Zeitgeschichte im Fernsehen. Zur Darstellung der Wiedervereinigung in Hans-Christoph Blumenbergs Dokudrama Deutschlandspiel

크리스토프자이페너 ( Christoph Seifener ) 한국독어독문학회 2014 獨逸文學 Vol.130 No.-

최근 독일의 역사적 사건을 다루는 텔레비전 프로그램은 독일에서 약 20년 전부터 높은 인기를 누리고 있다. 이러한 프로그램은 폭넓은 관객을 만날 수 있기 때문에 사회의 문화적 기억을 확고히 하는데 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 텔레비전의 역사프로그램은 특정 역사적 사건이나 상황이 사람들에게 기억되고,역사적 사건들에 어떤 의미가 부여되는지에 영향을 끼치는 것이다. 다큐드라마영화는 한 극영화에서 다큐적 기록과 허구의 영화적 요소들을 연결시키는 흥미로운 장르이다. 본 논문은 독일의 통일 과정을 담은 한스-크리스토프 블루 멘베르크의 2000년 영화 「독일게임」을 두 가지 관점에서 고찰하고자 했다.우선 다큐드라마영화가 형식적이고 생산미학적인 관점에서 어떻게 다큐기 록물이나 인터뷰장면들을 영화의 사건들과 서로 연결시키는지에 대해 분석하고자 했다. 영화의 몽타주기법을 통해 이 세 가지의 상이한 영화재료들은 서로 교차되어 하나의 완성된 영화로 만들어지는데, 이를 통해 영화 속의 허구로 창작된 부분들도 다큐적인 부분만이 지니고 있는 신빙성과 진정성을 획득하게 됨을 볼 수 있었다. 다른 한편으로는 영화의 내용적인 부분으로 통일의 이야기를 어떻게 보여주는지, 즉 역사적 사건에 대해 어떠한 해석을 관객들에게 전달 하는지를 분석하고자 했다. 이 작업을 통해 독일 통일의 과정이 특정 정치인의 이야기를 중심으로 설명되고 극적인 첨예화를 통해 몇몇 정치인들의 단독적인 결정의 결과물로 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 정치인들의 인간적인차원이 강조되면서 관객들은 그들과 또한 그들이 내린 결정에 동일시할 수 있게 된다.본 논문은 『독일게임』의 예를 통해 다큐드라마라는 영화장르가 역사적 사건 에 있어 특정 읽기 방식만을 보여줌에도 불구하고, 형식적인 특징 때문에 신빙 성을 획득하여 역사적 사건이 실제로 어떻게 일어났는지를 보여주는 것처럼 기능하는 장르의 문제점을 밝히고자 했다.

Improved Survival of Cancer Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit between 2002 and 2011 at a U.S. Teaching Hospital

Christopher Martin Sauer,Jinghui Dong,Leo Anthony Celi,Daniele Ramazzotti 대한암학회 2019 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.51 No.3

Purpose Cancer patients are at increased risk of treatment- or disease-related admission to the intensive care unit. Over the past decades, both critical care and cancer care have improved substantially. Due to increased cancer-specific survival, we hypothesized that the number of cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and survival have increased. Materials and Methods MIMIC-III was used to study trends and outcomes of cancer patients admitted to the ICU between 2002 and 2011. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounders of mortality. Results Among 41,468 patients analyzed, 1,083 were hemato-oncologic, 4,330 were oncologic and 66 patients had both a hematological and solid malignancy. Admission numbers more than doubled and the proportion of cancer patients in the ICU increased steadily from 2002 to 2011. In both the univariate and multivariate analyses, solid cancers and hematologic cancers were strongly associated with 28-day mortality. This association was even stronger for 1-year mortality, with odds ratios of 4.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.69 to 4.38) and 2.25 (95% CI, 1.93 to 2.62), respectively. Over the 10-year study period, both 28-day and 1-year mortality decreased, with hematologic patients showing the strongest annual adjusted decrease in the odds of death. There was considerable heterogeneity among solid cancer types. Conclusion Between 2002 and 2011, the number of cancer patients admitted to the ICU more than doubled, while clinical severity scores remained overall unchanged, suggesting improved treatment. Although cancer patients had higher mortality rates, both 28-day and 1-year mortality of hematologic patients decreased faster than that of non-cancer patients, while mortality rates of cancer patients strongly depended on cancer type.

교사는 전문직인가?

Christopher K,Shon 한국시각장애교육·재활학회 2006 시각장애연구 Vol.22 No.1

교직은 전문직인가?"라는 질문은 현 미국사회에서의 큰 논란거리이다. 교직을 전문직으로 여기지 않는 이유는 의사나 변호사 등과 같은 전문직종은 (1) 고도의 전문 지식, (2) 직업종사자들의 자율성, 그리고 (3) 고객의 복리에 대한 헌신을 요구하나, 많은 미국인들은 교직은 이러한 전문지식이나 자율성이 요구되지 않을 뿐만 아니라, 낮은 급여로 인하여 교사들 스스로조차 자신들의 직업에 자존감이 매우 낮다. 교사의 전문화 (혹은 전문적교사의 양성)를 위하여서는 (1)연방 혹은 주(州)차원에서의 적절한 표준을 세우는 것, (2) 교사의 교육에 관한 결정권을 높이는 것과 (3) 급여인상 및 승진의 기회 증가 방안 등이 제시되고 있다. 그러나, 교사의 자율권이 향상되었을 때에 학생들의 학업성취도가 반드시 증가하는가의 문제와 전문교사의 양성을 위한 교사양성기관의 교육과정수정, 부모의 참여도, 그리고 사회전반적인 지원에 대하여는 계속 논의의 여지를 남겨두고 있다.

Bioactive Natural Constituents from Lemongrass Tea and Erythropoiesis Boosting Effects: Potential Use in Prevention and Treatment of Anemia

Christopher E. Ekpenyong,Nyebuk E. Daniel,Atim B. Antai 한국식품영양과학회 2015 Journal of medicinal food Vol.18 No.1

This study assessed the effects of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) tea on hematologic indices in human volunteers. One hundred five subjects (55 men and 50 women), aged 18 to 35 years, were randomly assigned to groups set to orally receive infusion prepared from 2, 4, or 8 g of C. citratus leaves once daily for 30 days. Assessment of hematologic indices (hemoglobin concentration [Hb], packed cell volume [PCV], red blood cell [RBC] count, mean cell Hb [MCH], mean cell volume [MCV], mean cell Hb concentration [MCHC], total white blood cell [WBC-total] and differentials, and platelets) were performed 1 day before (baseline), and at 10 (acute) and 30 days (subchronic phase) after the initiation of treatment. Results obtained on days 10 and 30 were compared with baseline values. Infusions prepared from C. citratus leaf powder, which tested positive for tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, macro- and micronutrients, significantly increased PCV, Hb, and RBC (P < .05) in all subjects, particularly in the subchronic phase of the study. MCH, MCV, and MCHC were not significantly different from baseline values in both the sexes. WBCs and differentials significantly decreased (P < .05) with the exception of neutrophils and lymphocytes, which significantly increased in some or all groups (P < .05), respectively. C. citratus leaf infusion appears to exert an erythropoiesis boosting effect, likely due to some nutritional constituents and its antioxidant and pharmacologic properties.

At Death’s Door: Alternaria Pathogenicity Mechanisms

Christopher B. Lawrence,Thomas K. Mitchell,Kelly D. Craven,Yangrae Cho,Robert A. Cramer Jr,김광형 한국식물병리학회 2008 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.24 No.2

The fungal genus Alternaria is comprised of many saprophytic and endophytic species, but is most well known as containing many notoriously destructive plant pathogens. There are over 4,000 Alternaria/host associations recorded in the USDA Fungal Host Index ranking the genus 10th among nearly 2,000 fungal genera based on the total number of host records. While few Alternaria species appear to have a sexual stage to their life cycles, the majority lack sexuality altogether. Many pathogenic species of Alternaria are prolific toxin producers, which facilitates their necrotrophic lifestyle. Necrotrophs must kill host cells prior to colonization, and thus these toxins are secreted to facilitate host cell death often by triggering genetically programmed apoptotic pathways or by directly causing cell damage resulting in necrosis. While many species of Alternaria produce toxins with rather broad host ranges, a closelyrelated group of agronomically important Alternaria species produce selective toxins with a very narrow range often to the cultivar level. Genes that code for and direct the biosynthesis of these host-specific toxins for the Alternaria alternata sensu lato lineages are often contained on small, mostly conditionally dispensable, chromosomes. Besides the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis, relatively few genes and/or gene products have been identified that contribute to or are required for pathogenicity. Recently, the completion of the A. brassicicola genome sequencing project has facilitated the examination of a substantial subset of genes for their role in pathogenicity. In this review, we will highlight the role of toxins in Alternaria pathogenesis and the use of A. brassicicola as a model representative for basic virulence studies for the genus as a whole. The current status of these research efforts will be discussed.

A Novel Model for Studying Baculovirus Infection Process

Christoph Lindeberger,Lukas Pflug,Holger Huebner,BUCHHOLZHANS RAINER 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.1

In this paper, a new Ansatz for modelling the Baculovirus infection cycle is presented. The base of this model is the cell cycle distribution at the time of infection. It is possible to calculate the growth of the culture and the initiation of virus processing by considering cell cycle distribution. By taking into account the length of the viral genome and the polymerase activity, it is possible to calculate the virus production rate, which underlies a logistic growth. In the present work, a new hypothesis explaining the accelerated death rates of infected cells has been introduced. This assumption provides the possibilities of performing calculation without any fixed time intervals. The simulation was tested by comparing experimental data with the model prediction. Therefore, cell cycle distributions over the culture time and the growth behaviour of infected and non-infected insect cells were measured. A model, Baculovirus coding for GFP was employed for the present investigation, as it allows tracking the infection and determining the effectiveness of the infection, which is highly dependent on the cell density at the time of infection (TOI). Furthermore, the new model is is taken to simulate data gained from literature about virus release and adsorption. The new assumptions make the model more independent to fit into different cultivation systems.

Beyond Indifference -Religious Traditions as Resources for Interreligious Toleration

Christoph Schwoebel 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2015 철학·사상·문화 Vol.0 No.20

In this paper the situation of religious pluralism is addressed as one where interreligious toleration is needed to secure a culture of peaceful and just conviviality and cooperation between the religions. An attitude which relativizes the differences between the religions leads to indifference, and by ignoring the identity of religious believers leads to intolerance. In contrast to that, an approach is proposed which goes beyond indifference and seeks to uncover the roots of tolerance in the particular identity of religious traditions. Instead of confronting religious believers with the maxim “If you are less religious, you can be more tolerant”, believers are invited to follow the maxim “Because you are more deeply religious, you can be more tolerant”. After suggesting a formal structure of toleration (‘A’, the subject of tolerance, endures ‘B’, the object of tolerance, on the basis of ‘C’, the specific religious reasons for toleration, with the aim ‘D’, the situation brought about by tolerance) the paper examines strategies for grounding toleration in the specific religious beliefs in three traditions Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. A critical question is raised with regard to the strategy of grounding tolerance in each of the religious traditions discussed. In this way the paper gives tolerance a prominent place among the virtues of hospitality in the situation of religious pluralism. 이 논문은 종교들 간의 평화롭고 정의로운 우호성과 상호협력의 문화를 확보하기 위해 종교 간의 관용이 요구되는 종교적 다원주의적 상황을 논의의 대상으로 한다. 종교들 간의 차이를 상대화하는 태도는 무관심으로 귀결되고, 종교적 신앙인들의 정체성을 무시함으로써 결국 불관용에 이르게 된다. 그에 반하여, 이 논문에서는 무관심을 넘어 종교적 전통의 특수한 정체성 안에서 관용의 뿌리를 찾고자 하는 접근을 제안하려 한다. 종교적 신앙인들에게 “덜 종교적일수록 더 관대해질 수 있다”는 격언으로 맞서는 대신, “더 깊이 종교적이기에, 더 관대해질 수 있다”는 격언을 따르라고 권유한다. 관용의 형식적 구조(관용의 주체인 ‘A’가 관용에 의해 조성된 상황인 ‘D’를 목적으로, 관용의 특정한 종교적 이유인 ‘C’를 바탕으로, 관용의 대상인 ‘B’를 감내한다)를 제시한 후, 논문은 기독교와 이슬람, 불교라는 세 전통 속에 나타난 구체적인 종교적 믿음 속에 관용을 정초하기 위한 전략을 검토한다. 한 가지 중요한 물음이 여기서 논의된 각각의 종교적 전통 속에 관용을 정초하려는 전략과 관련하여 제기된다. 이러한 방식으로 본 논문은 종교적 다원주의의 상황 속에서 관용이라는 미덕에 환대의 미덕 가운데서도 특별한 지위를 부여한다.

렉시오 디비나(Lectio divina)의 역사

Christophe de Dreuille,한영수 한국가톨릭신학학회 2015 가톨릭신학 Vol.0 No.26

The Lotus Sutra: A Biography, by Donald S. Lopez, Jr. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016. 257 pp. (ISBN: 9780691152202)

Christopher BELL 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2019 International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Cultur Vol.29 No.1

An Investigation into Korean University Students’ Task Motivation for Narrative Tasks inside and outside the Classroom

Christopher David Baldry 한국중원언어학회 2020 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.55

The present study investigated the task motivation of 26 Korean university student leaners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). The participants were given three communicative narrative speech tasks (a sequential set of pictures, a non-sequential set of pictures, and a user-generated set of pictures) across two modes of study; a classroom setting and outside of the classroom, through KakaoTalk (a Korean social networking app). Based on Boekaerts’ (2002) on-line motivation questionnaire, this study used self-report questionnaires to assess students’ self-appraisals of socio affective variables at the trait and situational task state levels. The aim was to explore whether Korean university students in mandatory English classes would be motivated to use social media to help bridge the gap between L2 use inside and outside of the classroom. Quantitative methods were used to analyse results, which showed that, despite some minor differences in motivation between students’ proficiency levels, all participants found user generated content tasks more enjoyable and motivating. The results have implications for language educators and for a social media task supported enhancement to textbook based courses.