Celay/In-Ceram, Conventional In-Ceram, Empress 2 전부도재관의 변연적합도에 관한 비교 연구

양재호,여인성,이선형,한중석,이재봉,Yang, Jae-Ho,Yeo, In-Sung,Lee, Sun-Hyung,Han, Jung-Suk,Lee, Jai-Bong 대한치과보철학회 2002 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.40 No.2

There have been many studies about marginal discrepancy of single restorations made by various systems and materials. But many of statistical inferences are not definite because of sample size, measurement number, measuring instruments. etc. The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal adaptations of the anterior single restorations made by different systems and to consider more desirable statistical methods in analysing the marginal fit. The in vitro marginal discrepancies of three different all-ceramic crown systems (Celay In-Ceram. Conventional In-Ceram. IPS Empress 2 layering technique) and one control group (PFM) were evaluated and compared. The crowns were made from one extracted maxillary central incisor prepared with a 1mm shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taper walls by milling machine. 10 crowns per each system were fabricated. Measurements or a crown were recorded at 50 points that were randomly selected for marginal gap evaluation. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed for the results. Within the limits of this study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1 Mean gap dimensions and standard deviations at the marginal opening for the maxillary incisor crowns were $98.2{\pm}40.6{\mu}m$ for PFM, $83.5{\pm}18.7{\mu}m$ for Celay In-Ceram, $104.9{\pm}44.1{\mu}m$ for conventional In-Ceram, and $45.5{\pm}11.5{\mu}m$ for IPS Empress 2 layering technique. The IPS Empress 2 system showed the smallest marginal gap (P<0.05). The marginal openings of the other three groups were not significantly different (P<0.05). 2 The marginal discrepancies found in this study were all within clinically acceptable standards ($100\sim150{\mu}m$). 3. When the variable is so controlled that the system may be the only one, mean value is interpreted to be the marginal discrepancy of a restoration which is made by each system and standard deviation is to be technique-sensitivity of each one. 4. From the standard deviations. the copy-milling technique (Celay/In-Ceram) was not considered to be technique-sensitive in comparison with other methods. 5. Parametric analysis is more reliable than non-parametric one in interpretation of the mean and standard deviation. The sample size of each group has to be more than 30 to use parametric statistics. The level of clinically acceptable marginal fit has not been established. Further studies are needed.

Engineering of AlON interlayer in Al₂O₃/AlON/In_0.53Ga_0.47As gate stacks by thermal atomic layer deposition

Lee, Woo Chul,Cho, Cheol Jin,Park, Suk-In,Jun, Dong-Hwan,Song, Jin Dong,Hwang, Cheol Seong,Kim, Seong Keun ELSEVIER 2018 Current Applied Physics Vol.18 No.8

<P>The presence of an AlN interfacial layer in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks improves the interfacial properties and enhances the electrical performance of devices. However, pure AlN is rarely grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) because of the low reactivity of NH3 toward the common Al-precursor and the predisposition to oxidation of the grown AlN layer. Although a plasma-enhanced ALD technique significantly suppresses the oxygen content in the grown AlN layer, the deterioration of the interface properties by plasma-damage is a critical issue. In this work, an AlON interlayer was engineered by optimizing the NH3 feeding time in thermal ALD to improve the interface quality in Al2O3/AlON/In0.53Ga0.47As capacitors. It was determined that a mere increase in the NH3 feeding time during the ALD of the AlON film resulted in a higher nitrogen incorporation into the AlON interlayer, leading to a reduction in the interface trap density. Furthermore, the out-diffusion of elements from the In0.53Ga0.47As layer was effectively suppressed by increasing the NH3 feeding time. This work demonstrates that simple process optimization can improve the interface quality in high-k/In0.53Ga0.47As gate stacks without the use of any plasma-activated nitrogen source.</P>

인터넷 해외 교육자료 가공을 위한 전략 : "에듀넷 해외교육자료" 개발 사례

이인숙 한국교육정보방송학회 1996 교육정보미디어연구 Vol.1 No.2

정보량의 증가와 지식의 변화가 가속화되고 사회계제가 극히 가변적인 시대에는, 일정한 시기에 학술을 한다는 패러다임에 기반을 둔 교육체제는 더 이상 그 역할을 다할 수 없게 되었다. 인터넷은 전통적 교실의 벽을 세계로 확장시킴으로써 새로운 교육체제의 창출을 위해 괄목할 만한 잠재력을 내포하고 있다. 인터넷 웹을 기반으로 개발, 제공되고 있는 에듀넷의 '해외교육자료'는 해외의 다양한 학습 자료와 아이디어를 언어 장애를 겪지 않고 활용할 수 있도록 지원하는 데 기본 목적을 두고 있다. 본 해외교육자료 개발 프로젝트는 유사한 환경과 목적 하에서 인터넷 상의 교육정보를 가공하여 활용하고자 하는 국가 및 기관들을 위해 다음과 같은 실천적 전략의 필요성을 인식시킨다: (1) 중·장기적인 개발 계획, (2) 웹의 동적인 본질에 대한 대응책, (3) 웹의 하이퍼텍스트적 특성에 대한 대응책, (4) 저작권 등록물 사용 허가 취득을 위한 관리체제의 운용, (5) 번역 자료의 질 관리를 위한 구체적인 계책. 이 해외교육자료 개발 사업은 세계 학습공동체의 창출 촉진과 교육적 웹페이지의 실천적 모형 제공이라는 측면에서 많은 가치를 지닌 것으로 보인다. 그러나 개발된 웹 기반의 교수학습 자료가 국내에서 주요한 교육적 전략으로서 충분한 역할을 할 수 있기까지는 상호작용적 커뮤니케이션을 위한 지원의 향상, 웹환경에 접근 가능한 인구의 확산, 자료의 지속적인 관리 등 아직 해결해야 할 숙제가 산재해 있다. Breakthroughs in science and technology have led an explosion in information. Social changes speeded by technological changes raise questions about the existing `formal education' paradigm. Traditionally people have attended school for most of their adolescent life in order to prepare for adult society. In this era of rapid change, however, educational systems based on this old paradigm can not work well anymore. The more social life becomes dependent on information and society becomes interrelated to information technology, the more needs for better education and continuous lifelong learning increase. In addition, recent cognitive research promotes further understanding of the nature of learners and learning, questioning the traditional instructional strategies. According to constructivist view point (Phillips, 1995; von Glaserfeld, 1989; Schon, 1987; Resnick, 1989; Wilson & Cole, 1991; Duffy & Jonassen, 1992) there is no single knowledge; each learner constructs his or her own meaningful and unique knowledge through social interaction and internal negotiation. In this perspective, learner-centered education is a center of educational practice. The Internet can promote learner-centered education by allowing learners to access a broad spectrum of information and data on-line at different locations. To date, however, most global resources on the Internet have rarely been of practical value to Korean schools and learning communities. They are in English or other commonly used foreign languages and reflect cultures and curriculum that are quite different from those of Korea. Due to those differences, the teachers and students have experienced difficulties accessing and using valuable global resources. Computer networking represented by the Internet has been transforming the existing image of learning spaces and places by expanding the walls of traditional classrooms. It has significant potentials for open, student-centered, and constructive learning environments (Lee, 1996a; Lee, 1996b). The Internet beats other telecommunication media for overcoming time and space limitation (Hezel & Dirr, 1990; Anderson, 1988; Shimabukuro, 1993). Communication through the net can be either `synchronous' or 'asynchronous'. It promotes fast and easy communication among people at a distance. Interactive learning through computer networking can be cost effective (Showalter, 1983). Most importantly an e-mail promotes communication among learners in group task processes (Henri, 1988; Hiltz, 1988; Shimabukuro, 1993). Computer networking provides socio-culturally diverse contexts and encourages 'discourses' (Hicks, 1995) by supporting social interactions among people at different locations. Computer networking allows users to access a broad spectrum of information and data on-line at different locations. Unlike traditional print materials, computer networking is an interactive environment in which ideas are constructed and developed through mutual interaction among participants. On computer networking, information and ideas move to users, instead users moving to them. Since this delivery is relatively economical and easy, appropriately established computer networking is an excellent medium to decrease 'isolation' which has been a deep-seated problem of teachers and students. The homepage developed in the current project (the Global Learning Resources development project) provides a variety of learning and instructional resources that were selected and slightly modified from resources on other web sites around the world. The resources embody lesson plans and learning/instructional resources in the primary subject areas at each school level. They consist of various media formats including text, image, graphic, audio, animation, and video. There are 207 resources listed in the homepage as of December 1996. Based on the experiences of the project, I suggest the following considerations for ensuring better quality service development. 1) Long-term development plans: A quick and short-term development approach may depreciate the service quality and eventually require additional efforts and expenses to recover it. It appears to take about 5-6 weeks in average to prepare a translated text version that will proceed to HTML file. 2) Appropriate responses to evolutionary and dynamic features of the Web: Most webpages tend to change. Modification or elimination of contents and structures in original web sites potentially provide serious problems: time and financial loss. Considering the long cycle of selection and translation, one of the most realistic solutions seems to be downloading all the materials and the design structure right after obtaining permissions from original copyright owners and then creating Korean web resources using those materials. 3) Appropriate responses to interactive features of the Web: Some web sites provide interactive services, not simply one-way information. In the long run, however, keeping interactive features in the local version through negotiations with related parties as well as technical supports should be considered. 4) Appropriate responses to obtain copyright release: It is a time-consuming and labor intensive process to obtain a copyright. Since many web sites do not clearly show copyright owners' contact information, it is often hard to track them down. In some cases, there are multiple rights owners for one web site. Even for the resources which obtain copyright release, there are various conditions requested for permission. 5) Appropriate responses to ensure quality translation: It is not easy to obtain translation with acceptable quality. Many subject matter experts, such as school teachers, lack advanced skills in English translation; expert translators do not have knowledge in specific subject areas. The quality of any resources, however, will primarily depend on the quality of translation. Therefore, we need to establish a management system that will ensure cooperation of experts in subject and translation. The front-end experiences of this project will function as a stepping stone to designing and operating a successful webbed global learning resource system. However, there is a long way to go before the Web can fully serve as a major tool for building global educational communities in Korea. Specifically, support for interactive communications is woefully underdeveloped and the majority of the Korean population do not have access to the Web environment due to technical or financial limitations.

중학교 야구선수 상위타순과 하위타순 체력에 관한 연구

이석인,양승원 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 2003 體育硏究 Vol.- No.19

The objects of this research are limited to the baseball players of four middle schools in Seoul, and thus it isn't proper to apply the results to the players of other areas. In addition, because I successively measured the players by region and by school. And because the physical factors are limited to some items such as muscular endurance, power, agility, flexibility, and grasping power, there is some limit in the concept of physical strength. The subjects were 30 players; 15 players in the higher batting order and 15 players in the lower batting order. I measured the average and variance of physical measurement materials of players using Windows SPSS/PS 10.0 program, examined the significance through t-test, and set the significant level as p<05.In order to accomplish the objective of this research, I measured the physical level of five physical areas(standing broad jump, return-race, body-rising, back-bending, grasping power) of players in the higher and lower batting order, investigate the average and variance, and examine the results through t-test. 1. The area of the standing broad jump(power) was significant statistically. In this area, the physical strength of players in the higher order appeared high. That's because players' batting average requires quickness. 2. The area of the return-race(agility) was significant statistically, too. In this area the physical strength of players in the higher order appeared higher than that of players in the lower order. That's because the batting requires quickness. 3. The area of body-rising(muscular endurance) had no significance statistically. There is no significant difference between the players in the batting order. It Is thought that that's because players undergo whole training in the course of concentrated training. 4. The area of back-bending(flexibility) was not significant statistically. There is no significant difference among players in the batting order. It is thought that that's because players undergo whole training in the course of concentrated training. 5. The area of the grasping power of players was significant statistically. The grasping power of players in the higher batting order appeared higher, and that's because it is important in batting. This research is to investigate the physical strength of the middle school baseball players in the higher and lower batting order. Through this research, the purpose is to make clear the characteristic of each player in the higher and lower batting order, and to provide basic materials helping the coaches select the right batting power of players.

자기건강 인식에 따른 건강증진 생활양식 차이 분석

이석인,주희철 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.2

This study targets students in four colleges and examines their lifestyles in view of health. It is designed to provide a basic educational material for the healthy lifestyle of college students. The study target was 472 students who took classes related to Health and PE as for their cultural subjects in four different colleges. The surveyed materials were analyzed with SPSSWIN10.0. The results of the study are as follows. 1. The level of practice regarding the students lifestyle of promoting health was obtained by each factor with average or mean (M) and standard deviation (SD). 2. To verity the difference of lifestyles according to the awareness of ones health, one-way ANOVA was conducted. 3. To verify the difference of lifestyles between the students who have a high level of the awareness of ones health and the students who have a low level of the awareness of ones health, t-test was conducted. The results of the study through the study method and procedure are as follows. 1. The lifestyle of unhealthy students turns out to be better than that of healthy students. It is concluded that the awareness of ones health affects ones lifestyle. 2. It shows that most students regardless of their awareness of health have high interests in health management. In particular, as a result of research, students show very high interest in professional health management alone, resulting in total mean 3.50 (SD = .56) out of the lifestyle areas of the total. 3. It is examined that students lifestyle is low in overall. Seen from the results, in the overall lifestyles, the arithmetic average 2.50 and its surroundings are most common. And there are some factors that are far beyond the average. However, the single factor of more than 3.50, which is the upper 30% level, is the professional health management (SD = 0.56). It shows that students overall lifestyle is inappropriate. 4. As part of the efforts to promote public health, it is necessary for college students to make their lifestyles or habits sound and healthy from the beginning. Especially, there is a movement that tries to change the term adult disease into habit disease. It acknowledges that the disease coming from adulthood comes mainly from wrong lifestyles or bad habits of life. 5. Along with the social efforts to manage and maintain public health, it is believed to be necessary for colleges to develop a curriculum and operate it in consideration of embracing this measure into their school policy.

정신분열병 환자에서 얼굴 영상의 작동기억 장애 : 기능자기공명영상연구

이창욱,김태석,주라형,박주미,박여진,김종진,전신수,배치운,김정진,이수정,이철,백인호 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.2

Objectives : Impaired processing of facial information is one of the broad ranges of cognitive deficits seen in patients with Schi-zophrenia. We aimed to elucidate the differences in brain activities involved in the process of facial working memory between schizophrenic patients and healthy comparison subjects. Methods : Twelve patients with schizophrenia were recruited along with twelve demographically matched healthy volunteers as a comparison group. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess cortical activities during the Perfor-mance of a 2-back working memory paradigm using images of neutral faces as mnemonic content. Rcsults : The patient group performed the tasks with reduced accuracy. Group analysis revealed that the left fusiform gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the bilateral middle frontal gyri/insula, the left middle temporal gyrus, the precuneus, the quadrangular lobules and the vermis of cerebellum showed decreased cortical activities in the patient group. On the other hand, an increased level of activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the pahetal lobule was observed from the patient group, all in the right hemisphere. Conulusion : A decreased level of activity in the left fusiform gyrus among the patient group implicates inefficient processing of facial information. An increased level of activation in prefrontal and parietal neural networks from the patient group confirms earlier findings on the impaired working memory of patients with schizophrenia.

유산소운동이 정신장애인의 신체조성, 체력, 폐활량에 미치는 영향

이석인,이의수 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.6

The purpose of this study is to find out what effects aerobic exercise has on the body formation and physical strength of people suffering from schizophrenia, [n order to do so, we conducted an experiment, in which we selected seven men and seven women from the thirties to sixties who were diagnosed with schizophrenia by their physicians in S mental hospital in Seoul, Afterward, we had those people do aerobic exercise and analyzed the change in body formation, physical strength, and breathing capacity, Followings are the result of our experiment. 1. Although there was a slight decline in Body Mass Index (BMI) of both the group of men and women, it was not a significant difference statistically. On the other hand, there was a statistically significant change in the density of body and the account of body fat of both the group of men and women(p<.05). 2. There was a slight increase in abdominal muscle power of both the group of men and women, which was not a statistically significant difference. As for Trunk Flexion that indicates flexibility, the group of women showed a significant increase (p<.05), whereas the group of men did not show a significant difference, although there was a slight increase, Concerning Whole Body Response that indicates agility, both men and women showed a significant increase(p<.05). 3. Considering Functional Vital Capacity (FVC), while the group of women showed a significant increase (p<.05), the group of mere did not show a statistically significant difference despite a slight increase, There was a significant increase in %FVC of both men and women (p<.05), and regarding Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1.0), there was a slight increase of both the group of men and women, which was statistically not a significant change.

Treadmill 運動負荷後 씨름선수의 心拍數와 血壓의 變化

李錫仁,李尙潤 중앙대학교 스포츠과학연구소 1998 體育硏究 Vol.- No.11

This study was conducted on the heart rate and the blood pressure to see their change by Treadmill exercise load. 10 ssirum players and 10 non-athletes were selected from "H" high schools in Seoul for this study. The results are as follow: 1. Heart rates of both athletes group and non-athletes group measured right after the exercise, in 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min., increased significantly compared with the rates in resting state. The athletes group showed far lower heart rates than did the non-athletes group. The recovery rate was faster in the athletes group than the non-athletes group. 2. Compare with the resting state, systolic blood pressure in both athletes and non-athletes groups after exercise increased significantly, which were measured right after the exercise, in 1 min, 3 min, 5 min, 10 min. Systolic blood pressure in the athletes group was much lower than in the non-athletes group. 3. In the athletes group, diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly to ten minutes after the exercise and from 20 min. after the exercise recovered the diastolic blood pressure as in resting state. However, in non-athletes group, diastolic blood pressure increased right after the exercise and decreased in 3 min. and 5 min. after the exercise. From 10 minutes after the exercise, diastolic blood pressure recovered diastolic blood pressure of resting state.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Identifies AHNAK (Neuroblast Differentiation-associated Protein AHNAK) as a Novel Candidate Biomarker for Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis by Liquid-based Cytology

Lee, Hyebin,Kim, Kwangsoo,Woo, Jongmin,Park, Joonho,Kim, Hyeyoon,Lee, Kyung Eun,Kim, Hyeyeon,Kim, Youngsoo,Moon, Kyung Chul,Kim, Ji Young,Park, In Ae,Shim, Bo Bae,Moon, Ji Hye,Han, Dohyun,Ryu, Han Suk American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Bi 2018 Molecular and Cellular Proteomics Vol.17 No.9

<P>Cytological examination of urine is the most widely used noninvasive pathologic screen for bladder urothelial carcinoma (BLCA); however, inadequate diagnostic accuracy remains a major challenge. We performed mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of urine samples of ten patients with BLCA and ten paired patients with benign urothelial lesion (BUL) to identify ancillary proteomic markers for use in liquid-based cytology (LBC). A total of 4,839 proteins were identified and 112 proteins were confirmed as expressed at significantly different levels between the two groups. We also performed an independent proteomic profiling of tumor tissue samples where we identified 7,916 proteins of which 758 were differentially expressed. Cross-platform comparisons of these data with comparative mRNA expression profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas identified four putative candidate proteins, AHNAK, EPPK1, MYH14 and OLFM4. To determine their immunocytochemical expression levels in LBC, we examined protein expression data from The Human Protein Atlas and in-house FFPE samples. We further investigated the expression of the four candidate proteins in urine cytology samples from two independent validation cohorts. These analyses revealed AHNAK as a unique intracellular protein differing in immunohistochemical expression and subcellular localization between tumor and non-tumor cells. In conclusion, this study identified a new biomarker, AHNAK, applicable to discrimination between BLCA and BUL by LBC. To our knowledge, the present study provides the first identification of a clinical biomarker for LBC based on in-depth proteomics.</P>

開發途上國의 外債現況과 償還能力 分析 : 한국을 중심으로 With Emphasis on the Korean Case

李汪宰,姜錫寅 상명대학교 논문집 1986 상명대학교논문집 Vol.18 No.-

External debt is not a new issue. Indeed, it has existed throughout history, but became more signficant internationally after the second World War because of the demand of funds for reconstruction and development. The oil crises of 1973-4 and 1979 exacerbated the external debt problem, particularly for oil-importing developing countries. Poland was the first country rescheduled in March 1981. By the end of 1983, total rescheduling rose to US$ 90 billion. Several factors contributed to the sudden expansion of external debt after the 1970s, First, while grants constituted the bulk of foreign aid after World War Ⅱ, the 1970s saw a shift of loans to developing countries. Second, before the 1970s, most foreign capital was used for internal purposes, while in the post oil crisis period, external purposes became more important. Third, the expansion of the scope of external debt after the oil crises made this issue an international problems, rather than a simple domestic issue. At the end of 1985, total developing countries' external debt stood at US$865 billion. Of this, 89%, or US$ 768 billion was borne by oil importing developing countries. The total developing countries' external debt in 1985 represented a 260% jump over its 1977 level. The Latin American region's debts made up 55.1% of the total, while Asian countries were responsible for 26.5%, showing the severity of the external debt problem in both regions. Indeed, developing countries' external debt has consistently worsened: in 1977, the external' debt to GNP ratio stood at 25%, but deteriorated to 36.4% by 1985; the external debt to export ratio worsened from 127% in 1977 to 150% after 1983; and the debt servicing ratio for these countries was 25.6% at the end of 1985. In this article, the writers have analyzed the external debt and debt service ability of the developing countries, giving special attention to the Korean case. In chapter Ⅱ, the developing countries' external debt status and the origins of the rapid expansion of worldwide external debt have been discussed. In chapter Ⅲ, Korea's external debt was focused, fully considering the structure of external debt. In chapter Ⅳ, the developing countries' debt servicing ability was analysed and the Korean case in particular closely looked at. In chapter Ⅴ, the writers concluded that Korea's external debt status is relatively good, compared with that of other developing countries. Thanks to Korea's foreign assets, the net foreign debt to GNP ratio at 40% is relatively stable. Short term debt constitutes less than 23% of total external debt. In addition, Korea's debt structure is well-balanced among the public and private sectors and bank loans. Korea has also benefited from recent decline in international interest rates as 69% of her external debt is made in floating rates. Korea's debt service ability is also relatively good. Effective economic management has successfully promoted annual growth rates to 5-9%. Korea has benefited from favorable interest rates and the proportion of short-term debt in total debt has been held down. Korea's debt service ratio, including short-term debt is only 20% and Korea enjoys a relative high country credit in international financial markets. Korea's balance of payments is also being improved as a result of increase in exports. On the domestic side, Korean citizens have positively supported the movement to reduce foreign debts. Korea, however, has no natural resources, and so is dependent on the external environment for economic growth. For this reason, Korea must continue to promote domestic savings and consumer's frugality in order to reduce external debt in the future.