. 따라서 돼지고기를 제외한 음식폐기물의 혐기성수소 발효는 재생에너지 생산뿐만 아니라, 유기물의 제거에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 휘발성 지방산은 수리학적 체류시간이 증가함에 따라 높게 발생되는 것으로 나타났다. 수소 발효시 산발효 효율은 쌀밥이 75.8%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 돼지고기는 35.2%로 가장 낮게 나타났다.

Energy-Density Enhancement of Carbon-Nanotube-Based Supercapacitors with Redox Couple in Organic Electrolyte

Park, Jinwoo,Kim, Byungwoo,Yoo, Young-Eun,Chung, Haegeun,Kim, Woong American Chemical Society 2014 ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES Vol.6 No.22

<P>We demonstrate for the first time that the incorporation of a redox-active molecule in an organic electrolyte can increase the cell voltage of a supercapacitor. The redox molecule also contributes to increasing the cell capacitance by a faradaic redox reaction, and therefore the energy density of the supercapacitor can be significantly increased. More specifically, the addition of redox-active decamethylferrocene in an organic electrolyte results in an approximately 27-fold increase in the energy density of carbon-nanotube-based supercapacitors. The resulting high energy density (36.8 Wh/kg) stems from the increased cell voltage (1.1 V → 2.1 V) and cell capacitance (8.3 F/g → 61.3 F/g) resulting from decamethylferrocene addition. We found that the voltage increase is associated with the potential of the redox species relative to the electrochemical stability window of the supporting electrolyte. These results will be useful in identifying new electrolytes for high-energy-density supercapacitors.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/aamick/2014/aamick.2014.6.issue-22/am506258s/production/images/medium/am-2014-06258s_0006.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/am506258s'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Non-flammable organic liquid electrolyte for high-safety and high-energy density Li-ion batteries

Pham, Hieu Quang,Lee, Hee-Yeol,Hwang, Eui-Hyung,Kwon, Young-Gil,Song, Seung-Wan Elsevier 2018 Journal of Power Sources Vol.404 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>With increased energy density of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for powering smart phones and electric vehicles and for their long range use, battery safety becomes more important than ever. This aspect motivated us to develop non-flammable liquid electrolyte that removes the risk of battery fire and explosion, which is urgently needed. Battery energy density and performance however should not be sacrificed to achieve just the safety. Here we report for the first time a rational design of non-flammable carbonate-based organic liquid electrolyte to satisfy safety, energy density and performance simultaneously. Our novel electrolyte, composed of 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate salt and propylene carbonate and fluorinated linear carbonate co-solvents, at unmeasurable flash point does not fire representing non-flammable safe batteries but permits high-voltage stability to enable high-voltage charge of lithium-rich layered oxide cathode up to 5.0 V, high-energy density of 856 Wh per kg of cathode active mass and stable charge-discharge cycling performance of full-cell with graphite anode, in contrast to rapid performance fade of flammable conventional electrolyte system. The discovery of non-flammable carbonate-based organic liquid electrolyte opens up a new avenue to high-safety and high energy-density lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and advanced energy-storage applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Rational design of non-flammable carbonate-based organic liquid electrolyte. </LI> <LI> High energy density of non-flammable full-cell with Li-rich layered oxide cathode. </LI> <LI> Preserved cathode structure and stable interface with non-flammable electrolyte. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>