쇼펜하우어의 윤리에 대한 선禪불교적 접근 -쇼펜하우어의 의지와 지눌의 불성을 중심으로

김종용(동국대학교 WISE캠퍼스 불교사회문화연구원 전임연구원) 대행선연구원 2023 한마음연구 Vol.11 No.-

지눌과 쇼펜하우어 모두 물리적, 현상적 세계는 곧 마음의 상相 또는 표상에 불과한 것이며 또한 무상한 것이니 세상은 본디 공한 것이라 해석한다. 이에 그들은 세상의 실상을 깨닫는다면 자신과 타인 그리고 만물은 본디 둘이 아님을 깨닫게 되어 이타적 행위는 자연히 실현되는 것이라 말한다. 이성적으로 어떠한 행위가 옳은지 판단하는 ‘행위’ 중심의 윤리학에서 지눌과 쇼펜하우어의 윤리는 윤리적 행위를 하는 주재자의 역량에 집중하는 ‘행위자’ 중심의 현대 ‘덕’ 윤리적 특징이 발견된다. 지눌은 본격적인 수행 이전에 자성을 온전히 이해하는 과정이 필요하다 보았고, 쇼펜하우어는 인간의 초월적인 자아를 예술을 통한 심미적 관조에서 이를 체험할 수 있다고 보았다. 하지만 두 인물 모두 이와 같은 과정은 다만 참 자아에 대한 이해 또는 발견이지 온전한 깨달음이라 보지 않았다. 이에 지눌은 후수를 말했는데, 크게 두 가지로 정혜 수행과 간화선이 그것이다. 정혜 수행은 또 크게 두 부분으로 자성정혜문과 수상정혜문을 말하고 이는 근기에 따른 수행이었고 간화선은 지해병知解病을 다스리는 방법론이었다. 쇼펜하우어는 지속 가능한 순수 인식 주관을 위해 ‘금욕’을 말한다. 그가 말하는 금욕이란 자발적 의지 부정으로 고통의 자기 승화로 고통을 자기의 것으로 체화하는 것이다. 이러한 금욕을 통한 의지의 부정은 물체의 소멸을 의미하는 것이 아니라 단지 의욕하지 않는 행위를 의미한다. 하지만 쇼펜하우어는 금욕에 대한 부분에서 고행의 3대 요건만을 말할 뿐 무위적 금욕의 단계에 도달하기 위한 방법론에 대해서는 상세히 설명하지 않는다. Both Jinul and Schopenhauer believed that the physical and phenomenological world were nothing more than creations of the mind. Because these creations are impermanent, they believed that the world has no substantial existence. Accordingly, they said that if one realizes the true reality of the world, one will realize that self and others, and all things are not inherently separate, and that altruistic acts arise naturally. Unlike deontology in which one’s actions become the ultimate basis for judgment about rightness or wrongness, Jinul and Schopenhauer are found to have characteristics of virtue ethics which focuses on the capacity of the person who behaves ethically. Jinul thought that the process of fully understanding one’s inherent true nature was required before engaging in full-fledged Buddhist practice, while Schopenhauer thought that an individual’s transcendental self could be experienced in aesthetic contemplation through art. However, both of them regarded these processes as understanding or discovering the true self, but not the equivalent of enlightenment. Regarding this, Jinul said that Buddhist practice after enlightenment could largely be divided into the practice of concentration and wisdom or the practice of Ganhwa Seon. The practice of concentration and wisdom is again largely divided into two aspects: the gate of concentration and wisdom based on true nature [自性定慧門], and the gate of concentration and wisdom based on the four subsidiary marks of arising [隨相定慧門]. Ganhwa Seon is a practice that controls the maladies of conceptual understanding. Schopenhauer speaks of “abstinen-ce” to attain sustainable pure cognitive subjectivity. In this case, “abstinence” is the negation of voluntary will where one embodies pain by self-sublimation of the pain one feels. The negation of the will through this abstinence does not mean the extinction of the object, but the act of not willing. Schopenhauer only speaks of three requirements for abstinence in the area of asceticism, but he does not explain in detail how to reach the stage of involuntary abstinence. KEYWORDS Jinul, Seon Buddhism, practice theory, Schopenhauer, “virtue”, ethics, will

Paving the Road to Systems Beyond 3G - The IST BRAIN and MIND Projects

Wisely, Dave,Mitjana, Enric The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation 2002 Journal of communications and networks Vol.4 No.4

Wireless LAN technology is complementary to 3G systems and could be used to provide high bandwidth hotspot coverage, for example in railway stations and offices, in order to provide the high bandwidth video and broadband services such as those emerging on DSL fixed access. The IST Projects BRAIN and MIND have investigated a number of key technical enablers for such a system beyond 3G. These include scenarios and business models, design of an all-IP access network, consideration of ad hoc network extensions, enhancing Wireless LAN efficiency and compatibility with IP and, finally, terminal middleware and signalling for rapid adaptations to network QoS changes.

Common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume alteration in major depression and bipolar disorder: evidence from voxel-based meta-analysis

Wise, T,Radua, J,Via, E,Cardoner, N,Abe, O,Adams, T M,Amico, F,Cheng, Y,Cole, J H,de Azevedo Marques Pé,rico, C,Dickstein, D P,Farrow, T F D,Frodl, T,Wagner, G,Gotlib, I H,Gruber, O,Ham, B J,Job Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nat 2017 Molecular psychiatry Vol.22 No.10

<P>Finding robust brain substrates of mood disorders is an important target for research. The degree to which major depression (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with common and/or distinct patterns of volumetric changes is nevertheless unclear. Furthermore, the extant literature is heterogeneous with respect to the nature of these changes. We report a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies in MDD and BD. We identified studies published up to January 2015 that compared grey matter in MDD (50 data sets including 4101 individuals) and BD (36 data sets including 2407 individuals) using whole-brain VBM. We used statistical maps from the studies included where available and reported peak coordinates otherwise. Group comparisons and conjunction analyses identified regions in which the disorders showed common and distinct patterns of volumetric alteration. Both disorders were associated with lower grey-matter volume relative to healthy individuals in a number of areas. Conjunction analysis showed smaller volumes in both disorders in clusters in the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula. Group comparisons indicated that findings of smaller grey-matter volumes relative to controls in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left hippocampus, along with cerebellar, temporal and parietal regions were more substantial in major depression. These results suggest that MDD and BD are characterised by both common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume changes. This combination of differences and similarities has the potential to inform the development of diagnostic biomarkers for these conditions.</P>

Effects of Injection of PTHrP on Tooth Eruption and Osteoprotegerin Gene Expression

Wise, G.E.,Huang, H.,Zhang, Q.,Yao, S. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 2001 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.26 No.3

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is localized in the stellate reticulum and is necessary for tooth eruption to occur. Its receptor is localized in the dental follicle, the tissue that is require for eruption. In the first mandibular molar of the rat, a maximal influx of mononuclear cells occurs early postnatally and they fuse to form osteoclasts for formation of the eruption pathway. This osteoclast formation and activation may be the result of a decrease in osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in the dental follicle at that time, a reduction that is induced in vitro by PTHrP. To determine in vivo the effects of PTHrP on eruption and OPG expression, newborn rats were injected with PTHrP through day 9 postnatally. The results showed that PTHrP moderately accelerated the time of mandibular incisor eruption by almost 2 days and maxillary incisor eruption by almost 1½ days. Molar eruption was not affected. Gene expression of OPG was significantly reduced in the mandibular incisors of PTHrP-injected animals at day 1 postnatally and this may explain the accelerated incisor eruption. Given the limited effect of PTHrP on eruption times, however, PTHrP may act to prevent ankylosis of the tooth during eruption, as suggested by others, rather than actively initiating eruption.

Anatomical and Clinical Characteristics of Scalp Acupuncture Systems: a Scoping Review and Synthesis

Wise Svetlana,Lorenc Ava 사단법인약침학회 2023 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.16 No.5

Scalp acupuncture is a therapeutic procedure that involves inserting needles into the scalp to treat various medical conditions, including pain and neurological and psychological disorders. The inter-system variability of scalp acupuncture limits secondary analysis and evidence synthesis, delaying its inclusion into evidence-based healthcare policies and establishment as a treatment intervention recognized by Western medicine. This scoping review aimed to identify the range of scalp acupuncture systems, systematically collect and summarize information on their general, anatomical, and clinical characteristics, and build a framework for understanding scalp acupuncture systems. This review included all English-language publications on scalp acupuncture applied to treat any health condition in humans. Extensive searches were conducted across bibliographic databases, journals, trial registries, and supplementary sources. The detailed general, anatomical, and clinical application characteristics of 19 scalp acupuncture systems were extracted. Data were collected and analyzed using charting and image manipulation software. Framework synthesis was performed using the Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclature Scalp Acupuncture as an a priori framework. The review revealed that the heterogeneity related to scalp acupuncture methods can be attributed to the high variability among the theoretical bases of different systems, intersystem mismatch in anatomical locations of treatment points and areas on the scalp, and inconsistencies in the methods used for locating them. These discrepancies in anatomical and clinical features have limited the synthesis and development of a framework for scalp acupuncture. Discussion and agreement on the anatomical locations of scalp stimulation areas, identification of methods for precise positioning of acupuncture areas on the scalp, and further exploration of theoretical bases will aid in the standardization of scalp acupuncture and improve the quality of research in this area.

CCQM K6.2 determination of total cholesterol in human serum

Wise, Stephen A,Phinney, Karen W,Duewer, David L,Sniegoski, Lorna T,Welch, Michael J,Pabello, Guiomar,Caldero, Marco A Avila,Qinde, Liu,Kooi, Lee Tong,Rego, Eliane,Garrido, Bruno,Allegri, Gabriella,Cr BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2018 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.55 No.1

CCQM-K11.2 determination of glucose in human serum and CCQM-K12.2 determination of creatinine in human serum

Wise, Stephen A,Phinney, Karen W,Duewer, David L,Sniegoski, Lorna T,Welch, Michael J,Pritchett, Jeanita,Pabello, Guiomar,Calderon, Marco A Avila,Balderas, Miryan,Qinde, Liu,Kooi, Lee Tong,Rego, Eliane IOP Publishing 2018 Metrologia Vol.55 No.1

Effects of Injection of IL-1α on Tooth Eruption in the Rat

Wise, G.E.,Lumpkin, S.J.,Huang, H. Korean Academy of Oral Biology and the UCLA Dental 2000 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.25 No.2

It has been postulated that interleukin-1α(IL-1α) is an initiator of tooth eruption because of its ability to enhance the gene expression of CSF-1, MCP-1 and NF_κB, molecules involved in the signaling pathway leading to tooth eruption. Although IL-1α is localized in the stellate reticulum, its receptors are present in the adjacent dental follicle, the site of CSF-1, MCP-1 and NF_κB production. Thus, to directly examine the effect of IL-1α on tooth eruption, newborn rats were injected with IL-1α at a concentration of ㎍/g body weight on days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 12 postnatally. The results showed that IL-1α injections accelerated the time of eruption by almost 3 days for mandibular incisors and 2 days for maxillary incisors. such injections accelerated the eruption time for the first mandibular molar by almost 1 day. Eyelid opening time was accelerated by 2.5 days in the IL-1α injected rats but average growth was stunted by almost 0.7g/day as compared to controls. These effects of IL-1α parallel effects of EGF on incisor eruption. eyelid opening and growth. The effects EGF could be mediated through IL-1α, especially since it has been previously shown that EGF enhances both IL-1α and IL-1α receptor gene expression. Because CSF-a accelerates molar eruption but not incisor eruption, the major effect of IL-1α on enhancing incisor eruption may be through its stimulating the expression of MCP-1 and NF_κB. to that end, we demonstrate in this study that IL-1α heightens translation of NF_κB and MCP-1 in cultured dental follicle cells.

제3주제 : Malaysian Legal and Organizational Framework on Biosafety

George Wise Ajom 한국종자연구회 2017 종자과학과 산업 Vol.13 No.2

제3주제 : Malaysian Legal and Organizational Framework on Biosafety

George Wise Ajom 한국종자연구회 2017 한국종자연구회 심포지엄 Vol.2017 No.12