http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Testing of Poisson Incidence Rate Restriction
Singh, Karan,Shanmugam, Ramalingam The Korean Reliability Society 2001 International Journal of Reliability and Applicati Vol.2 No.4
Shanmugam(1991) generalized the Poisson distribution to capture a restriction on the incidence rate $\theta$ (i.e. $\theta$ < $\beta$, an unknown upper limit), and named it incidence rate restricted Poisson (IRRP) distribution. Using Neyman's C($\alpha$) concept, Shanmugam then devised a hypothesis testing procedure for $\beta$ when $\theta$ remains unknown nuisance parameter. Shanmugam's C ($\alpha$) based .results involve inverse moments which are not easy tools, This article presents an alternate testing procedure based on likelihood ratio concept. It turns out that likelihood ratio test statistic offers more power than the C($\alpha$) test statistic. Numerical examples are included.
A Characterization of Negative Binomial Distribution Truncated at Zero
Shanmugam, R. The Korean Statistical Society 1982 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.11 No.2
Analogous to Singh's (1978) characterization of positive-Poisson distributioin and Shanmugam and Singh's (1992) characterization of logarithmic series distribution, a characterization and its statistical application of the negative binomial distribution truncated at zero are given in this paper. While it is known that under certain conditions the negative binomial distribution truncted at zero approaches the positive-Poisson and the logarithmic series distributions, we show here that the results of this paper approach in limit the results of Singh, and Shanmugam and Singh, respectively. Using the biologicla data from Sampford (1955), we illusrate our results. Also, expressions are explicitly given to test the hypothesis whether a random sample is indeed from a geometric distribution.
Shanmugam, Palanisamy,Ahn, Yu-Hwan,Sanjeevi , Shanmugam The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2005 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.21 No.3
This paper makes an effort to compare the recently evolved soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) with the traditional hard classification methods based on Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithms in order to achieve appropriate results for mapping, monitoring and preserving valuable coastal wetland ecosystems of southern India using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image data. ISODATA and MLC methods were attempted on these satellite image data to produce maps of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wetland classes for each of three contrast coastal wetland sites, Pitchavaram, Vedaranniyam and Rameswaram. The accuracy of the derived classes was assessed with the simplest descriptive statistic technique called overall accuracy and a discrete multivariate technique called KAPPA accuracy. ISODATA classification resulted in maps with poor accuracy compared to MLC classification that produced maps with improved accuracy. However, there was a systematic decrease in overall accuracy and KAPPA accuracy, when more number of classes was derived from IRS-1C/1D and Landsat-5 TM imagery by ISODATA and MLC. There were two principal factors for the decreased classification accuracy, namely spectral overlapping/confusion and inadequate spatial resolution of the sensors. Compared to the former, the limited instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of these sensors caused occurrence of number of mixture pixels (mixels) in the image and its effect on the classification process was a major problem to deriving accurate wetland cover types, in spite of the increasing spatial resolution of new generation Earth Observation Sensors (EOS). In order to improve the classification accuracy, a soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) was described to calculate the spectral mixture and classify IRS-1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 TM Imagery. This method considered number of reflectance end-members that form the scene spectra, followed by the determination of their nature and finally the decomposition of the spectra into their endmembers. To evaluate the LSMM areal estimates, resulted fractional end-members were compared with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ground truth data, as well as those estimates derived from the traditional hard classifier (MLC). The findings revealed that NDVI values and vegetation fractions were positively correlated ($r^2$= 0.96, 0.95 and 0.92 for Rameswaram, Vedaranniyam and Pitchavaram respectively) and NDVI and soil fraction values were negatively correlated ($r^2$ =0.53, 0.39 and 0.13), indicating the reliability of the sub-pixel classification. Comparing with ground truth data, the precision of LSMM for deriving moisture fraction was 92% and 96% for soil fraction. The LSMM in general would seem well suited to locating small wetland habitats which occurred as sub-pixel inclusions, and to representing continuous gradations between different habitat types.
Shanmugam, Sukumar,Mathias, Lawrence,Thakur, Ajay,Kumar, Dhanesh The Korean Pain Society 2016 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.29 No.2
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is one of the common musculoskeletal conditions of the shoulder which may develop sensory-motor and autonomic dysfunctions at the various level of the neuromuscular system. The pain and dysfunction caused by MPS were primarily treated with physical therapy and pharmacological agents in order to achieve painfree movements. However, in recent years intramuscular electrical stimulation (IMES) with conventional electrode placement was used by researchers to maximise therapeutic values. But, in this study an inverse electrode placement was used to deliver electrical impulses intramuscularly to achieve neuro-modulation at the various level of the nervous system. Nine patients with MPS were treated with intramuscular electrode stimulation using inversely placed electrodes for a period of three weeks. All nine subjects recovered from their shoulder pain and disability within the few weeks of intervention. So, this inverse electrode placement may be more appropriate for chronic pain management.
Shanmugam Parthiban,김승민,Vellaiappillai Tamilavan,이지훈,신인수,D. Yuvaraj,정윤경,현명호,정중현,박성흠 한국물리학회 2017 Current Applied Physics Vol.17 No.10
Solution-processed nickel oxide (s-NiOx) was synthesized for use as hole-transport layers (HTLs) in the fabrication of polymer solar cell (PSC) devices. The s-NiOx thin-films were deposited using spin-coating and post-annealed at 300 C, 400 C, or 500 C. With increased annealing temperature, the nickel acetate precursor decomposes more fully and forms s-NiOx films that show larger crystalline grain sizes with lower root mean square surface roughness. Bulk heterojunction solar cells fabricated with the new random polymer RP(BDT-PDBT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C70-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) using s-NiOx as HTLs exhibit a 4.46% enhancement in power conversion efficiency and better stability compared to conventional PSCs using poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) as HTLs. We believe that the solution-processable and highly stable s-NiOx could be a potential alternative for functional interface materials in optoelectronic devices.
Shanmugam, P.,Ahn, Yu-Hwan,Sanjeevi, S.,Manjunath, A.S. The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2003 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.19 No.5
As the launches of a series of remote sensing satellites, there are various multiresolution and multi-spectral images available nowadays. This diversity in remotely sensed image data has created a need to be able to integrate data from different sources. The C-band imaging radar of ERS-2 due to its high sensitivity to coastal wetlands holds tremendous potential in mapping and monitoring coastal wetland features. This paper investigates the advantages of using ERS-2 SAR data combined with IRS-ID LISS-3 data for mapping complex coastal wetland features of Tamil Nadu, southern India. We present a methodology in this paper that highlights the mapping potential of different combinations of filtering and integration techniques. The methodology adopted here consists of three major steps as following: (i) speckle noise reduction by comparative performance of different filtering algorithms, (ii) geometric rectification and coregistration, and (iii) application of different integration techniques. The results obtained from the analysis of optical and microwave image data have proved their potential use in improving interpretability of different coastal wetland features of southern India. Based visual and statistical analyzes, this study suggests that brovey transform will perform well in terms of preserving spatial and spectral content of the original image data. It was also realized that speckle filtering is very important before fusing optical and microwave data for mapping coastal mangrove wetland ecosystem.
Shanmugam M. Jeyakumar,Alex Sheril,Ayyalasomayajula Vajreswari 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.22 No.3
Vitamin A and its metabolites modulate insulin resistance and regulate stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), which are also known to affect insulin resistance. Here, we tested, whether vitamin A-mediated changes in insulin resistance markers are associated with SCD1 regulation or not. For this purpose, 30-week old male lean and glucose-intolerant obese rats of WNIN/GR-Ob strain were given either a stock or vitamin A-enriched diet, i.e. 2.6 mg or 129 mg vitamin A/kg diet, for 14 weeks. Compared to the stock diet, vitamin A-enriched diet feeding improved hyperglycemia and glucoseclearance rate in obese rats and no such changes were seen in lean rats receiving identical diets. These changes were corroborated with concomitant increase in circulatory insulin and glycogen levels of liver and muscle (whose insulin signaling pathway genes were up-regulated) in obese rats. Further, the observed increase in muscle glycogen content in these obese rats could be explained by increased levels of the active form of glycogen synthase, the key regulator of glycogen synthesis pathway, possibly inactivated through increased phosphorylation of its upstream inhibitor, glycogen synthase kinase. However, the unaltered hepatic SCD1 protein expression (despite decreased mRNA level) and increased muscle-SCD1 expression (both at gene and protein levels) suggest that vitamin A-mediated changes on glucose metabolism are not associated with SCD1 regulation. Chronic consumption of vitamin A-enriched diet improved hyperglycemia and glucose-intolerance, possibly, through the regulation of intracellular signaling and glycogen synthesis pathways of muscle and liver, but not associated with SCD1.