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Far-infrared observations of a massive cluster forming in the Monoceros R2 filament hub
Rayner, T. S. M.,Griffin, M. J.,Schneider, N.,Motte, F.,Kö,nyves, V.,André,, P.,Di Francesco, J.,Didelon, P.,Pattle, K.,Ward-Thompson, D.,Anderson, L. D.,Benedettini, M.,Bernard, J.-P.,Bonte Springer-Verlag 2017 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.607 No.-
Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests for the completely randomised design
Rayner J. C. W. 한국통계학회 2021 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.50 No.1
When data for a completely randomised design are categorical rather than continuous, the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel suite of tests may be applied, albeit that there is only one stratum. In introductory design courses this design, and the randomised block design, are usually the frst designs introduced. Using the completely randomised design instead of the randomised block design ignores blocks (strata) and results in expressions for the tests statistics that are simpler than if the usual general test statistics are applied. Based on models given here, the usual Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel tests for the completely randomised design are shown to be Wald-type tests.
Innervation Patterns of Autonomic Axons in the Human Endocrine Pancreas
Rodriguez-Diaz, Rayner,Abdulreda, Midhat ,H.,Formoso, Alexander ,L.,Gans, Itai,Ricordi, Camillo,Berggren, Per-Olof,Caicedo, Alejandro Elsevier 2011 Cell metabolism Vol.14 No.1
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>The autonomic nervous system regulates hormone secretion from the endocrine pancreas, the islets of Langerhans, thus impacting glucose metabolism. The parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves innervate the pancreatic islet, but the precise innervation patterns are unknown, particularly in human. Here we demonstrate that the innervation of human islets is different from that of mouse islets and does not conform to existing models of autonomic control of islet function. By visualizing axons in three dimensions and quantifying axonal densities and contacts within pancreatic islets, we found that, unlike mouse endocrine cells, human endocrine cells are sparsely contacted by autonomic axons. Few parasympathetic cholinergic axons penetrate the human islet, and the invading sympathetic fibers preferentially innervate smooth muscle cells of blood vessels located within the islet. Thus, rather than modulating endocrine cell function directly, sympathetic nerves may regulate hormone secretion in human islets by controlling local blood flow or by acting on islet regions located downstream.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► Detailed quantitative analysis of the innervation of mouse and human islets ► Human endocrine cells are sparsely innervated ► Sympathetic axons innervate vascular smooth muscle cells deep inside human islets ► Autonomic control of human islets may use unique mechanisms</P>
Real-time detection of acetylcholine release from the human endocrine pancreas
Rodriguez-Diaz, Rayner,Dando, Robin,Huang, Y Anthony,Berggren, Per-Olof,Roper, Stephen D,Caicedo, Alejandro Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature protocols Vol.7 No.6
Neurons, sensory cells and endocrine cells secrete neurotransmitters and hormones to communicate with other cells and to coordinate organ and system function. Validation that a substance is used as an extracellular signaling molecule by a given cell requires a direct demonstration of its secretion. In this protocol we describe the use of biosensor cells to detect neurotransmitter release from endocrine cells in real-time. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor M3 were used as ACh biosensors to record ACh release from human pancreatic islets. We show how ACh biosensors loaded with the Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> indicator Fura-2 and pressed against isolated human pancreatic islets allow the detection of ACh release. The biosensor approach is simple; the Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> signal generated in the biosensor cell reflects the presence (release) of a neurotransmitter. The technique is versatile because biosensor cells expressing a variety of receptors can be used in many applications. The protocol takes ?? h.
Correlation between Serum Leptin Levels and BMI in Adults Residing in Pohang, Korea
Shin, Hyeon-Soo,Crabtree, Jennifer,Rayner, Vernon,Trayhurn, Paul,Do, Myoung-Sool The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2005 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.10 No.1
Leptin is a small polypeptide hormone secreted primarily by adipocytes. Leptin regulates energy balance by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. This study investigated the relationships between serum leptin levels and BMI (body mass index) in 49 adults in Pohang, Korea. The subjects were 25 males and 24 females, aged 21 to 64 years attending an outpatient clinic at Handong University Sunlin Presbyterian Hospital. Values are given +/- the standard error of the mean. Our study shows that the serum leptin levels in these subjects were positively correlated with BMI. The leptin levels were higher in females (2.39+/-1.82 ng/mL) than in males (0.43+/-0.455ng/mL), although lower than previously reported. We therefore compared the serum leptin levels from the male Korean subjects (BMI 24.3+/-0.74㎏/㎡) with serum from six British males with a similar BMI (23.4+/-1.48㎏/㎡). The serum leptin concentrations (1.76+/-0.76 ng/mL) were lower than that of plasma (4.28+/-1.66 ng/mL) in the British subjects. The serum leptin in the British subjects (1.76+/-0.76ng/mL) was higher than that in the Koreans. There was no correlation between leptin levels and BMI in either male (slope 0.018 ± 0.036, p=0.624) or female (slope 0.382±0.433, p=0.417) type 2 diabetic patients in Pohang, Korea. Taken together, our study shows that the serum leptin level in Koreans varies with the BMI, but is lower than that of BMI-matched British subjects.
Effect of Retinoic Acid on Leptin, Glycerol, and Glucose Levels in Mature Rat Adipocytes In Vitro
Myoung-Sool Do,안인숙,정헌순,D. Vernon Rayner,홍성의 한국식품영양과학회 2004 Journal of medicinal food Vol.7 No.3
To elucidate the effects of retinoic acids (RAs) on adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity, we treated mature adipocytes with two different kinds of RA, 9-cis RA and all-trans RA. Both 9-cis and all-trans RA inhibited the secretion of leptin. However, the inhibition was significantly decreased at a higher dose of each RA. The inhibitory effect of 9-cis RA was synergistically enhanced by the addition of rosiglitazone, a synthetic ligand for PPAR. 9-cis RA also leads to adipogenesis in a dose dependent manner. On the contrary, all-trans RA does not increase adipogenesis in a dose dependent manner. To clarify the anti-diabetic effects of RA, glucose uptake was assessed by estimating glucose concentrations in the medium. 9-cis RA reduced glucose levels in the culture media but all-trans RA did not. In conclusion, all-trans RA does not alter adipogenesis and glucose uptake but does inhibit the leptin secretion. 9-cis RA, however, seems to increase both adipogenesis and glucose uptake through the activation of the RXR/PPAR heterodimer.