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The USFK Realignment and the Future of the ROK-US Alliance
( Young Ho Kim ) 국방대학교 안보문제연구소 2004 The Korean Journal of Security Affairs Vol.9 No.2
Last June, according to a report, the U.S. government officially notified the South Korean government of its plan to withdraw 12,500 of its troops, currently stationed in South Korea, by the end of December 2005. If done, it will be the fifth major withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Korea since the end of the Korean War. Why is the U.S. government reconfiguring and reshaping the USFK now? What is the nature and scope of the restructuring? What will the role be of a restructured USFK in the future? How will the restructuring affect the ROK-U.S. relationship? What are some possible and appropriate policy options available for the South Korean government to adjust to such restructuring? It is the GPR, not any bilateral pending issues between South Korea and the U.S. that is directing the basic nature and direction of the USFK`s restructuring. Implementing the GPR became possible due to the U.S. military`s continuous effort to innovate its forces and strategies, which is known as revolution in military affairs (RMA) or military transformation (MTR). The restructuring of forces abroad according to GPR will focus on making its military faster, more lethal, and more precise by continuing investment in, and development of new military capabilities. By applying those GPR guidelines, the U.S. Department of Defense categorizes foreign bases into four groups - (1) Power Projection Hubs (PPH); (2) Main Operating Bases (MOB); (3) Forward Operating Sites (FOS); and (4) Cooperative Security Locations (CSL). The expected changes of the USFK can be summarized in terms of its role, mission, and force structure. Its role as one of the main deterrents against North Korea is decreasing substantially, whereas its role as a regional stabilizer will increase. In addition, ten missions will be transferred from the USFK to the ROK army, including missions like JSA security and support and command and control of counter-artillery, etc. The force structure of the USFK will also change: a relatively increased role for the Navy and Air Force, while a relatively decreased role of the Army in future conflicts on The Korean Peninsula. There can be three possible directions toward which the future of the ROK-U.S. alliance could go - more robust, status quo, and more loosened. In whichever direction the future of ROK-U.S. alliance unfolds, policymakers of both countries will face what Glenn Snyder called an alliance`s security dilemma. For South Koreans, it is abandonment rather than entrapment that they have to worry about more. And this is justified, at least until the time when South Korean armed forces have enough strength to protect South Korea from and deter North Korea. In the meantime, the South Korean government must work on enhancing its own defense capabilities, while maintaining a close relationship with the United States. At the same time, the South Korean government should also seek to improve its relationship with North Korea.
Effects of Aerosolized Sanitizers of Different Droplet Sizes on Foodborne Pathogen Reduction
Young-Ho Kim,Young-Jun Jo,Yun-Ji Kim,Minseon Koo,Jong-Kyung Lee,Se-Wook Oh 한국식품과학회 2008 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.17 No.3
The diffusivity of aerosol sanitizers may be determined by the weight and droplet size of the aerosol. To test the effects of droplet size, 2 types of aerosol sanitizers were prepared using different ultrasonic nebulizer frequencies (1.6 and 2.4 MHz) and their reduction activities were determined against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium. A sodium hypochlorite aerosol was treated for 10, 30, or 60 min in a model aerosol cabinet. When the aerosol prepared by nebulizing at 1.6 MHz was treated for 30 min, a 0.2 log reduction was observed in E. coli O157:H7 and 0.3 log reductions were exhibited in L. monocytogenes and S. typhimurium, respectively. After 60 min, the 3 pathogens were reduced by 1.7, 0.6, and 0.8 log units, respectively. However, when the aerosol prepared by nubulizing at 2.4 MHz was treated, the microbes presented 1.6, 0.5, and 0.6 log reductions at 30 min, and 1.8, 0.9, and 1.1 log reductions at 60 min of treatment, respectively.
Correlates of Physical Activity Based on the Social Ecological Model: A Meta-Analysis
Youngho Kim,Jonghwa Lee,Soojin Kang 대한운동학회 2022 아시아 운동학 학술지 Vol.24 No.1
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to examine the existing literature carried out in Korea regarding physical activity and its related factors based on the social ecological model (SEM). METHODS A systematic search of relevant literature published from March 2011 to December 20200 was conducted through RISS, KISS, KCI, DBpia, and SEMANTIC SCHOLAR. A total of 9 studies met the inclusion criteria. The selected articles were all of high quality as assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS Results indicated that all SEM constructs were significantly correlated with physical activity. In specific, self-efficacy showed highest correlation effect size with 0.41(95% CI=0.33~0.49), followed by pros with 0.26(95% CI=0.23~0.30), quality of exercise facilities with 0.25(95% CI=0.19~0.32), accessibility of exercise facilities with 0.23(95% CI=0.20~0.26), friend support with 0.21(95% CI=0.15~0.28), and family support with 0.20(95% CI=0.03~0.38). CONCLUSIONS The current study was the first attempt applying a meta-analysis to investigate the existing research publications targeted at Korean physical activity based on the SEM. More importantly, the study suggests the direction of evidence-based research by synthesizing studies that applied the SEM to physical activity conducted in Korea and providing