사료 內 Cu 및 Zn-Methionine Chelates 첨가가 육계의 생산성에 미치는 영향

홍성진,임희석,백인기 한국동물자원과학회 2002 한국축산학회지 Vol.44 No.4

Methionine chelate 형태로 Cu 및 Zn의 첨가가 육계의 생산성과 영양소 이용률, 혈청 IgG 수준, 근위의 손상정도(gizzard erosion index) 그리고 간과 배설물의 Cu와 Zn 함량에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 갓 부화한 1,000수의 Ross^R병아리를 4처리 5반복, 반복당 50수(암·수 각각 25수씩)를 배치하여 5주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험사료는 대조구 사료에 Cu와 Zn를 methionine chelate 형태로 100 ppm씩 단독 또는 혼합첨가하여 만들었다. 증체량은 chelate 첨가구들 모두 대조구 보다 높았고(P<0.05), 사료요구량은 chelate 첨가구들이 대조구 보다 낮았다(P<0.05). Cu와 Zn를 혼합하여 첨가한 처리구의 증체량과 사료효율은 Cu 및 Zn chelate 첨가에 의해 유의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 혈청 IgG 농도는 Cu와 Zn chelate 혼합처리구가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 높았으나(P<0.05), 근위 궤양 정도는 처리에 따른 차이가 없었다. 간과 배설물 내 Cu 및 Zn 함량은 사료에서 이들 광물질의 함량에 의해 영향을 받았다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 Cu와 Zn chelate 단독 또는 혼합하여 첨가시 육계의 증체량과 사료효율을 개선시키고 혈청 IgG 농도를 증가시키며 간 내 Cu와 Zn 수준은 유의한 영향을 받지 않으나 분내 Cu와 Zn의 함량은 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다 An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental copper or/and zinc methionine chelates(Cu-Met or/and Zn-Met) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, serum IgG level, gizzard erosion, and the contents of Cu and Zn in liver and excreta of broiler chickens. One thousand d-old broiler chickens (Ross^R) were assigned to 4 treatment; control, 100 ppm Cu in methionine chelate(Cu-Met), 100 ppm Zn in methionine chelate(Zn-Met) and 100 ppm Cu plus 100 ppm Zn in methionine chelate(Cu-Zn-Met). Each treatment had five replications of 50 (25 male + 25 female) birds each. Average weight gains of chicks fed chelated Cu or/and Zn were significantly higher than that of chicks fed the control (P<0.05). Moreover, feed conversion rates of chicks were better in the chicks fed chelated Cu or/and Zn than in the chicks fed the control (P<0.05). The birds fed the chelated Cu and Zn(Cu-Zn-Met) tended to perform the best growth rate and feed conversion rate. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the dietary treatments. Serum IgG level of chicks fed Cu-Zn-Met was significantly higher than that of chicks fed the control (P<0.05). Gizzard erosion index was not significantly different among the treatments. The contents of Cu and Zn in liver were not significantly affected by the dietary treatments. The excreta contents of Cu or/and Zn were significantly high in the birds fed supplementary Cu or/and Zn. It was concluded that dietary supplementation of Cu or/and Zn in methionine chelated form improved growth and feed conversion efficiency of broilers.

Role of the Zn atomic arrangements in enhancing the activity and stability of the kinked Cu(2 1 1) site in CH₃OH production by CO₂ hydrogenation and dissociation: First-principles microkinetic modeling study

Jo, Deok Yeon,Lee, Min Woo,Ham, Hyung Chul,Lee, Kwan-Young Academic Press 2019 Journal of catalysis Vol.373 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, we unravel the beneficial role of the Zn ensemble (in particular, an a single Zn atom) in the sixfold-coordinated kinked (Cu-vacant) site of the stepped Cu(2 1 1) surface for enhancing the reactivity and durability of catalyst in the CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH production from CO<SUB>2</SUB> and H<SUB>2</SUB>. For such purpose, by using the density functional theory (DFT) and microkinetic modeling methods, we systematically calculate the catalytic properties (activation energy barrier, turn of frequency (TOF), and rate constant), physical properties (cohesive and formation energy) and electronic structures (local density of state, and local charge distribution) of the different defective Cu sites [such as the stepped, kinked, Zn-substituted stepped Cu(2 1 1) surfaces] and the different Zn ensembles [dimer, and linear ensemble].</P> <P>First, our DFT calculations exhibit that the Zn atoms at the sevenfold-coordinated site of the Cu(2 1 1) surface tend to be isolated and acts as the modifier to suppress the loss of Cu atoms from the stepped Cu(2 1 1) surface. Second, we find that the catalysis of CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH synthesis strongly depends on the type of defects at the Cu(2 1 1) surface. In particular, the single Zn atom-substituted (sevenfold-coordinated) stepped site in the Cu(2 1 1) surface is found to have the superior catalytic activity (TOF = 3.07 × 10<SUP>−5</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> @ P = 75 bar and T = 523 K) toward the CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH formation compared to the traditionally-known active Cu(2 1 1) surface (TOF = 2.73 × 10<SUP>−7</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>). In contrast, the sixfold-coordinated kinked site is determined to largely slow down the rate of CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH production (TOF = 3.34 × 10<SUP>−15</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>). The increased catalysis in the Zn-associated stepped site is related to the significant enhancement of the surface affinity toward the adsorbate having the oxygen moiety (especially, HCOO), which leads to the large reduction of the activation energy barrier in the initial energy-demanding CO<SUB>2</SUB> hydrogenation reaction and in turn the improved catalysis of CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH synthesis. Our DFT calculation also elucidates that the stronger covalent-like overlap between O 2p—Zn 3d electrons (which is caused by the electronic charge loss of the Zn atom to the near-neighboring Cu sites) than the O 2p—Cu 3d case is responsible for such enhanced affinity of oxygen-containing adsorbates. In addition, we found that the single Zn atom exhibit the highest activity of CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH production (TOF<SUB>CH3OH</SUB> = 3.07 × 10<SUP>−5</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>) over the dimer (1.62 × 10<SUP>−7</SUP> s<SUP>−11</SUP>) and linear ensemble (5.53 × 10<SUP>−7</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>), which is related to the weaker affinity of Zn with H than the Cu-H case, which leads to the low coverage of surface H atom and in turn retard the CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH production via CH<SUB>3</SUB>O hydrogenation.</P> <P>Our study highlights the novel strategy of engineering the activity and stability of the defective undercoordinated kinked site for the enhanced CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH synthesis from CO<SUB>2</SUB> and H<SUB>2</SUB> by controlling the arrangement of surface Zn atom at the stepped Cu(2 1 1) surface.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Cu(1 1 1) were modified into stepped Cu, kinked Cu and Zn substituted Cu. </LI> <LI> The catalysis of CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH synthesis depends on the type of defects at the Cu surface. </LI> <LI> The single Zn ensemble surface shows higher activity than dimer and linear surface. </LI> <LI> The sixfold-coordinated kinked site slows down the rate of CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH production. </LI> <LI> High performance is related to the affinity toward the adsobrate having the oxygen. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Mechanism of the Delayed Growth of Intermetallic Compound at the Interface between Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu and Cu-Zn Substrate

( Young Min Kim ),( Kyoung Moo Harr ),( Young Ho Kim ) 대한금속재료학회 ( 구 대한금속학회 ) 2010 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.6 No.4

A Cu-Zn wetting layer was very effective to depress the excessive growth of intermetallic compound (IMC). The effect of Zn addition to the Cu layer on the IMC growth and microvoid formation in the solder interface was similar to the effect of Zn addition into the Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solders. In this study, the mechanism of slow IMC growth at the SAC/Cu-Zn interfaces was investigated. As the aging time increased, Zn atoms accumulated at the Cu6Sn5/Cu interface and formed a Zn-rich layer. By adding Zn into the Cu wetting layer, the IMC growth was delayed due to the retardation of the formation of the Cu3Sn layer. Since the low driving force for the formation of Cu3Sn became smaller by adding Zn, the diffusion of Cu in Cu-Zn into SAC solder was delayed. Also, the CuZn phase formed at the Cu6Sn5/Cu-Zn interface plays a role as a diffusion barrier of interdiffusion of Cu and Sn.

Interfacial reactions between Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder and Cu-xZn (x=0-35wt%) or Cu-xZn-yNi (x=20 and 25wt%, y=15 and 10wt%) substrates

Kim, Y.M.,Kim, T.J.,Choi, M.Y.,Kim, Y.H. Elsevier Sequoia 2013 Journal of alloys and compounds Vol.575 No.-

The interfacial reactions of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC 305) solder on Cu-xZn (x=0wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, 30wt%, and 35wt%) substrates and Cu-xZn-yNi (x=20wt% and 25wt%, y=10wt% and 15wt%) were investigated after soldering and isothermal aging. SAC 305 solder was reacted with Cu-xZn and Cu-xZn-yNi substrates by dipping Cu-xZn or Cu-xZn-yNi wires into molten solder at 250<SUP>o</SUP>C for 90s. After soldering, Cu<SUB>6</SUB>Sn<SUB>5</SUB>-based intermetallic compound (IMC) formed at the solder interfaces. After aging at 150<SUP>o</SUP>C, a bi-layer structure of Cu<SUB>6</SUB>Sn<SUB>5</SUB>/Cu<SUB>3</SUB>Sn formed, and microvoids were observed in the Cu<SUB>3</SUB>Sn layer at the SAC/Cu solder interfaces. For SAC/Cu-Zn samples, Cu<SUB>6</SUB>(Sn, Zn)<SUB>5</SUB> was the predominant reaction product, and formation of Cu<SUB>3</SUB>Sn was not observed. Interfacial IMC growth was delayed as the Zn concentration increased. In addition, the Cu(Zn, Sn) phase formed at the Cu<SUB>6</SUB>(Sn, Zn)<SUB>5</SUB>/Cu-Zn interfaces in the Cu-xZn substrates with a high Zn concentration (30wt% and 35wt%). In the case of the Cu-xZn-yNi samples, the major interfacial IMC was (Cu, Ni)<SUB>6</SUB>(Sn, Zn)<SUB>5</SUB> phase. The Ni atoms from the Cu-xZn-Ni substrates participated in the interfacial reaction at the SAC/Cu-xZn-yNi interfaces and resulting in the formation of a thick and layered IMC phase, comparing to those at the SAC/Cu-Zn interfaces. Although the effect of Ni addition to the Cu-Zn substrates exhibited delayed IMC growth, the Zn concentration in the Cu-xZn-yNi substrates influenced the IMC growth behavior more than the Ni concentration.

Effects of Supplementary Mineral Methionine Chelates (Zn, Cu, Mn) on the Performance and Eggshell Quality of Laying Hens

Lim, H.S.,Paik, I.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.12

A layer experiment was conducted to determine the effects of supplementary methionine chelates (Cu, Zn and Mn), individual or in combination, on laying performance, eggshell quality, gizzard erosion, and IgG level of serum for 8 weeks. Five hundred 96-wk-old force molted ISA Brown layers were assigned to five dietary treatments. Basal diet was formulated to meet or exceed the nutrients requirements listed in NRC (1994). Five experimental diets were control, Zn-methionine chelate (Zn-Met) supplemented, Cumethionine chelate (Cu-Met) supplemented, Zn-Mn-methionine chelate (Zn-Mn-Met) supplemented and Zn-Mn-Cu-Met supplemented diet. Each treated diet was supplemented with respective mineral(s) at the level of 100 ppm in the form of methionine chelate. Egg production was increased by Cu-Met supplementation but decreased by Zn-Met supplementation. Egg weight was significantly (p<0.05) lower in Cu-Met treatment than those of the control and Zn-Met treatment. Specific gravity of eggs and eggshell strength were highest and soft egg production was lowest in Cu-Met treatment. Gizzard erosion index was significantly increased by supplementation of Cu-Met, Zn-Mn-Met or Zn-Mn-Cu-Met. Zinc content in liver significantly increased by Zn-Met, but not by Zn-Mn-Cu-Met treatment. In conclusion, 100 ppm Cu in Cu-Met chelate improved laying performance and eggshell quality but also increased gizzard erosion index. Supplementation of Zn-Met or its combination with other mineral chelates had no beneficial effects on laying performance and eggshell quality.

Incorporation of Ge in Cu₂ZnSnS₄ thin film in a Zn-poor composition range

Lim, Kwang-Soo,Yu, Seong-Man,Seo, Seongrok,Shin, Hyunjung,Oh, Tae-Sik,Yoo, Ji-Beom Elsevier 2019 Materials science in semiconductor processing Vol.89 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>High conversion efficiency of Cu<SUB>2</SUB>ZnSnS<SUB>4</SUB> (CZTS) thin films have been derived with Cu-poor and Zn-rich compositions, due to detrimental intrinsic defects like Sn<SUB>Zn</SUB> and 2Cu<SUB>Zn</SUB> + Sn<SUB>Zn</SUB> in the stoichiometric compositions. However, the Zn-rich composition results in the formation of a ZnS secondary phase. The trade-off relationship of the detrimental defects and a ZnS secondary phase limit improvement of the CZTS solar cell device.</P> <P>In this study, we found that the performance of a Cu<SUB>2</SUB>Zn(Sn<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ge<SUB>x</SUB>)S<SUB>4</SUB> (CZTGS) device was improved in the Zn-poor composition rather than the Zn-rich composition, because the influence of the detrimental defects (Sn<SUB>Zn</SUB> and 2Cu<SUB>Zn</SUB> + Sn<SUB>Zn</SUB>) in the Zn-poor composition was significantly reduced by Ge-substitution on the Sn site. Decreasing the Zn composition reduced the formation of the ZnS secondary phase at the interface of the absorber and Mo-back contact. The red-shift of PL emission energy from the band gap energy for CZTGS films was less than that in the CZTS films, indicating the reduction of detrimental defects in the absorber layer. The trade-off between the formation of the ZnS secondary phase and the defects contributed to the change resulting in the optimized Zn composition for improved device performance. Consequently, the CZTS device achieved an optimized efficiency (2.81%) at Zn/Sn = 1.18 (Zn-rich), while the CZTGS device achieved the improved efficiency (4.48%) at Zn/(Sn + Ge) = 0.95.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Cu<SUB>2</SUB>ZnSnS<SUB>4</SUB> and Cu<SUB>2</SUB>Zn(Sn<SUB>1-x</SUB>,Gex)S<SUB>4</SUB> thin films were compared with the various Zn composition. </LI> <LI> Intrinsic defects were studied to compensation by Ge-substitution in Cu<SUB>2</SUB>ZnSnS<SUB>4</SUB> thin film. </LI> <LI> PL red-shifting from the band gap was prevented by Ge-substitution on the Sn site. </LI> <LI> Cu<SUB>2</SUB>Zn(Sn<SUB>1-x</SUB>,Ge<SUB>x</SUB>)S<SUB>4</SUB> solar cell efficiency was more improved in the Zn-poor composition than the Zn-rich composition. </LI> </UL> </P>

초고온용 Zn-Al-Cu계 Pb-free 솔더 합금의 특성

김성준,나혜성,한태교,이봉근,강정윤,Kim Seong-Jun,Na Hye-Seong,Han Tae-Kyo,Lee Bong-Keun,Kang Cung-Yun 대한용접접합학회 2005 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.23 No.6

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of pb-free $Zn-(3\~6)\%Al-(1\~6)\%Cu$ solder alloys for ultra high temperature(>573K) which applied to air craft, space satellite, automotive, oil, gas well exploration and data logging of geo-thermal wells. Melting range, solderability, electric resistivity, microstructure and mechanical properties were examined with solder alloys casted in Ar gas atmosphere. $Zn-4\%Al-(1\~3)\%Cu,\;Zn-5\%Al-(2\~4)\%Cu\;and\;Zn-6\%Al-(3\~5)\%Cu$ alloys satisfied the optimum melting range of 643 to 673k for ultra high temperature solder. A melting temperature increased with increasing Cu content, but decreased with increasing Al content. The spreadability was improved with increasing hi content. But the content of Cu had no effect on the spreadability. The electric resistivity was lowered with increasing Al and decreasing Cu content. In all Zn-Al-Cu solder alloys, primary dendritic $\varepsilon$ phase(Zn-Cu), dendritic $\eta$ phase(Zn-Cu-Al), $\alpha(Al-Zn)-\eta$ eutectic and eutectoid phase were observed. The addition of Al increased the volume fraction of eutectic and eutectoid phase and it decreased f phases. Also, the addition of Cu increased slightly the volume fraction of e, the eutectic and eutectoid phases. With increasing total content of Al and Cu, a hardness and a tensile strength were linearly increased, but anelongation was linearly decreased.

Effect of Ni and Si addition on electrical, tribological and corrosion behavior of novel Cu-Zn alloy

Saravanan. R,Suresh. P,Prabu. M,Bagyalakshmi. Pd 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2022 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.23 No.4

The goal of this research is to evaluate the electrical, dry sliding wear and corrosion behaviour of copper-zinc alloy reinforcedwith Ni and Si through Powder Metallurgy (P/M) technique. Six different wt. % of novel copper-zinc alloy are considered forthis research study namely 90Cu-10Zn, 88.16Cu-10Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si, 85Cu-15Zn, 83.16Cu-15Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si, 80Cu-20Zn and78.16Cu-20Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si. The fabricated composites were characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) withEnergy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) line mapping. The electrical, wear and corrosion behaviour of the fabricatedcomposites was assessed. The hardness of the fabricated composites was evaluated using Vickers Hardness Tester. Theelectrical conductivity was assessed using four-point probe tester. The result shows a significant improvement on electrical andtribological properties by increasing the wt.% of Zn, Ni and Si led of the composites. The research results concludes that78.16Cu-20Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si composite possessed better hardness about 287 HV and the electrical conductivity about 121%IACS. The investigation result shows that Zn acts as a vital role to enhance the properties in all aspects. Also, theexperimentation results portrays that Cu-20Zn-1.5Ni-0.34Si composite possessed better specific wear rate and coefficient offriction such as 1.85 * 105 mm3/N-m and 0.29 respectively.

Bimetallic Cu(core)@Zn(shell) co-catalyst impregnated TiO2 nanosheets (001 faceted) for the selective hydrogenation of quinoline under visible light irradiation

Aadil Bathla,Bonamali Pal 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.79 No.-

Bimetallic nanostructures have gained immense importance owing to their enhanced co-catalyticeffect in improving photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for various applications relative to monometallicones. However, the use of bimetallic core@shell catalyst/nanocatalyst for hydrogenation ofimportant industrial organic is not much explored relative to conventional metal catalysts. Inthis respect, the present study demonstrated the synthesis of core@shell (Cu@Zn) nanostructurebased on their galvanic interactions. TEM analysis confirmed the formation of Cu@Zn nanoparticleswith a shell thickness of 195 nm. It was observed that with increasing Cu:Zn weight ratio (1:1, 2:1,and 3:1) the average hydrodynamic size increases from 198 to 267 nm. These Cu@Zn nanostructuresshowed superior co-catalytic activity after impregnation on (001) faceted titanium nanosheets(surface area = 72.8 m2 g 1) for the selective hydrogenation of quinoline under visible lightradiations. The optimized Cu@Zn(3:1)/TiO2 photocatalyst showed enhanced conversion, selectivity,and higher rate constant (k = 2.1 10 1 h 1) compared to Cu and Zn-TiO2 nanocomposites. Thesuperior activity of Cu@Zn-TiO2 photocatalyst was attributed to the synergistic interaction occurringat bimetallic-TiO2 interface which effectively promotes the transfer of electron and hydride (H ) forquinoline hydrogenation. The conventional hydrogenation of quinoline required high temperature,solvents, expensive bases and involved multistep procedure. Therefore, the use of Cu@Zn-TiO2photocatalyst might be a greener approach for the selective hydrogenation of industrial importantunsaturated organic compounds under light radiations.

Effects of Feeding Different Chelated Copper and Zinc Sources on Growth Performance and Fecal Excretions of Weanling Pigs

Lee, S.H.,Choi, S.C.,Chae, B.J.,Acda, S.P.,Han, Y.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.11

Two feeding trials were conducted to study the effects of different chelated copper and zinc compounds on the performance and fecal excretions of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 150 weanling pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $12.30{\pm}2.07kg$) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: 170 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$, 85 ppm Cu from Cu amino-chelate (CAC), 170 ppm Cu from CAC, 85 ppm Cu from Cu-Lysine (CL), and 170 ppm Cu from CL. In Exp. 2, 150 weanling pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $12.52{\pm}1.80kg$) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: 120 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 60 ppm Zn from Zn-amino-chelate (ZAC), 120 ppm Zn from ZAC, 60 ppm Zn from Zn-Methionine (ZM), and 120 ppm Zn from ZM. In both experiments, pigs were randomly distributed to the treatments following a randomized complete block design on the basis of body weight as the blocking variable. Each experiment was conducted for 28 days. Blood and fecal samples were collected to determine mineral contents as affected by the dietary treatments. There was no difference (p>0.05) in ADG and ADFI among treatments, but F/G was improved (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet with 170 ppm CAC than 85 ppm CL but not different (p>0.05) to the control (170 ppm $CuSO_4$). Regardless of copper source, concentration of Cu in serum and feces were higher in pigs fed diet with 170 ppm Cu than pigs fed diet with 85 ppm Cu (Exp 1). In Exp 2 the ADG was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet with 120 ppm ZM than in pigs fed diets with 120 ppm $ZnSO_4$ and 60 ppm ZAC and ZM. The serum zinc concentration was generally higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet with organic source than the control group ($ZnSO_4$). Also, there was a trend towards a decrease in fecal excretions of zinc when dietary zinc level was low. The efficacy of the two chelated copper and zinc sources is similar in terms of growth performance. The fecal excretions for Cu and Zn could be reduced in pigs fed low level of these minerals using organic sources.