TEXT OF STATEM ENT BY CHANG KEY-YOUNG, VICECHAIRMAN OF SEOUL SIDE, SOUTH-NORTH COORDINATING COMMITEE, AT FOURTH VICE-CHAIRMEN’S MEETING

Chang Key-young 한국학술연구원 1974 Korea Observer Vol.6 No.1

退溪先生 胎生風水 硏究 : 朱子 高祖母墓와 比較分析을 通하여

김기선 慶北大學校 退溪硏究所 2003 退溪學과 韓國文化 Vol.- No.32

우리들은 흔히 '人傑는 地靈'이라는 말을 들어왔다. 오랜 세월 風水地理 工夫를 하면서 필자는 有名人士의 先祖 山所에는 반드시 明堂이 있었음을 확인한 바가 있다. 따라서 筆者는 '東方의 朱子'라고 불리고 있는 退溪 李滉先生(1501-1570)처럼 大儒學者의 경우에도 마찬가지일 것이라고 생각했다. 그러나 風水界에 잘 알려져 있는 眞城李氏 始祖산소, 퇴계선생 胎室, 그 옆의 祖父母와 父母山所 등을 보았으나 마음에 흡족하지는 못하였다. 그래서 나머지 祖上 산소인 鳴洞의 2세 松安君(자좌 병오파) 내외산소와 佳邱洞 가매기 3세(高祖父) 云候(자좌 병오파) 산소, 道律洞 3세비 安東權氏 산소(자좌) 와 鵲山先生의 증조부모 李禎墓와 安東金氏墓(임좌)들을 찾았다. 새로 방문한 산소들 모두가 비교적 좋은 편이었으나 그 중에서도 高祖父 산소가 正穴에 入葬되고 朝山도 秀麗하여 상당히 좋았지만 主山이 높지 못하고 明堂局勢가 狹小하여 鵲山先生의 曾祖父母 산소에는 미치지 못하였다. 曾祖父母 산소를 찾은 순간, '바로 이 山所였구나!' 하는 생각이 들 정도로 만족하였다. 主山이 文筆峯이요, 사방에 온통 一字文星이 둘렀으니 큰 學者가 나오지 않을 수가 없다는 생각이 들었다. 더구나 그 유명한 鶴駕山을 太祖山으로 하고 있으니, 퇴계선생과 같은 大儒學者 겸 高官이 나오는 자리가 될 것이 아닌가? 退溪先生과 같은 큰 선비나 大儒學者를 배출하는 데에는 鶴駕山과 같은 名山의 힘을 받은 文筆峰이나 一字文星이 主山이나 案山으로 짜낸 調和로운 明堂局이 필요하다고 본다. 風水工夫를 깊이 하려면 中國의 古代典籍들을 보지 않을 수가 없다. 그중에서도 明나라 徐善繼·徐善述 형제가 지은 『人子須知資孝地理心學統宗』이란 책에 朱子(1130-1200)는 高祖母 程氏夫人墓가 좋아서 태어났다고 했다. 그래서 두 묘를 한번 비교해 보면 재미있겠다는 생각이 들었다. 程氏夫人墓는 일찍이 宋의 국사인 吳景鸞이 點穴하면서 課記에 "오랜 세월이 흐른 후 孔子와 같은 聖人이 나오리라(當出一賢人聰明如孔子)"고 예언을 하고 事實로 판명된 묘로도 유명하다. 穴場은 산의 높은 곳에 위치하는 데다 물은 멀리 떨어져 있으니 初代에는 不利하므로 擴中을 파서 마무리할 때에 큰 바위로 눌러서 덮어야한다고 하였는데 후에 과연 不利하여 이장하려고 하였으나 바위 바위 때문에 그쳤다고 한다. 1,059년 그 곳에 朱子의 高祖母 程氏夫人墓를 쓰고 그 후인 1,130년에 朱子가 태어나 이처럼 課記에 符合하니, 徐善繼·徐善述 형제의 말처럼, 누가 風水地理를 否定할 수 있겠는가? 이제 퇴계선생의 曾祖父母墓(李禎墓)와 程氏夫人墓를 비교해 보도록 하자. 첫째, 大儒學者(文章·科第·顯貴·名譽)를 상징하는 커다란 文筆峰이 李禎墓에는 主山이 되었으나 程氏墓에서는 案山(鵝子峰)과 朝山(信州鴉山)이 되었다. 일반적으로 풍수에서 穴이 氣運을 받음에 있어 位置上으로는 主山이 더 좋지만 穴 자리의 性格을 端的으로 나타내는 案山과 朝山도 穴 자리가 힘이 있으면 무방하다. 李禎墓의 主山 文筆峰이 좀 弱한듯 하나 太祖山인 鶴駕山과 龍虎 및 案山의 一字文星이 補完해 주고 있다. 둘째, 坐向은 兩墓 共히 壬坐丙向이다. 셋째, 兩墓 共히 龍虎는 一字文星이다. 넷째, 兩墓 共히 重重包裏하여 調和로운 明堂局을 만들었다. 다섯째, 兩墓 共히 물이 九曲으로 흘러나간다.(程氏墓 처음은 元辰水) 여섯째, 兩墓 共히 穴 뒤쪽의 頭腦部位가 豊富하다. 以上에서 共通點을 추출해 보았으나 兩墓의 相異點을 對比해보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 李禎墓는 낮은 곳에 위치하나 程氏墓는 높은 곳에 있다. 둘째, 李禎墓는 直龍結穴이나 程氏墓는 橫龍結穴이다. 셋째, 李禎墓는 來龍이 弱하나 程氏墓는 强하다. 넷째, 李禎墓는 乳穴이나 程氏墓는 窩穴이다. 다섯째, 李禎墓는 仙人讀書形(신선이 책을 읽고 있는 모양)이나 程氏墓는 金斗穴梁上形(손잡이가 달린 다리미형)이다. 여섯째, 李禎墓는 內明堂局이 相對的으로 작지만 程氏墓는 外明堂局이 크다. 退溪先生의 曾祖父母 李禎內外墓와 朱子의 高祖母 程氏墓와 比較해볼 때, 主山 또는 朝案의 文筆峰과 龍虎案의 一字文星, 豊富한 頭腦部分과 彎環屈曲의 九曲水, 重重包裏 속에서의 調和로운 明堂局이 작용하고 있다는 共通點을 찾을 수 있었다. 우리들은 일일이 모르고 있지만, 실제로 朱子나 退溪先生의 例에서 보듯이, 偉大한 人物의 背後에는 合當한 明堂이 있었음을 確認하였다는 事實은 커다란 意義가 있다고 본다. 積善을 많이 베풀어서, 明堂에 살거나 先祖를 明堂에 모시면, 心身도 健康하고 運命을 改善할 수 있다. 그리고 偉大한 後孫을 배출하면 道義昻場과 文化暢達을 통하여 國家社會의 發展과 繁榮에도 寄與할 수 있다. From ancient times, Korean and Chinese felt they shared a fate with the earth. They saw a magical link between man and the landscape. So they used feng shui(風水) as a way of linking man's destiny with that of nature by placing graves and residences at auspicious spots, to tap the earth's chi(地氣), where the chi flows smoothly and yin and yang(陰陽) are in harmony, making a productive cycle of the five elements(五行). Nature imitates life. Life imitates nature. Feng shui, as a language of symbols, is the key to understanding the silent dialogue between man and nature. The environment takes on a metaphorical quality. They believed that unless the deceased were properly buried, the descendants would suffer. The offspring of an ancestor with an exceptionally good grave on the basis of accumulated virtuous deeds(積善) for generations, it is believed, will be rewarded with wealth, health, lots of sons, longevity, and even a high position. Besides its offspring, even the fate of a nation depends, it is said, on the correct location of the ruler's residence and the correct burial of his ancestors. According to The Form School(形勢學派), the mountain shapes & configurations(山形) can influence the deceased's descendants, while The Compass School(理氣學派) focuses on the orientation(方位). Man is thus affected by yin and yang dwellings(陰陽宅) - the houses of the dead and the places of the living. I assumed, it would he much more truthful especially when it comes to the case of distinguished scholar like Toegye. Therefore, this article is to examine the feng shui on the residency where Toegye(退溪), known as a Korean Chu Hsi(東方朱子), was born and the tomb sites of his ancestors to reveal which one of those influenced him most strongly to be born a great scholar, in comparison with the case of Chu Hsi(朱熹), a respected neo-Confucian Chinese scholar. The writer visited to find Toegye's great-grand parent's graves(曾祖父母墓), buried on the correct spots where one can find no geomagnetic disturbance phenomena(地磁氣 攪亂 現象), backed by mountain shaped like a calligraphy brush(文筆峰) as the high black tortoise mountain(玄武, 主山) and flanked by & facing many surrounding mountains, in many folds, shaped like the horizontal line(一字文星) impling a successful scholar, making a big round bright yard(大明堂) in the center with views of a front pond and a zigzagged, meandering flow of water, which, I am sure, spurred him scholarly success. In case of Chu Hsi, his great-great-grand mother's grave(高祖母墓) surrounded by various mountains in many folds, especially faced two high mountains shaped like a big calligraphy brush(大文筆峰) soared high in the sky as the lower & higher vermilion birds(朱雀, 朝案) making a bigger wide outer bright yard, which, it is said, actualized him to become a famous neo-Confucian scholar. Finally, we analyzed that very distinguished scholars like Toegye & Chu Hsi were born due to the exceptionally good graves of their ancestors, buried correctly on the most comfortable spots where one can find geomagnetic homogenization effect(地磁氣 均一化 效果), backed or faced by the mountains shaped like a big calligraphy brush comprising a successful scholar in terms of feng shui. Feng shui tells us that locating the correct & auspicious spot, through the accumulation of virtuous deeds, plays a decisive role in casting the destiny of the occupants(residences), its descendants(graves) and even a nation(residence of the ruler & graves of his ancestors, city's shapes & public planning). Let's improve and harmonize the environment for one's better life, a prosperous nation and a peaceful world!

Spatiotemporal downscaling approaches for monitoring 8-day 30m actual evapotranspiration

Ke, Y.,Im, J.,Park, S.,Gong, H. Elsevier 2017 ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and remote sensing Vol.126 No.-

Continuous monitoring of actual evapotranspiration (ET) is critical for water resources management at both regional and local scales. Although the MODIS ET product (MOD16A2) provides viable sources for ET monitoring at 8-day intervals, the spatial resolution (1km) is too coarse for local scale applications. In this study, we propose a machine learning and spatial temporal fusion (STF)-integrated approach in order to generate 8-day 30m ET based on both MOD16A2 and Landsat 8 data with three schemes. Random forest machine learning was used to downscale MODIS 1km ET to 30m resolution based on nine Landsat-derived indicators including vegetation indices (VIs) and land surface temperature (LST). STF-based models including Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model and Spatio-Temporal Image Fusion Model were used to derive synthetic Landsat surface reflectance (scheme 1)/VIs (scheme 2)/ET (scheme 3) on Landsat-unavailable dates. The approach was tested over two study sites in the United States. The results showed that fusion of Landsat VIs produced the best accuracy of predicted ET (R<SUP>2</SUP>=0.52-0.97, RMSE=0.47-3.0mm/8days and rRMSE=6.4-37%). High density of cloud-clear Landsat image acquisitions and low spatial heterogeneity of Landsat VIs benefit the ET prediction. The downscaled 30m ET had good agreement with MODIS ET (RMSE=0.42-3.4mm/8days, rRMSE=3.2-26%). Comparison with the in situ ET measurements showed that the downscaled ET had higher accuracy than MODIS ET.

우리나라 先物換市場의 育成方案에 관한 考察

金琦洪 동국대학교 해외개발연구소 1983 國際貿易論叢 Vol.1 No.-

地域社會發展 : 그 展望에 대한 文化心理的 檢證

權奇星 단국대학교 대학원 1980 學術論叢 Vol.4 No.-

Human behavior is determined by his psychological state or value-orientation, and this by interactions of the course of his life time. Therefore, human behavior is a function of human organism and environment. This view many proceed from "the field theory" on behavior proceed by the psychologist K. Lewin. Lewin used the term "life space" to refer to "the totality of forces acting on the person at a given moment of time," implying both the individual internal psychological environment and his external environment. He used a schematic diagram, an egg-shaped "Jordan curve." to show a person in a particular environment. Levin's Jordan Curve ◁그림삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) Behavior is a function of the person and his psychological environment in terms of Lewin's formulas: B=F(P.E). A person's behavior (B) is determined by both the external environment (E) and the internal personal environment (P). Hereby, we may link other aspects of personal behavior since community development is dependent on community inhabitants' behavior and their behavior is a special form of human activity and cannot be independent of social behavior generally. In this respect, we have to understand community inhabitant's value-orientation formed in the condition of their socio-cultural environment in order to understand community development. Korean community inhabitants tend to authoritarianism, emotional humanism, fatalism and homogeneity. These value-orientations are constructed by religious influence: Confucian authority and hierarchy: Buddhist collectivism and passivity: and Taoist non-activist virtue. Therefore, Korean community inhabitants are characterized by these value-orientation such as authoritarianism, emotional humanism, fatalism and homogeneity. Authoritarianism here can be defined as hierarchical relations in terms of domination, submission relationships, that is, a tendency in an individual to adopt uncritical and submissive attitude toward the more powerful man and at the same time to wish to make other submit to him. An authoritarian person is accustomed to submission. He wouldn't like to do what to do for himself and he is much dependent on his superior. The important effect of the authoritarian attitude of Korean community inhabitents is that most of the decisions are likely to be made at the top in the hierarchy, and decision making is also heavily influenced by the political philosophy and outlook of the decision maker himself. Another important implication of authoritarianism is that there is relatively little room for the incremental approach to solving problems. Emotional humanism can be defined as an attitude or tendency to maintain the relationship with others. An emotional humanistic person is much dependent on others and lacks the pioneer-spirit, while emotional humanim fosters the spirits of cooperation based on the mutual cooperative spirit. The important effect of emotional humanistic attitudes to reduce rationality in decision making. Community inhabitants who are equipped with deep and warm sentiments do not usually deal with things reasonably and rationally but emotionally and intuitively. Fatalism can be defined as a tendency or belief system to evaluate one's success by the supernatural forces, e.g., fate beyond one's capability. A fatalistic person lacks not only a fighting spirit to attack difficulties but also determination to pursue any goal persistently. Many plans or programs are likely to end as plans or programs, per se without ever being tried. And he lacks self-reliance or developmental value-orientation. These fatalistic people are more concerned with the "Being" orientation than with the "Doing" orientation in human activity. And they are more attentive to what the human being is than to what he might accomplish. Homogeneity can be defined as common consciousness―ethnic, linguistic, religious, racial, cultural and regional, etc.―in life. Homogeneous person is more exclusive to others. These homogeneous people do not believe in others because of exclusive tendency. These homogeneity would like to find and aggregate more homogeneous things within homogeneity. Therefore, homogeneity results in factionalism and so factionalism caused by a loyalty to him, family, school, and province has directly led to the brakdown is that it deprives one of the opportunity to develop individualistic attitudes and abilities. In summary of survey research, community inhabitants' authoritarianism and homogeneity are high and their emotional humanism and fatalism are relatively low. But their emotional humanism and fatalism are not converted to development-orientation. Therefore, it may be difficult to expect community development. It is considered that non-developmental value-orientation is due to cultural tradition based on the religious influence in the long-run and the influence of the authoritarian strategy for community development (New Village Movement) in the short-run.

보르헤르트의 귀향자 문학

손기영 한국헤세학회 2002 헤세연구 Vol.8 No.-

Wolfgang Borchert ist einer der typischen Dichter im Bereich der Heimkehrerliteratur. Borchert erlebte selbst mit 20 Jahren den Krieg und war Ofer des Kriegs. Zuerst beschreibe ich Umrisse der Heimkehrerliteratur und die Werke Borcherts. Die Kriegserfahrung ist fu¨r den Schriftersteller eine Sache von gro¨βter Bedeutung. Der Krieg ist eines der wichtigsten Themen der deutschen Literatur, er ist aber zugleich auch eines der schwierigsten, wenn er sich um eine wahrheitsgetreue Wiedergabe handelt. Die Entwicklung jener neuen Tendenzen der Kriegsliteratur erscheint am evidentesten in den Kriegsgeschichten von Wolfgang Borchert. Die Erza¨hlungen, die er pra¨sentiert, sind meistenteils kleine, skizzenartige Aufzeichungen, die genau, fast chronikartig, das winzige Detail des Krieges herausgreifen und dennoch die Zeit, die Dinge und das sich hinter ihnen Verbergende kennzeichnen und sie aus der Na¨he, aus dem unmittelbaren Erleben fixieren. Dieses grausame und entsetzliche Geschehenis schildert Borchert au¨βerst einfach, absichtlich naiv und ungeku¨nstelt; der Schriftsteller vermeidet hier absichtlich expressiv gefa¨rbte Wo¨rter und Wortverbindungen. Die Darstellung ist ausgesprochen neutral. Dieser Schilderung fehlen jegliche Epitheta, die eine Stelleungnahme des Verfassers zu den Ereiggnissen verraten ko¨nnten. Die hier besprochen Kurzgeschichten sind nur exemplarische Beispiele fu¨r die moderne Darstellungsweise der Heimkehrersproblematik in den Werken eines Augenzeugen und Teilnehmers am letzen Kriege. Die analysierten Erza¨hlungen enthu¨llen die inneren Bindungen der Problematik, sie zeigen den entmenschlichten Mechanismus der Vernichtung, in dessen Trieben menschliche Existenzen zermalmt werden. Die Kurzgeschiten Borcherts da¨monisieren jedoch den Krieg, statt auf die wahren und realen Ursachen dieses Pha¨nomens hinzuweisen. Die Figuren der Borchertschen Kriegsgeschichten handeln oft irrational. Sie handeln sogar nicht mehr in eigentlichen Sinne des Wortes - sie funktionieren. Dieser fu¨r den Dichter unfaβbare hintergrund degradiert die Gestalten seiner Erza¨hlungen zu grotesken Marionetten. Der Krieg verwandelt sich dementsprechend in ein grausiges Puppenspiel. Im Werk von W. Borchert sind typische Tendenzen der neuen Literatur zu erkennen. Perso¨nliches Schicksal und tiefe Verzweiflung einer in den Abgrund gefu¨hrten Generation widerspiegeln sich ada¨quat in seinem geringen Nachlaβ. W. Borchert war der Dichter, in dessen Sprachen und Werk die Stimme der zweiten deutschen "lost generation" zum Ausdruck kam. Die besten Kurzgeschichte Borcherts enthalten eine doppelte Srtuktur. Sein Prosawerk ist vor allem eine sta¨ndige Auseinandersetzung mit dem Kriegspha¨nomen, den Krieg spu¨rt man auch in den Kurzgeschichten, in denen kein Wort aus dem Kriegsvokabular fa¨llt. Die Kriegserfahrung ist fu¨r Borchert eine Sache von groβer Bedeutung. Was er gesehen und durchgelebt hatte, fand eine literarische Transformation in seinem Werk, das weder Phantasie noch Dichtung ist, sondern wahres Leben. Borchert bescha¨ftigt sich in Borcherts Gestalten wider. Aber bei Borchert ist selbst unter ungu¨nstigsten Umsta¨nden noch die Selbstbehauptung mo¨glich. Borchert ist nicht ein Dichter des Negativen und des Pessimismus. Die scheiternden Menschen sind meist selbst dafu¨r verantwortlich, wenn sie die Situation nicht bewa¨ltigen. Borchert verkennt dabei keineswegs, daβer Schicksal gibt, gegen das der Mensch nichts ausrichten kann.

폴리에틸렌 테레프타레이트 블레드와 액정고분자의 결정화

김기식 대진대학교 1998 大眞論叢 Vol.6 No.-

The blends of polyethylene terephthalate(PET) and liquid crystalline polymers(LCP) were prepared for the investigation of crystallization behaviors. The chemical structure of LCP(HBH) is as shown below. ◁그림 삽입▷ (원문을 참조하세요) Crystallization Kinetics of the blends were investigated by the isothermal DSC method. The Avrami analyses were applied to obtain the information on the crystal growth geometry and factors controlling the rate of crystallization The crystallization kinetics for the blends followed the classical Avrami equation up to a high degree of crystallization regardless of crystallization temperature. The crystallization rate, as expected, decreases with increasing the crystallization temperature.

Polypropylene과 다른 化合物의 난연화에 關한 硏究

金紀植 대진대학교 1993 大眞論叢 Vol.1 No.-

The lame retardancy of polypropylene and the other compounds are improved through the blending of the proper ratio of halogens and phosphorous compound with the polymer. The flame retardancy of modified polypropylene and the other compounds were measured with use of the TGA and oxygen index tester. The decomposition temperature of the pure polypropylene is 370℃. On the other had, those of the blended polypropylene and the other compouds are in the range of 392℃ - 430℃. The oxygen index of pure polypropylene is 16 and that of the blended polypropylene is above 26 From these results, we know the tensile strength is worse by means of the blending time is long

교양강좌 개선방안

권기성,권영길 광운대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2000 인문사회과학논문집 Vol.29 No.-

제어 시스템 설계에서 훠지이론의 응용

권기호 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1992 論文集 Vol.42 No.2

This paper shows the control system design based on fuzzy theory. The performance of PID control is compared with fuzzy PID, and fuzzy control. Simulation result suggests the possibility of applying fuzzy theory in control system.