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Nguyen, Tuyet Nam Thi,Jung, Kuen-Sik,Son, Ji Min,Kwon, Hye-Ok,Choi, Sung-Deuk Elsevier 2018 Environmental pollution Vol.236 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in gaseous and particulate phases (n = 188) were collected in Ulsan, South Korea, over a period of one year (June 2013‒May 2014) to understand the seasonal variation and phase distribution of PAHs as well as to identify the seasonal PAH emission sources. The target compounds were the 16 US-EPA priority PAHs, with the exception of naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene. Winter and spring had the highest and lowest PAH concentrations, respectively. The mean of the Σ<SUB>13</SUB> PAHs in the gaseous phase (4.11 ng/m<SUP>3</SUP>) was higher than that in the particulate phase (2.55 ng/m<SUP>3</SUP>). Fractions of the gaseous or 3- and 4-ring PAHs (i.e., Flu, Phe, and Ant) were high in summer, and those of the particulate or 5- and 6-ring PAHs (i.e., BkF, BaP, Ind, DahA, and BghiP) increased in winter. Gas/particle partitioning models also demonstrated the increased contributions of the particulate PAHs in spring and winter. Source identification of PAHs was undertaken using diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis, and positive matrix factorization. The results indicated that pyrogenic sources (e.g., coal combustion) were dominant in winter. Other types of pyrogenic (e.g., industrial fuel combustion) and petrogenic sources were the main PAH sources in summer and autumn. The influence of both sources, especially in summer, might be due to seasonal winds transporting PAHs from the industrial areas. Two types of pyrogenic sources, diesel and coal combustion, were identified as the main PAH sources in spring. This study clearly demonstrates a source–receptor relation of PAHs at a semi-rural site in a heavily industrialized city.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The seasonal variation and phase distribution of atmospheric PAHs were evident. </LI> <LI> Winter and spring showed the highest and lowest concentrations of PAHs, respectively. </LI> <LI> The main source of PAHs in winter was revealed as pyrogenic sources. </LI> <LI> Petroleum and industrial oil combustion were the main sources in summer and autumn. </LI> <LI> Diesel and coal combustion or biomass burning were important sources in spring. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
최성득,윤나라,이상진,Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen,이호영,조혜경,송창근 한국대기환경학회 2024 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.18 No.1
Gaseous and particulate 21 PAHs were monitored at a residential site in Ulsan, South Korea, over three seasons (December 2013–August 2014). The mean concentrations of Σ21 PAHs were highest in winter (16.2 ± 8.2 ng/m3), followed by spring (8.37 ± 4.53 ng/m3) and summer (6.23 ± 2.53 ng/m3). The mean gaseous concentration of Σ21 PAHs (7.39 ± 4.39 ng/m3) was 2.7 times higher than that of particulate PAHs (2.70 ± 3.38 ng/m3). To identify the sources of PAHs (both types of sources and their areas), diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis, and concentrationweighted trajectory (CWT) were used. The results showed that pyrogenic sources (e.g., coal combustion) were the primary emission sources of PAHs in winter and spring. In summer, the influence of both coal and heavy oil combustion was dominant, suggesting that PAHs could be transported from industrial areas of Ulsan (e.g., petrochemical and nonferrous industrial complexes) by seasonal winds. Regarding emission source areas, the CWT analysis revealed that in winter and spring, PAHs in Ulsan could be attributed to emissions from regional areas, e.g., China and North Korea. The PAH concentrations were also used to assess the health risks associated with the inhalation of these compounds for adults aged 18–70. The results showed that the cancer risks from Σ19 PAHs and Σ13 PAHs did not exceed the guideline set by the US EPA ( 10−6), indicating no cancer risks for this target group. However, it is worth noting that certain PAHs, which are not listed as priority PAHs by the US EPA, make significant contributions to the benzo[a] pyrene equivalent and the associated cancer risks. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate not only the priority PAHs but also other PAH species to fully evaluate their effect on human health.
Ho-Joong Kim(김호중),Jin-Woo Jeon(전진우),Tuyet Nam Thi Nguyen,Seung-Man Hwang(황승만),Yong-Ho Cha(차용호),Sung-Deuk Choi(최성득),Chang-Gyun Kim(김창균) 환경독성보건학회 2021 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2021 No.5
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) are generated unintentionally from anthropogenic emission sources such as power plants and incinerators, and various kinds of chlorinated chemical manufacturing processes such as metallurgy, pentachlorophenol, ethylene dichloride, and chloroalkyl. In the long-term nationwide Korea national POPs monitoring program, concentrations and emission of PCDD/DFs in the air had been decreased 70 % from 2009 to 2017 and 91% from 2001 to 2015, respectively. Despite these efforts, PCDD/DFs have been long-range transported all over the world due to their characteristics such as low water solubility, semi-volatility, bio-accumulation, and persistence. Especially, air and soil play a key role in the movement and storage of POPs in the environment by deposition and volatilization, evaluating their multimedia fate is essential to predict human health effects. This study focused on long-term fugacity flux based on seasonal variations and types of localities over a decade, as South Korea has a distinctive four seasons; spring, summer, fall, and winter, and various kinds of manufacturing industries. Total 1,083 of ambient air and soil samples at 21 sites where adjacent within 6 km of each other throughout the South Korea peninsula from 2008 to 2018 for PCDD/DFs. It is known that POPs could be re-volatilized from soil to ambient air as secondary pollution. The diffusive soil-air fluxes and soil-air fugacity fraction (ff) of each PCDD/DFs congeners were calculated for every four seasons. The ff is shown that temporal variation according to the number of chlorinations, congeners, and locality types. Furthermore, soil-air fugacity exchange flux over a decade shows that mainly equilibrium state but the tendency to deposition.