Characterization of Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer)

Sang Myung Lee,Bong-Seok Bae,Hee-Weon Park,Nam-Geun Ahn,Byung-Gu Cho,Yong-Lae Cho,Yi-Seong Kwak 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

It has been reported that Korean Red Ginseng has been manufactured for 1,123 y as described in the GoRyeoDoGyeong record. The Korean Red Ginseng manufactured by the traditional preparation method has its own chemical component characteristics. The ginsenoside content of the red ginseng is shown as Rg1: 3.3 mg/g, Re: 2.0 mg/g, Rb1: 5.8 mg/g, Rc:1.7 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.4 mg/g, respectively. It is known that Korean ginseng generally consists of the main root and the lateral or fine roots at a ratio of about 75:25. Therefore, the red ginseng extract is prepared by using this same ratio of the main root and lateral or fine roots and processed by the historical traditional medicine prescription. The red ginseng extract is prepared through awater extraction (90℃ for 14-16 h) and concentration process (until its final concentration is 70-73 Brix at 50-60℃). The ginsenoside contents of the red ginseng extract are shown as Rg1: 1.3 mg/g, Re: 1.3 mg/g, Rb1: 6.4 mg/g, Rc:2.5 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.9 mg/g, respectively. Arginine-fructose-glucose (AFG) is a specific amino-sugar that can be produced by chemical reaction of the process when the fresh ginseng is converted to red ginseng. The content of AFG is 1.0-1.5% in red ginseng. Acidic polysaccharide, which has been known as an immune activator, is at levels of 4.5-7.5% in red ginseng. Therefore, we recommended that the chemical profiles of Korean Red Ginseng made through the defined traditional method should be well preserved and it has had its own chemical characteristics since its traditional development.

Sense of JUSTICE in Chinese Labor

Yi Li,Jo Sung-gu,Park Gyun-yeol J-INSTITUTE 2019 Public Value Vol.4 No.2

Socrates thought that, for the agent by himself, doing wrong is more harmful than suffering injustice. Well, so long as it is merely a matter of wrong done or suffered, thus a matter necessarily existing in the perception of the parties, the proposition may stand. Due to it, a sense of justice consists of ideas and feelings, such as fair and unfair, needs and responsibility, rights, and duties. In China, presently, employees often choose silence when they face ethical dilemmas. Why would they do that? Because they lack a sense of justice and worry about the au-thority of the people who work in charge. This study, through the review of the literature and qualitative analysis methods, tries to explain a sense of justice in Chinese working environment. First of all, this paper reviews the definition, origin, and reasons for a taste of truth through a literature review. Secondly, it uses the method which interviews some employees who work in China. Thirdly, combined with literature review and interview, found that many Chinese people are short of a sense of justice when they face injustice or unfair issues.

Study on a Spatial 3-Degree-of-Freedom Micromanipulator Employing Displacement Magnifying Four-Revolute-Flexure Hinges

Sang-Joon Yoon,Seog-Young Han,Byung-Joo Yi,Jae-Yong Park,Won-Gu Lee 한국물리학회 2007 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.51 No.II

The micromanipulators basically require sufficient workspace and high natural frequency. However, previous designs have difficulty in satisfying the required workspace and natural frequency simultaneously, because the previous micromanipulators are coupled designs. In this study, a previous design was analyzed from the viewpoint of the axiomatic design. Then, a new design parameter, displacement magnifier, which transforms a coupled design into a decoupled design, was suggested. And a design procedure based on an axiomatic design was suggested. A spatial 3-degrees-of-freedom parallel-type micromanipulator was chosen as an exemplary device. According to the suggested design procedure, the micromanipulator having the required natural frequency was designed in the first step, and then the displacement magnifier satisfying the required workspace was designed sequentially. As a consequence, the micromanipulator has a natural frequency of 500 Hz and workspace of $-0.5^\circ \times 0.5^\circ$. To verify the effectiveness of the manipulator and displacement magnifiers, simulations and experiments were performed. It is verified that the manipulator and the displacement magnifiers implemented work very well for satisfying the required natural frequency and workspace.

Resveratrol activates AMPK and suppresses LPS-induced NF-κB-dependent COX-2 activation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

Yi, Chin-Ok,Jeon, Byeong Tak,Shin, Hyun Joo,Jeong, Eun Ae,Chang, Ki Churl,Lee, Jung Eun,Lee, Dong Hoon,Kim, Hyun Joon,Kang, Sang Soo,Cho, Gyeong Jae,Choi, Wan Sung,Roh, Gu Seob Korean Association of Anatomists 2011 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.44 No.3

<P>AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an enzyme involved in energy homeostasis, regulates inflammatory responses, but its precise mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent evidence has shown that resveratrol (RES), an AMPK activator, reduces prostaglandin E<SUB>2</SUB> production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglia. Here, we examined the effect of RES on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) dependent cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 activation in LPS-treated RWA 264.7 macrophages. We found that treatment with RES increased AMPK activation. AMPK and acetyl CoA carboxylase phosphorylation were attenuated in cells treated with LPS+RES, compared to cells treated with LPS alone. RES inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF receptor 1 in LPS-treated cells. Finally, RES inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and COX-2 expression. Moreover, the effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribose and compound C were consistent with the effects of RES in LPS-treated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of RES in RAW 264.7 macrophages is dependent on AMPK activation and is associated with inhibition of the LPS-stimulated NF-κB-dependent COX-2 signaling pathway.</P>

MORAL Teacher and Immoral School: A Case of Chinese School

Yi Li,Jo Sung-gu,Park Gyun-yeol J-INSTITUTE 2019 Robotics & AI Ethics Vol.4 No.2

This study aims to inquiry the way to solve the current moral problems of the school in China. Based on C-score Algorithm of Moral Competence Test(MCT), this wants to show the alternative to China. C-score’s main idea could be summarized “lowly orientation to the lower values, and highly orientation to the higher values”. In the classroom or some places where teachers feel to educate or share some opinion with students, it is impossible for teacher to handle their students’ whole schedules, interests, and moral tasks. This research used conceptual model based on C-score to imply to Chinese educational environment. But the method was not real made experiment but to make and show the conceptual model as one of the framework. The result of this research waits for the empirical results through deeper experiment. Finally this research could catch the point that morality could be improved through the process of collaboration between individual as moral agent and school as environment.

Midtrimester amniotic fluid Level of Activin A. Inhibin A and Inhibin B in Down`s syndrome and other complicated pregnancies

( Sang Woo Lew ),( Jong Kun Lee ),( Yong Wook Kim ),( Hyung Keun Lee ),( Jong Seung Yi ),( Jong Chul Shin ),( Jong Gu Rha ) 대한산부인과학회 2001 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.87 No.-

Propagation Characteristics of GIS PD Signals by Dual UHF Band Method (2)

Jae-Gu Choi,Sang-Hwa Yi,Kwang-Hwa Kim 대한전기학회 2004 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2004 No.5

Liquid Crystal Alignments and the Fluorine in Polyimde Films

Lee, Sang Gu,Choi, Kil Yeong,Yi, Mi Hie,Shin, Dong Myung Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2009 Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Vol.505 No.1

Ethanol Extract of <i>Lilium</i> Bulbs Plays an Anti-Inflammatory Role by Targeting the IKK <tex> $ \alpha $</tex> / <tex> $ \beta $</tex> -Mediated NF- <tex> $ \kappa $</tex> B Pathway in Macrophages

Han, Sang Yun,Yi, Young-Su,Jeong, Seong-Gu,Hong, Yo Han,Choi, Kang Jun,Hossain, Mohammad Amjad,Hwang, Hyunsik,Rho, Ho Sik,Lee, Jongsung,Kim, Jong-Hoon,Cho, Jae Youl World Scientific Publishing Company 2018 The American journal of Chinese medicine Vol.46 No.6

<P><I>Lilium</I> bulbs have long been used as Chinese traditional medicines to alleviate the symptoms of various human inflammatory diseases. However, mechanisms of <I>Lilium</I> bulb-mediated anti-inflammatory activity and the bioactive components in <I>Lilium</I> bulbs remain unknown. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of <I>Lilium</I> bulbs and the underlying mechanism of action were investigated in macrophages using <I>Lilium</I> bulb ethanol extracts (Lb-EE). In a dose-dependent manner, Lb-EE inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) without causing significant cytotoxicity. Lb-EE also down-regulated mRNA expression of inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which included inducuble nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and tumor necrosis factor-<TEX>$ \alpha $</TEX> (TNF-<TEX>$ \alpha $</TEX>). Furthermore, Lb-EE markedly restored LPS-induced morphological changes in RAW264.7 cells to a normal morphology. HPLC analysis identified quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol as bioactive components contained in Lb-EE. Mechanistic studies in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells revealed that Lb-EE suppressed MyD88- and TRIF-induced NF-<TEX>$ \kappa $</TEX>B transcriptional activation and the nuclear translocation of NF-<TEX>$ \kappa $</TEX>B transcription factors. Moreover, Lb-EE inhibited IKK<TEX>$ \alpha $</TEX>/<TEX>$ \beta $</TEX>-induced activation of the NF-<TEX>$ \kappa $</TEX>B signaling pathway and IKK inhibition significantly reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Lb-EE plays an anti-inflammatory role by targeting IKK<TEX>$ \alpha $</TEX>/<TEX>$ \beta $</TEX>-mediated activation of the NF-<TEX>$ \kappa $</TEX>B signaling pathway during macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses.</P>

습성 나이관련황반변성치료에 있어서 베바시주맙 약제의 사용 비율과 원인

윤이상(Yi Sang Yoon),윤원태(Won Tae Yoon),김종우(Jong Woo Kim),김철구(Chul Gu Kim),김재휘(Jae Hui Kim) 대한안과학회 2021 대한안과학회지 Vol.62 No.8

Purpose: To evaluate the proportion of bevacizumab and the reason for its usage in wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records was performed for 1,541 patients who received ranibizumab, aflibercept, or bevacizumab injection to treat wet AMD. The proportion of bevacizumab among the entire set of injections was identified. The reason for selecting bevacizumab was additionally identified. Results: During the study period, a total of 2,929 anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections were performed; 2,236 (76.3%) were ranibizumab or aflibercept injections and 693 (23.7%) were bevacizumab injections. The most common reason for bevacizumab usage was ‘having a 0.1 or worse best-corrected visual acuity or being unable to assure reimbursement due to the development of extensive scarring or geographic atrophy’ (297 bevacizumab injections, 42.9%). The second most common reason was ‘the inability to assure reimbursement such as extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or early CNV without definite fluid in the foveal region’ (201 bevacizumab injections, 29.0%). Conclusions: Bevacizumab was used in 23.7% of the anti-VEGF injections to treat wet AMD. When analyzing patients’ treatment burden and financial impact, the results of the present study may provide useful information. Further multi-center studies are required to evaluate more precisely the usage of anti-VEGF drugs. 목적: 습성 나이관련황반변성의 치료에 있어서 베바시주맙이 이용되는 비율을 확인하고 베바시주맙을 이용한 이유를 알아보고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 습성 나이관련황반변성치료를 위해 라니비주맙, 애플리버셉트, 혹은 베바시주맙 주사를 시행 받은 1,541명을 대상으로 후향적 의무기록 분석을 시행하였다. 6개월 동안 시행된 전체 주사 횟수에서 베바시주맙 주사가 차지하는 비율을 확인하였다. 추가적으로 베바시주맙을 선택한 이유를 확인하였다. 결과: 연구 기간 동안 총 2,929회의 항혈관내피성장인자 주사가 시행되었으며, 라니비주맙 혹은 애플리버셉트 주사는 2,236회(76.3%), 베바시주맙 주사는 693회(23.7%)였다. 베바시주맙 약제를 이용한 가장 주된 이유는 ‘0.1 이하의 교정시력 혹은 심한 반흔이나 지도모양위축의 발생으로 급여치료가 어려운 경우’로 297회(42.9%)의 베바시주맙 주사가 시행되었다. 그 다음으로는 ‘중심와 바깥 혹은 망막하액이나 부종 등 혈관 활동성이 명확하지 않은 경우’로 201회(29.0%)의 베바시주맙 주사가 시행되었다. 결론: 습성 나이관련황반변성치료를 위한 주사의 약 23.7%에서 베바시주맙이 이용되고 있었다. 환자들의 치료 부담 분석 및 치료의 재정적 영향 분석에 있어서 본 연구의 결과가 유용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 항혈관내피성장인자 약제 이용에 대하여 보다 정확히 확인하기 위해서는 향후 다기관 연구가 필요할 것이다.