Hepatic Cirrhosis Occurring in a Young Woodchuck(Marmota monax) Due to Vertical Transmission of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus(WHV)

Kyu-shik Jeong,정원일,Jae-yong Chung,Mi-young An,Chae-yong Jung,Gyoung-jae Lee,Jong-soo Kang,Byeong-cheol Kang,Young-heun Jee,Bruce H Williams,Young-oh Kwon,Da-hee Jeong 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Cirrhosis Occurring in a Young Woodchuck (Marmota monax) Due to Vertical Transmission of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHV)Da-hee Jeong, Won-il Jeong, Jae-yong Chung, Mi-young An, Chae-yong Jung, Gyoung-jae Lee1, Jong-soo Kang1, Byeong-cheol Kang2, Young-heun Jee3, Bruce H Williams4, Young-oh Kwon5 and Kyu-shik Jeong*College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea1Shinwon Scientific Co., LTD, Research Institute, Suwon, Korea2Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea3College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea

치병과 구원 : 인간욕구의 제 차원 The Dimensions of Human Need

Williams, Daniel D. 연세대학교 신과대학 1961 신학논단 Vol.6 No.-

심신의 병을 치료한다는 것이 영혼 구원에는 어떠한 관계를 가지는가? 이 질문은 현금 교회가 "영혼치료"를 할 수 있다는 새로운 경향으로 우리 앞에 제기되었다. 현대 심리학적 지식은 인간 이해와 질병 취급에 있어서 혁명적 세력이 되었다. 심리학의 영향력이 어찌나 큰지 그 때문에, 오늘날 신학교육에 있어서도 목회 분야에서는 비단 정신요법 문제에만 주의를 기울이는 것이 아니라, 군중 치료와 군중 세력 문제에 있어서 목회자와 신도의 관계를 분석하는방법에 까지 점차 주의를 기울이게 되었다. 프로이드에 의하면 시발된 이 운동은, 종교생활의 제국면에 영향을 주고 있는 인간문제를 취급하는 방법에 까지 파급되었다.

A COUPLED -STRUCTURE WITH AN APPLICATION IN A SUBTRACTION ALGEBRA

Williams, D.R. Prince,Ahn, Sun Shin,Jun, Young Bae The Honam Mathematical Society 2014 호남수학학술지 Vol.36 No.4

In this paper, we introduce a coupled $\mathcal{N}$-structure which is the generalization of $\mathcal{N}$-structure. Using this coupled $\mathcal{N}$-structure, we have applied in a subtraction algebra and have introduced the notion of a coupled $\mathcal{N}$-subalgebra, a coupled $\mathcal{N}$-ideal. Also the characterization of coupled $\mathcal{N}$-ideal is presented.

The Role of a Public Speaking Course in the Training of Interpreters

Williams, Neal 한국통번역교육학회 2009 통번역교육연구 Vol.7 No.2

전문 통역사에 대한 수요는 확고부동하다. 이러한 수요에 부응하려면 통역사 훈련을 위한 커리큘럼 개발은 시급한 과제이다. 통역사 교육 프로그램은 일반적으로 전문 통역사를 위한 퍼블릭 스피킹 능력을 기본 요소로 간주한다. 따라서 퍼블릭 스피킹이 대부분의 커리큘럼에 포함되지만 구체적인 이론적 배경은 미흡한 측면이 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본고는 통역사 교육에서 퍼블릭 스피킹을 포함하여야 하는 두 가지 이론적 근거를 제시한다. 첫째, 통역사는 기본적으로 퍼블릭 스피커이다. 비록 타인인 연사의 메시지를 전달하지만 통역사는 들리도록 말하기, 명료한 발음, 적절한 발화 속도 등 퍼블릭 스피킹의 필수 요소를 반드시 익혀야 한다. 따라서 퍼블릭 스피킹 기술은 선택이 아닌 필수이다. 둘째, 퍼블릭 스피킹 기술은 통역사의 경력 개발에 필수적이다. 경력 개발에는 타인과의 네트워크 구성이 필수이며, 퍼블릭 스피킹 기술은 네트워크 구성의 통합 요소이다. 성공적인 통역사는 네트워크 구성에 능하며 퍼블릭 스피킹에도 능하다.

Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor

Williams, Simon J.,Sohn, Kee Hoon,Wan, Li,Bernoux, Maud,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Segonzac, Cecile,Ve, Thomas,Ma, Yan,Saucet, Simon B.,Ericsson, Daniel J.,Casey, Lachlan W.,Lonhienne, Thierry,Winzor, Dona American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.344 No.6181

<P><B>Universal Immune Function</B></P><P>Certain pathogen effectors are detected in plants by cytoplasmic receptors. First solving the crystal structures of <I>Arabidopsis</I> receptors, <B>Williams <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 299; see the Perspective by <B>Nishimura and Dangl</B>) discovered that in the resting state, the structures form a heterodimer that readies the complex for effector binding and keeps the signaling domains from firing too early. Once the pathogen effector binds, the structure of the complex shifts such that the signaling domains can form a homodimer to initiate downstream signaling. Similarities between these plant-pathogen receptors and Toll-like receptors in animals suggest the molecular mechanisms may translate broadly.</P>

Synthesis, Photophysical,Electrochemical, Tumor-Imaging,and Phototherapeutic Properties of Purpurinimide-<i>N</i>-substituted Cyanine Dyes Joined with Variable Lengths of Linkers

Williams, MichaelP. A.,Ethirajan, Manivannan,Ohkubo, Kei,Chen, Ping,Pera, Paula,Morgan, Janet,White, William H.,Shibata, Masayuki,Fukuzumi, Shunichi,Kadish, Karl M.,Pandey, Ravindra K. American ChemicalSociety 2011 Bioconjugate chemistry Vol.22 No.11

<P>Purpurinimide methyl esters, bearing variable lengthsof N-substitutions,were conjugated individually to a cyanine dye with a carboxylic acidfunctionality. The results obtained from <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> studies showed a significant impactof the linkers joining the phototherapeutic and fluorescence imagingmoieties. The photosensitizer–fluorophore conjugate with aPEG linker showed the highest uptake in the liver, whereas the conjugatelinked with two carbon units showed excellent tumor-imaging and PDTefficacy at 24 h postinjection. Whole body imaging and biodistributionstudies at variable time points portrayed enhanced fluorescent uptakeof the conjugates in the tumor compared to that in the skin. Interestingly,the conjugate with the shortest linker and the one joining with twocarbon units showed faster clearance from normal organs, e.g., theliver, kidney, spleen, and lung, compared to that in tumors. Bothimaging and PDT efficacy of the conjugates were performed in BALB/cmice bearing Colon26 tumors. Compared to the others, the short linkerconjugate showed poor tumor fluorescent properties and as a corollarydoes not exhibit the dual functionality of the photosensitizer–fluorophoreconjugate. For this reason, it was not evaluated for <I>in vivo</I> PDT efficacy. However, in Colon26 tumor cells (<I>in vitro</I>), the short linker was highly effective. Among the conjugates withvariable linkers, the rate of energy transfer from the purpurinimidemoiety to the cyanine moiety increased with deceasing linker length,as examined by femtosecond laser flash photolysis measurements. Noelectron transfer from the purpurinimide moiety to the singlet excitedstate of the cyanine moiety or from the singlet excited state of thecyanine moiety to the purpurinimide moiety occurred as indicated bya comparison of transient absorption spectra with spectra of the one-electronoxidized and one-electron reduced species of the conjugate obtainedby spectroelectrochemical measurements.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/bcches/2011/bcches.2011.22.issue-11/bc200345p/production/images/medium/bc-2011-00345p_0016.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/bc200345p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Old Age and Nutrition

Williams, Vincent Korean Society of Community Nutrition 2002 Journal of community nutrition Vol.4 No.1

Advances in Secondary Prevention of Stroke

Williams, adrian Medical Publications Korea 1999 Medical Progress Vol.21 No.5

Hypersensitive site 6 of the Th2 locus control region is essential for Th2 cytokine expression

Williams, Adam,Lee, Gap Ryol,Spilianakis, Charalampos G.,Hwang, Soo Seok,Eisenbarth, Stephanie C.,Flavell, Richard A. National Academy of Sciences 2013 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.110 No.17

<P>The T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine genes <I>Il4</I>, <I>Il5</I>, and <I>Il13</I> are contained within a 140-kb region of mouse chromosome 11 and their expression is controlled by a locus control region (LCR) embedded within this locus. The LCR is composed of a number of DNase I–hypersensitive sites (HSs), which are believed to encompass the regulatory core of the LCR. To determine the function of these sites, mutant mice were generated in which combinations of these HSs had been deleted from the endogenous LCR, and the effect on Th2 cytokine expression was assessed through the use of in vivo and in vitro models. These experiments revealed that, although all of the hypersensitive sites analyzed are important for appropriate LCR function, some sites are more important than others in regulating cytokine expression. Interestingly, each LCR mutation showed contrasting effects on cytokine expression, in some cases with mutants displaying opposing phenotypes between in vitro cultures and in vivo immunizations. These studies indicated that Rad50 hypersensitive site 6 was the singularly most important HS for Th2 cytokine expression, displaying consistent reductions in cytokine levels in all models tested. Furthermore analysis of chromatin modifications revealed that deletion of Rad50 hypersensitive site 6 impacted epigenetic modifications at the promoters of the <I>Il4</I>, <I>Il5</I>, and <I>Il13</I> genes as well as other regulatory sites within the Th2 locus.</P>

동아시아 구법승과 상카시야 유적

Williams Joanna G. 미술사와 시각문화학회 2005 미술사와 시각문화 Vol.4 No.-

According to Legge, Faxian wrote: Proceeding 18 yojanas southeast [from Mathurii and 7 yojemas from Kanauj, which he visited next], they found themselves in a kingdom called Sankasya, at the place where the Buddha came down, after ascending to the Trayatrimsa heaven… The bbirsuni Utpalavarna thought in her heart, "Today the kings ... will all be meeting the Buddha. I am but a woman; how shall I succeed in being the first to see him?" Buddha immediately ... changed her into the appearance of a holy cakravartin king, and she was foremost of all in doing reverence to rum. As Buddha descended from his position aloft in the Trayatrimsa heaven, when he was coming down, there were made to appear three flights of precious steps. Buddha was on the middle. composed of the seven precious substances. The king of Brahma-loka also made a flight of silver steps appear on the right side, where he attended with a white chowry in his hand, Sakra, ruler of devas, made steps of purple gold on the left, where he held an umbrella "" When he was come down, the three flights all disappeared in the ground, excepting seven steps ... Afterwards King Asoka, wishing to know where their ends rested, sent men to dig and see, They went down to the yellow springs [the water table] without reaching the bonom of the steps, and from this the king rceived an increase to his reverence"" [Asoka] built a vihara over the steps, with a standing image 16 cubits in height, right over the middle flight. Behind the pillar, he erected a stone pillar, about 50 cubits high, with a lion on the top of it. Let into the pillar, on each of its 4 sides, there is an image of the Buddha, inside and out shining and transparent, and pure as it were of lapis lazuli [which roared in a later monastic debate], Faxian also reported stupas built later where the nun Utpalavarla knelt, where the Buddha cut his hair, where three previous Buddhas sat, as well as offerings made to a white-eared dragon that continued to protect the monastic community, One gets the impression of a crowded, complex site in the early 5th century, with presumably wooden monastic buildings, Over 200 years later, Xuanzang described visiting the site of the descent from Tryatrima named now)iebita (Beal: "written formerly Sengjiashe") and located less than 200 li southeast from Kanauj (in which Beal suggests he is mistaken on the direction), His account reads: Some centuries ago the ladders still existed in their original position, but now they have sunk into the earth and have disappeared. The neighboring princes ... bujlt up of bricks and chased stones, on the ancient foundations 3 ladders resembling the old ones. They are about 70 feet high. Above them they have built a vihara in which is a stone image of Buddha, and on either side of this is a ladder of Brahma and Sma, just as they appeared. On the outside of the vihara, but close by its side, there is a stone column about 70 feet high, which was erected by Asoka-raja, It is of a purple color, and shining as if with moisture. The substance is hard and fmely grained, Above it is a lion sitting on its haunches and facing the ladder. There are carved fig-ures inlaid, of wonderful execution on the four sides of the pillar and around It Xuanzang also records other stupas commemorating Buddhas of the past and the nun Utpalavatma, now eclipsed by Subhoti who had already seen the dharmakaya in the form of the doctrine that all existing things are void of reality, Again, we get a picture of a bustling monastic community in the 7th century. And the resplendent lion pillar with Buddha images stands out in both accounts, On the basis of the name Sankasya, known from the pilgrims and from texts like the Divyavadana, as well as the general location, Cunning-ham identified the modern village Sankfsa in modern Farrukhabad district, up. with the site of the Descent, It lies some 40 km. northeast of Kanauj in the Doab, richly populated with ancient remains, The two Gupta sites Jankhat and Bilsadh took me to this area in 1974, Cunningham included the site in his reports for 1862 and 1876. In the first he recorded the presence of an ASokan capital and worship of a naga named Karewar, which he identified with Faxian's description. In 1876 hecollected objects reproduced on the right. I know these only from this abysmal image and would be delighted to hear that they survive in some museum. Cunningham suggested that #2, a fragment of a tiny soapstone disc, represented the site itself, with a seated Buddha and kneeling Utpalavarna at the top of what survived. The Archaeological Survey of India returned to this site ten years ago and excavated here for at least 2 seasons, as reported in Indian Arcbaeolo-gy, A Review for 1995-96 and 96-97, finding Painted Grey Ware, Northern Black Polished Ware, Sunga, Kushan, and Gupta pottery, pre-Kushan bricks, and terra-conas attributed to the Gupta period, The Aokan capital found here has continued to receive attention. Is this what both Faxian and Xuanzang described as a lion? Cunningham asserted that both were mistaken about the identity of the animal, It might be pointed out that the shorter pillar that stands at the site of the Parinilvana makes some confusion plausible, Xuanzang describes the pillar standing at Sarnath as "bright and shining as a mirror: its surface is glistening and smooth as ice, and on it can be constantly seen the figure of Buddha as a shadow," I. e" he ignored the form of the capital and was mesmerized by the stone's polish, It is also possible that the Buddha figures he mentions here and Sa:nkasya were in fact carved on the pillar like the Gupta pillar at Kahaum, which has four TIrthankaras at the top as well as a single one below. The elephant capital has continued to attract attention for the excep-tional swirls beneath what was long considered a lotiform bottom to the capital, John l1win took these to indicate that the "lotus" in fact originated as a piece of cloth draped over a wood