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Brain Mechanisms of Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Aspects of Taste
Takashi Yamamoto KOREAN ACADAMY OF ORAL BIOLOGY 2009 International Journal of Oral Biology Vol.34 No.3
Taste is associated with hedonic evaluation as well as recognition of quality and intensity. Taste information is sent to the cortical gustatory area in a chemotopical manner to be processed for discrimination of taste quality. It is also conveyed to the reward system and feeding center via the prefrontal cortices. The amygdala, which receives taste inputs, also influences reward and feeding. In terms of neuroactive substances, palatability is closely related to benzodiazepine derivatives and β-endorphin, both of which facilitate consumption of food and fluid. The reward system contains the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum and finally sends information to the lateral hypothalamic area, the feeding center. The dopaminergic system originating from the ventral tegmental area mediates the motivation to consume palatable food. The actual ingestive behavior is promoted by the orexigenic neuropeptides from the hypothalamus. Even palatable food can become aversive and avoided as a consequence of postingestional unpleasant experience such as malaise. The brain mechanism of these aspects of taste is elucidated.
Experiment on Behavior of Charged Particles in Cusp Direct Energy Converter for D-3He Fusion
takashi Yamamoto,H. Takeno,Y. Kurumatani,Y. Yasaka 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.49 No.III
It is necessary to separate, discriminate and guide electrons, thermal ions, and fusion protons created from a D-3He reactor in order to convert kinetic to electric power directly. A cusp direct energy converter (CUSPDEC) is expected to achieve the above-mentioned role. This paper presents simulation experiments of CUSPDEC. The separation of ions and electrons is done and the kinetic energy of ions separated from electrons is converted to electricity.true
Takashi Tamura,Yasunobu Yamashita,Kazuki Ueda,Yuki Kawaji,Masahiro Itonaga,Shin-ichi Murata,Kaori Yamamoto,Takeichi Yoshida,Hiroki Maeda,Takao Maekita,Mikitaka Iguchi,Hideyuki Tamai,Masao Ichinose,Jun 대한소화기내시경학회 2017 Clinical Endoscopy Vol.50 No.4
Background/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has been used to diagnose gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs). Although rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) has been reported to improve the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA for pancreatic lesions, on-site cytopathologists are not routinely available. Given this background, the usefulness of ROSE by endosonographers themselves for pancreatic tumors has also been reported. However, ROSE by endosonographers for diagnosis of SMT has not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA with ROSE by endosonographers for SMT, focusing on diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), compared with that of EUS-FNA alone. Methods: Twenty-two consecutive patients who underwent EUS-FNA with ROSE by endosonographers for SMT followed by surgical resection were identified. Ten historical control subjects who underwent EUS-FNA without ROSE were used for comparison. Results: The overall diagnostic accuracy for SMT was significantly higher in cases with than without ROSE (100% vs. 80%, p=0.03). The number of needle passes by FNA with ROSE by endosonographers tended to be fewer, although accuracy was increased (3.3±1.3 vs. 5.9±3.8, p=0.06). Conclusions: ROSE by endosonographers during EUS-FNA for SMT is useful for definitive diagnosis, particularly for GIST.
Pilot Study for Considering Subthalamic Nucleus Anatomy during Stimulation Using Directional Leads
Takashi Asahi,Kiyonobu Ikeda,Jiro Yamamoto,Hiroyuki Tsubono,Shuji Sato 대한파킨슨병및이상운동질환학회 2019 Journal Of Movement Disorders Vol.12 No.2
ObjectiveDirectional leads are used for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Two of the four contacts of the leads are divided into three parts, enabling controlled stimulation in a circumferential direction. The direction of adverse effects evoked by DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and stimulation strategies using directional leads were evaluated. MethodsDirectional leads were implanted into the bilateral STN of six parkinsonian patients (1 man, 5 women; mean age 66.2 years). The contact centers were located within the upper border of the STN, and the locations were identified electrically using microrecordings. Adverse effects were evaluated with electrical stimulation (30 μs, 130 Hz, limit 11 mA) using the directional part of each lead after surgery, and the final stimulation direction was investigated. Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (UPDRS) scores were evaluated before and after DBS. ResultsFifty-six motor and four sensory symptoms were evoked by stimulation; no adverse effect was evoked in 14 contacts. Motor and sensory symptoms were evoked by stimulation in the anterolateral direction and medial to posterolateral direction, respectively. Stimulation in the posteromedial direction produced adverse effects less frequently. The most frequently used contacts were located above the STN (63%), followed by the upper part of the STN (32%). The mean UPDRS part III and dyskinesia scores decreased after DBS from 30.2 ± 11.7 to 7.2 ± 2.9 and 3.3 ± 2.4 to 0.5 ± 0.8, respectively. ConclusionThe incidence of adverse effects was low for the posteromedial stimulation of the STN. Placing the directional part of the lead above the STN may facilitate the control of dyskinesia.
Keisuke Yamamoto,Kazuya Tanigawa,Tetsuo Hironaka,Takashi Ishiguro 대한전자공학회 2015 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2015 No.6
A memory based PLD (MPLD) has been proposed as one of reconfigurable device. A MPLD consists of multiple-output look-up tables (MLUTs) which is reconfigurable element diagonally connected by AD pairs. MPLD can improve routing ability among logic elements by increasing the number of AD pairs. However, there is problem that chip area of MLUT will be doubled by each additional AD pairs. On the other hand, if a MLUT with fewer number of AD pairs is used for small chip area, it decreases logic density since many MLUTs are used as a part of routing resources. To solve the problem, we propose a small logic element while keeping routing ability high, compared with MLUT. We adopted selector-based logic element to decrease chip area. From the estimation results in this paper, we found that the number of transistor counts required to implement our proposed logic element is decreased to 18.7 % of transistor counts, compared with MLUT with six AD pairs.
Unstructured-Mesh-Based Simulation for Subsonic and Supersonic Flow Control with a Plasma Actuator
Junya Yamamoto,Koji Shimoyama,Shinkyu Jeong,Shigeru Obayashi,Takashi Matsuno,Hiromitsu Kawazoe 한국항공우주학회 2008 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-
A plasma actuator is a simple device that can control flow with low power supply, so this is very practical and several applications have been proposed by many researchers. In this paper, a numerical method for simulating the flow with a plasma actuator is proposed, and it is applied to supersonic flow as well as subsonic flow. This method adopts unstructured mesh so that it can be employed for complex geometries. A numerical model proposed by Suzen et al. is used for simulating the phenomena caused by a plasma actuator, and TAS-code is employed for the flow field prediction. First, this paper validated the proposed method through two test calculations for subsonic flow; the Hump model used at CFD validity workshop in NASA Langley and then the NACA0015 airfoil. According to the results of the subsonic test calculations, the present method was able to predict the effects of the plasma actuator to the flow separation correctly. Finally, a calculation with the ramp model is conducted to control the shock wave, and its capability to control the shock wave through the shift in the shock wave location was confirmed.