<부록> 『예수셩교문답』 (1885년 판본) 전문

John Ross 한국교회사학회 2023 韓國敎會史學會誌 Vol.66 No.-

소련의 지방자치 : 집행 및 통제상의 문제 Problem of Implementation and Control

Ross, Cameron 연세대학교 도시문제연구소 1991 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.2 No.-

Cameron Ross, Local Government in the Soviet Union: Problems of Implementation and control, Croom Helm, London & Sydney, 1987.

로스 킹(Ross King) - 서울: 기억, 재탄생, 한류 -

로스 킹(Ross King),최성진(Sung Jin Choi) 국토연구원 2016 국토 : planning and policy Vol.418 No.-

A CULTURALAND SOCIALIZATION UNDERSTANDING OF CONSUMER SHOPPING MOTIVES IN THE CREATION OF STORE ATTACHMENT

Jong-Kuk Shin,MinKyung Moon,Min-Sook Park,Corey Allen Ross,Yong Ju 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2017 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2017 No.07

Socialization agents are an important aspect of a consumer's tool set for determining how they interact with the market environment. These agents are traditionally thought to be members of one's family, peers, and mass media (Bush, Smith, and Martin 1999; John 1999). Research as shown how socialization agents play an important role in marketing research and how they affect attitude formation (Shin, Ross, and Moon, 2015) and brand/store switching behaviors (Shin, Park, and Ross, 2012). Culture defines social norms and forms what are acceptable or even desirable consumption goods within a society (Kaltcheva and Weitz, 2006). Through this definition, one can assume that culture likely has significant influences on a consumer’s shopping motives. Previous researches have attempted to divide culture into dimensions of vertical/horizontal and collectivism/individualism; where vertical individualism is made up of individuals who attempt to stand out from others in their uniqueness via competitive natures, a focus on success and achievements, and acquisition of power; horizontal individualism consists of individuals who tend to shun successful people as boasters and consider values of modesty respectable while retaining their individuality and personal goals apart from comparing to others around them; vertical collectivists are those who recognize a hierarchal form of society and seek to maintain the consistency of traditional authority structures within it; and horizontal collectivists hold views less related to hierarchal recognition and more related to values of equal cooperation with an honest and direct demeanor (Shavitt, Lalwani, Zhang, and Torelli, 2006; Kurman and Sriram, 2002; Triandris and Gelfland, 1998). However, the operational items utilized in research surveys, while successful in the west, such as in the U.S., have struggled to stand out and show significance in the Korean society. This research attempts to provide more useful survey items that embrace each aspect of culture type more clearly in order to reach levels of significance and distinction that are sorely needed in this field. In South Korea, which is thought to be a predominantly collectivist culture (Hofstede, 2001; Rhee, Uleman, and Lee, 1996), a study of discount shoppers found they are inclined to shop for the purpose of socialization either because they enjoy being in a crowd or to compare their current social status level with other shoppers in the same store (Jin and Kim, 2003). Collectivist consumers tend to shop with others among their social circles and spend more time shopping (Ackerman and Tellis, 2001). Consumers that spend more time shopping are more proactive in obtaining information while they are shopping (Bellenger and Korgaonkar, 1980). Risk averse shoppers attempt to increase their market knowledge (Mano and Elliott, 1997), and collectivists are thought to be more risk averse and attempt to avoid risk through various methods, such as price signaling (Shannon and Mandhachitara, 2008). In China, a largely collectivist society, consumers are quite price conscious and focused on thrifty spending habits (Kim, Forsythe, Gu, and Moon, 2002; Zhang, 2001; Weidenbaum, 1996), and they are more likely to engage in obtaining product information during shopping ventures than their individualist American counterparts (Ackerman and Tellis, 2001). Jin and Kim (2003) suggested that Korean shoppers are socially motivated to shop in order to compare their levels of accomplishments with other shoppers in the same venues. This falls in line with a competitive nature distinct in vertical culture types. Verticality in culture values is related to competition and moving up the social latter, while horizontal cultural values denote a more cooperative and passive stance on standing out (Triandis and Gelfand, 1998). It seems logical to assume that vertical culture values tend toward more hedonistic values rather than utilitarian. Utilitarian shoppers are more concerned about price competitiveness and convenience when shopping (Jin and Kim, 2003), implying that individuals of a horizontal cultural nature are more concerned with price comparison and the places that conveniently provide them with information needed to make purchase decisions in the store rather than through external information search, such as through social interactions. When shoppers lack socialization agents or collective cultures to help them make purchase decisions, they must turn to the stores themselves for assistance and information acquisition. Studies have shown that a lack of social interaction creates feelings of loneliness in elderly shoppers, whom will then turn to various mall shopping motivations, such as service consumption and diversion, in order to alleviate their loneliness (Kim, Kang, and Kim, 2005). This suggests that the shopping motivation to interact with service personnel in stores acts as a substitute for situations where socialization agents are lacking. Shopping malls have been shown to be help mitigate feelings of social isolation and emotional disconnect from society (Forman and Sriram, 1991; Mochis, 1996; Kang and Ridgway, 1996). As collectivists tend to highly desire social interactions for a variety of reasons, it is quite likely that such interactions will be a driving factor for their motivation to shop, especially when they lack the appropriate socialization agents that will provide the means to give such interactions outside of the market. Customer satisfaction leads customers to stronger emotional attachments to the stores they are satisfied with, implying that individuals form social bonds with the stores themselves; and this, in turn, increases the likelihood of these individuals becoming regular patrons (Shin and Park, 2014). There are a variety of shopping motives that have been used for studies in previous researches. In this research, we take a look at the motivations of social interaction (Tauber, 1972), information seeking (Bellenger and Korgaonkar, 1980), and price comparison (Groeppel-Klein, Thelen, and Antretter, 1999), and how they are affected by socialization agents, both personal and non-personal, as well as culture type and how they influence an individual's likelihood of emotional attachment to stores.

In vivo tumour imaging employing regional delivery of novel Gallium radiolabelled polymer composites

Ross W. Stephens,Gregory D. Tredwell,Jessica L. Bell,Karen J. Knox,Lee A. Philip,Tim J. Senden,Michael J. Tapner,Stephanie A. Bickley,Marcel R. Tanudji,Stephen K. Jones 한국생체재료학회 2021 생체재료학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Background: Understanding the regional vascular delivery of particles to tumour sites is a prerequisite for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic composites for treatment of oncology patients. We describe a novel imageable 67Ga-radiolabelled polymer composite that is biocompatible in an animal tumour model and can be used for preclinical imaging investigations of the transit of different sized particles through arterial networks of normal and tumour-bearing organs. Results: Radiolabelling of polymer microspheres with 67Ga was achieved using a simple mix and wash method, with tannic acid as an immobilising agent. Final in vitro binding yields after autoclaving averaged 94.7%. In vivo stability of the composite was demonstrated in New Zealand white rabbits by intravenous administration, and intrahepatic artery instillations were made in normal and VX2 tumour implanted rabbit livers. Stability of radiolabel was sufficient for rabbit lung and liver imaging over at least 3 hours and 1 hour respectively, with lung retention of radiolabel over 91%, and retention in both normal and VX2 implanted livers of over 95%. SPECT-CT imaging of anaesthetised animals and planar imaging of excised livers showed visible accumulation of radiolabel in tumours. Importantly, microsphere administration and complete liver dispersal was more easily achieved with 8 μm diameter MS than with 30 μm MS, and the smaller microspheres provided more distinct and localised tumour imaging. Conclusion: This method of producing 67Ga-radiolabelled polymer microspheres is suitable for SPECT-CT imaging of the regional vascular delivery of microspheres to tumour sites in animal models. Sharper distinction of model tumours from normal liver was obtained with smaller MS, and tumour resolution may be further improved by the use of 68Ga instead of 67Ga, to enable PET imaging.

Proangiogenic alginate-g-pyrrole hydrogel with decoupled control of mechanical rigidity and electrically conductivity

Ross J. DeVolder,서용범,공현준 한국생체재료학회 2017 생체재료학회지 Vol.21 No.4

Background: An electrically conductive hydrogel has emerged to regulate cellular secretion activities with electrical stimulation. However, the electrical conductivity of typical hydrogel systems decreases with increasing elastic modulus of the hydrogels because of decreased transport of ions through a polymeric cross-linked mesh. Method: This study hypothesized that the inverse dependency between electrical conductivity and elastic modulus would be made through the cross-linking of conductive monomer-units conjugated to a hydrophilic polymeric backbone. This hypothesis was examined through the cross-linking of pyrrole groups that were conjugated to an alginate backbone, termed alginate-g-pyrrole. Results: Hydrogels with increased degrees of pyrrole substitution exhibited a simultaneous increase in the gels mechanical rigidity and electrical conductivity. The resulting hydrogel could control the adhesion and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion of cells via applied electrical stimulation. Conclusions: This material design principle will be broadly useful to fabricating materials used for various actuation, cell culture, and biomedical applications.

A comprehensive review of the mental spine

Ross Champagne,Rithvik Vutukuri,Chung Yoh Kim,R. Shane Tubbs,Joe Iwanaga 대한해부학회 2024 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.57 No.1

Clinical case reports and research regarding the mental spines and their associated structures create a detailedpicture of the f loor of the mouth for assessment during clinical treatment. This compilation of information covers themental spines, the attached geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles, the lingual foramina, and the veins and arteries of the jawand f loor of the mouth. It is important to consider the variations in the mental spines for oral and maxillofacial treatmentinvolving the mandible. Differences in anatomy of the mental spine, including their number, location, and size, can impactdiagnosis and treatment approaches

EFFICIENT PORTS IN EFFICIENT SUPPLY CHAINS

ROSS ROBINSON 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2008 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 학술대회 Vol.2008 No.3

For key ports in highly competitive international trades, best-practice operational efficiency now represents the basic, ‘entry level’ condition for operating in international port markets. But in intensely competitive markets such efficiency is a necessary but not sufficient condition for port growth; for the customer’s demand for value now goes well beyond the demand for an efficient port - effectively nodal efficiency - to the demand for supply chain efficiency, the efficiency of the whole chain in which the port is embedded - effectively, the efficiency of the whole supply chain network. This paper argues that effective port development strategies will need to be defined not simply on the basis of operational efficiency but also on the basis of new thinking about the supply chains in which the port is embedded. Particularly, it will be necessary to understand the architecture and dynamics of port-linked supply chains in order to adequately define the functionality of the port; and to understand the power and value relationships in the chains and the likely effect that they will have on the ability of the port authority to capture value from the chain. The paper underlines the importance not only of chain structure but of the underlying business models that deliver value and efficient outcomes; and, in a brief case study of emerging retail supply chains in Australia, some of which are focused in containerized chains through Australian ports, it demonstrates these new relationships.

AN APPROACH TO REDUCING VEHICLE CONGESTIONIN NEW YORK CITY

Ross Sandler 한국도시행정학회 1988 도시 행정 학보 Vol.1 No.-

Innovative Measures of Young Learners’ English Language Proficiency : A Review of English Language Proficiency Assessments for Young Learners

Ross Chi Wui NG 아시아영어교육학회 2019 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.16 No.2