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교통사고로 발생한 대량 환자의 중증도 분류와 이송의 분석
오세현,정용택,김병철,이부수 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.4
Background: Triage and transportations are important and life-saving medical task performed at the site of mutiple-casualty incidents(MCIs). We pursued three road traffic accidents victims to find out any problem in triaging and transporting them, and to provide an information for equipping an local disaster planning. Methods: The medical records of 70 consecutive patients who were transported to five emergency facilities in Kangnung, on three MCIs from 1998 to 2000, were analysed, retrospectively. The intervals and types of transport vehicles were analysed. We compared the prehospital time between severity-based groups, which were graded into 3 groups according to the Triage score(0,1~8,9). Results: Among the 70 patients, 33 patients(47.1%), 21 patients(30%), and 16 patients(22.9%) were transported to Level I, Level II, and Level III trauma centers, respectively. The time elapsed from scenes to the Level I trauma center was significantly shorter(p=0.003) than to others, but no differences in the mean Triage score between trauma centers were seen(p>0.05). The 119 rescue services transported 58.6%(41 patients) of victims to emergency facilities, and 58.5%(24 patients) of them was concentrated to Level I. There were no significant differences in the prehospital time between three Triage score groups(p>0.05). Conclusion: There was no medical control such as triage and transportation in the cases of three MCIs. In the construction of emergency medical service system(EMSS) preparing MCIs or disasters, we suggest the integration and unification of 119 rescue services and emergency medical information centers for effective medical control. We propose to making a new and simple triage guideline. The prehospital personnel should be educated and disaster drills should be performed under the guideline.
Purification and crystal growth of NPB via imidazolium based ionic liquids
Oh, Yong-Taeg,Shin, Dong-Chan Elsevier 2018 Journal of crystal growth Vol.487 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Here we report the production of high purity and crystallinity organic electronic material of NPB (<I>N,N</I>′-Di-[(1-naphthyl)-<I>N,N</I>′-diphenyl]-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (C<SUB>44</SUB>H<SUB>32</SUB>N<SUB>2</SUB>) through solution recrystallization within imidazolium based ionic liquids. When low purity NPB was recrystallized at 170 °C within C<SUB>8</SUB>MIM[TFSI], its purity was drastically improved from 82% to 99.92%. These recrystallized NPB crystals showed 0.040° FWHM (Full Width Half Maximum) of X-ray (1 1 1) diffraction peak. Such small FWHM angle indicates single-crystal like crystallinity. Initial NPB powder was dissolved at 100 °C and recrystallized at temperature above 110 °C. At higher temperature of 170 °C, a small number of bigger crystals were formed compared to those at 110 °C. This can be well explained by the classical nucleation and growth theory. Therefore, solution recrystallization process using ionic liquid might be promising for mass production of organic electronic materials by replacing the widely-used sublimation purification method.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> High quality NPB can be obtained through solution recrystallization. </LI> <LI> The purity of NPB was improved from 82% to 99.92% within C<SUB>8</SUB>MIM[TFSI]. </LI> <LI> The recrystallized NPB crystal has single-crystal like crystallinity. </LI> </UL> </P>