Testing of Poisson Incidence Rate Restriction

Singh, Karan,Shanmugam, Ramalingam The Korean Reliability Society 2001 International Journal of Reliability and Applicati Vol.2 No.4

Shanmugam(1991) generalized the Poisson distribution to capture a restriction on the incidence rate $\theta$ (i.e. $\theta$ < $\beta$, an unknown upper limit), and named it incidence rate restricted Poisson (IRRP) distribution. Using Neyman's C($\alpha$) concept, Shanmugam then devised a hypothesis testing procedure for $\beta$ when $\theta$ remains unknown nuisance parameter. Shanmugam's C ($\alpha$) based .results involve inverse moments which are not easy tools, This article presents an alternate testing procedure based on likelihood ratio concept. It turns out that likelihood ratio test statistic offers more power than the C($\alpha$) test statistic. Numerical examples are included.

A Characterization of Negative Binomial Distribution Truncated at Zero

Shanmugam, R. The Korean Statistical Society 1982 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.11 No.2

Analogous to Singh's (1978) characterization of positive-Poisson distributioin and Shanmugam and Singh's (1992) characterization of logarithmic series distribution, a characterization and its statistical application of the negative binomial distribution truncated at zero are given in this paper. While it is known that under certain conditions the negative binomial distribution truncted at zero approaches the positive-Poisson and the logarithmic series distributions, we show here that the results of this paper approach in limit the results of Singh, and Shanmugam and Singh, respectively. Using the biologicla data from Sampford (1955), we illusrate our results. Also, expressions are explicitly given to test the hypothesis whether a random sample is indeed from a geometric distribution.

The bounds of meta-analytics and an alternative method

Ramalingam Shanmugam(Ramalingam Shanmugam ),Mohammad Tabatabai(Mohammad Tabatabai ),Derek Wilus;Karan P. Singh(Derek Wilus;Karan P. Singh ) 한국역학회 2024 Epidemiology and Health Vol.46 No.-

Application of Multispectral Remotely Sensed Imagery for the Characterization of Complex Coastal Wetland Ecosystems of southern India: A Special~Methods

Shanmugam Sanjeevi,안유환,Palanisamy Shanmugam 대한원격탐사학회 2005 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

Application of Multispectral Remotely Sensed Imagery for the Characterization of Complex Coastal Wetland Ecosystems of southern India: A Special Emphasis on Comparing Soft and Hard Classification Methods

Shanmugam, Palanisamy,Ahn, Yu-Hwan,Sanjeevi , Shanmugam The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2005 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

This paper makes an effort to compare the recently evolved soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) with the traditional hard classification methods based on Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithms in order to achieve appropriate results for mapping, monitoring and preserving valuable coastal wetland ecosystems of southern India using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image data. ISODATA and MLC methods were attempted on these satellite image data to produce maps of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wetland classes for each of three contrast coastal wetland sites, Pitchavaram, Vedaranniyam and Rameswaram. The accuracy of the derived classes was assessed with the simplest descriptive statistic technique called overall accuracy and a discrete multivariate technique called KAPPA accuracy. ISODATA classification resulted in maps with poor accuracy compared to MLC classification that produced maps with improved accuracy. However, there was a systematic decrease in overall accuracy and KAPPA accuracy, when more number of classes was derived from IRS-1C/1D and Landsat-5 TM imagery by ISODATA and MLC. There were two principal factors for the decreased classification accuracy, namely spectral overlapping/confusion and inadequate spatial resolution of the sensors. Compared to the former, the limited instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of these sensors caused occurrence of number of mixture pixels (mixels) in the image and its effect on the classification process was a major problem to deriving accurate wetland cover types, in spite of the increasing spatial resolution of new generation Earth Observation Sensors (EOS). In order to improve the classification accuracy, a soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) was described to calculate the spectral mixture and classify IRS-1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 TM Imagery. This method considered number of reflectance end-members that form the scene spectra, followed by the determination of their nature and finally the decomposition of the spectra into their endmembers. To evaluate the LSMM areal estimates, resulted fractional end-members were compared with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ground truth data, as well as those estimates derived from the traditional hard classifier (MLC). The findings revealed that NDVI values and vegetation fractions were positively correlated ($r^2$= 0.96, 0.95 and 0.92 for Rameswaram, Vedaranniyam and Pitchavaram respectively) and NDVI and soil fraction values were negatively correlated ($r^2$ =0.53, 0.39 and 0.13), indicating the reliability of the sub-pixel classification. Comparing with ground truth data, the precision of LSMM for deriving moisture fraction was 92% and 96% for soil fraction. The LSMM in general would seem well suited to locating small wetland habitats which occurred as sub-pixel inclusions, and to representing continuous gradations between different habitat types.

Silymarin seed extract supplementation enhances the growth performance, meat quality, and nutrients digestibility, and reduces gas emission in broilers

Shanmugam Suresh kumar,박재홍,Cho Sungbo,김인호 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.8

Objective: A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of silymarin seed extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microbiota, excreta gas emission, blood profiles, and meat quality in broilers. Methods: A total of 1,088 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (mixed-sex) with an initial body weight of 42.34±0.82 g, were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 17 replicates of 16 chicks per cage and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% of silymarin. Results: The inclusion of silymarin supplementation linearly increased the body weight of broilers during days 7 to 21 and 1 to 35 days. On day 35, broilers fed a diet containing graded levels of silymarin supplementation linearly increased the nutrient digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen and cecal Lactobacillus counts (p = 0.038). While silymarin supplement linearly reduced the methyl mercaptans (p = 0.039) and acetic acid (p = 0.007) emission in broilers. No significant effects were observed on the blood profile. Relative weights of organs such as breast muscle, bursa of fabricius were increased (linear effect, p<0.05), water holding capacity was enhanced by increasing the silymarin level from 0% to 0.06%. A linear reduction (p>0.05) in drip loss from meat samples during days 1, 3, 5, and 7 by the addition of graded level of silymarin to the diet. Conclusion: An increasing level of silymarin supplementation to the diet of broiler would be beneficial to enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microflora, blood profile, and meat quality traits. Objective: A feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of silymarin seed extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microbiota, excreta gas emission, blood profiles, and meat quality in broilers.Methods: A total of 1,088 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (mixed-sex) with an initial body weight of 42.34±0.82 g, were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 17 replicates of 16 chicks per cage and fed a basal diet supplemented with 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.06% of silymarin.Results: The inclusion of silymarin supplementation linearly increased the body weight of broilers during days 7 to 21 and 1 to 35 days. On day 35, broilers fed a diet containing graded levels of silymarin supplementation linearly increased the nutrient digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen and cecal <i>Lactobacillus</i> counts (p = 0.038). While silymarin supplement linearly reduced the methyl mercaptans (p = 0.039) and acetic acid (p = 0.007) emission in broilers. No significant effects were observed on the blood profile. Relative weights of organs such as breast muscle, bursa of fabricius were increased (linear effect, p<0.05), water holding capacity was enhanced by increasing the silymarin level from 0% to 0.06%. A linear reduction (p>0.05) in drip loss from meat samples during days 1, 3, 5, and 7 by the addition of graded level of silymarin to the diet.Conclusion: An increasing level of silymarin supplementation to the diet of broiler would be beneficial to enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microflora, blood profile, and meat quality traits.

Fabrication of heterostructured vanadium modified g-C3N4/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst for improved photocatalytic performance under visible light exposure and antibacterial activities

Shanmugam Vignesh,Sanjeevamuthu Suganthi,Jeyaperumal Kalyana Sundar,Vairamuthu Raj 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.76 No.-

Improving visible-light active photocatalytic performance of the heterostructured g-C3N4-V-TiO2 (g-C3N4-Vanadium-TiO2) hybrid catalyst has been synthesized via facile calcination and ultrasonicdispersion facilitated hydrothermal techniques were considered. The phase composition, morphology,surface area, chemical structure as well as optical properties were systematically characterized. HR-TEMimages were exposed good crystallinity of g-C3N4-10% V-TiO2 nanocomposite (size~35–40 nm) with VTiO2porous discrete on g-C3N4 nanosheets. Too occurred in high pore volume and large surface area(91.5 m2 g 1) of g-C3N4-10% V-TiO2 hybrid catalyst compared than pristine g-C3N4. The 10% g-C3N4-V-TiO2photocatalyst shows substantial photocatalytic activity, 5.7 and 4.8 times higher that pristine g-C3N4nanosheets and TiO2 under visible light with the degradation efficiency over 99.5% for 60 min. Besides,the recycling test specified that the g-C3N4-10% V-TiO2 photocatalyst had admirable stability up to 5sequential cycles. The trapping assessments which authorize that OH radicals and h+ plays an activerole in the degradation process and the separation of photoinduced charges transversely theheterostructure boundary reserved electron-hole recombination they were good agree with PL studies. Moreover, g-C3N4-10% V-TiO2 composite catalyst show high catalytic antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coli (G ) and the Staphylococcus aureus (G+) bacteria.

Dietary inclusion of glucose oxidase supplementation to corn-wheat-based diet enhance growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile of lactating sows

( Shanmugam Sureshkumar ),( Yan Jie Liu ),( Ning Bo Chen ),( In Ho Kim ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.4

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dietary glucose oxidase (GOx) supplementation on the reproductive performance, litter performance, total tract digestibility, and blood profile of lactating sows fed corn- wheat-based diet. A total of twenty multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were allocated into one of four treatments with five replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: CON (Basal diet), GO1 (basal diet + 200 U GOx/kg), GO2 (basal diet + 300 U GOx/kg), GO3 (basal diet + 400 U Gox/kg). Dietary GOx supplementation did not affect lactating sow’s reproduction performance as well as body weight, backfat thickness, and body condition score during pre and post farrowing, and at weaning (p > 0.05). However, after farrowing to weaning period lactating sow’s fed GOx supplement has linearly (p = 0.0196) decreased the bodyweight loss. While, there were no effects (p > 0.05) observed on sows backfat thickness loss, average daily feed intake, and estrus interval among treatment groups. Dietary supplementation of GOx has linearly improved the body weight gain (p = 0.049) and average daily gain (p = 0.040) of suckling piglets. The total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen was linearly increased with the graded level of GOx supplement. Also, a linear effect was observed on the glucose and superoxide dismutase of blood profile with the dietary inclusion of GOx. In summary, our finding indicates that the dietary inclusion of GOx supplement with corn- wheat-based diet had a beneficial effect on the nutrient digestibility and blood profile of lactating sows and improved the growth performance of suckling piglets.

Effects of Different Levels of Dietary Energy and Nutrient Density during the Pre-Peak and Peak Periods on Egg Quality in Hy-Line Brown Laying Hens

Shanmugam Suresh Kumar,Vetriselvi Sampath,Jae Hong Park,In Ho Kim 한국가금학회 2021 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.48 No.4

In this study, we investigated the effects of feeding diets with different levels of energy and nutrient density on the egg quality of laying hens during the pre-peak and peak periods. A total of 192 (Hy-line brown) laying hens were used in a 15-week trial. The hens were randomly allotted to one of four treatments, each with four replicates (12 hens per replication). We assessed the effects of four level of dietary energy (2,710, 2,850, 2,870 and 2,890 kcal/kg) and three levels of nutrient density (Methionine + Cysteine: 0.56%, 0.85%, 0.80% and Crude Protein: 14.5%, 19%, 18%). Differences in the energy and nutrient density contents of diets showed no significant effect (P>0.05) on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, or egg production of hens during the pre-peak and peak periods. However, hens subjected to 2,890 kcal/kg during the pre-peak period were found to lay eggs with significantly thicker shells, and yolk color was found to be significant enhanced in hens fed this diet during the pre-and peak periods. In contrast, we detected no significant effects of dietary energy or nutrient density on the Haugh unit or eggshell strength. In summary, increasing the energy level of diets from 2,710 to 2,890 kcal/kg was found to have positive effects on the shell thickness and yolk color of eggs produced by laying hens.

Vitamin A Improves Hyperglycemia and Glucose-Intolerance through Regulation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways and Glycogen Synthesis in WNIN/GR-Ob Obese Rat Model

Shanmugam M. Jeyakumar,Alex Sheril,Ayyalasomayajula Vajreswari 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.22 No.3

Vitamin A and its metabolites modulate insulin resistance and regulate stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), which are also known to affect insulin resistance. Here, we tested, whether vitamin A-mediated changes in insulin resistance markers are associated with SCD1 regulation or not. For this purpose, 30-week old male lean and glucose-intolerant obese rats of WNIN/GR-Ob strain were given either a stock or vitamin A-enriched diet, i.e. 2.6 mg or 129 mg vitamin A/kg diet, for 14 weeks. Compared to the stock diet, vitamin A-enriched diet feeding improved hyperglycemia and glucoseclearance rate in obese rats and no such changes were seen in lean rats receiving identical diets. These changes were corroborated with concomitant increase in circulatory insulin and glycogen levels of liver and muscle (whose insulin signaling pathway genes were up-regulated) in obese rats. Further, the observed increase in muscle glycogen content in these obese rats could be explained by increased levels of the active form of glycogen synthase, the key regulator of glycogen synthesis pathway, possibly inactivated through increased phosphorylation of its upstream inhibitor, glycogen synthase kinase. However, the unaltered hepatic SCD1 protein expression (despite decreased mRNA level) and increased muscle-SCD1 expression (both at gene and protein levels) suggest that vitamin A-mediated changes on glucose metabolism are not associated with SCD1 regulation. Chronic consumption of vitamin A-enriched diet improved hyperglycemia and glucose-intolerance, possibly, through the regulation of intracellular signaling and glycogen synthesis pathways of muscle and liver, but not associated with SCD1.