Characterization in Terms of the NUX Rule of G-inserted Mutant Hammerhead Ribozymes with High Level of Catalytic Power

Kuwabara, Tomoko,Warashina, Masaki,Kato, Yoshio,Kawasaki, Hiroaki,Taira, Kazunari Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2001 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.34 No.1

Attempts using in vitro and in vivo selection procedures have been made to search for hammerhead ribozymes that have higher activities than the wild-type ribozyme and also to determine whether other sequences might be possible in the catalytic core of the hammerhead ribozyme. Active sequences selected in the past conformed broadly to the consensus core sequence except at A9, and no sequences were associated with higher activity than that of the hammerhead with the consensus core, an indication that the consensus sequence derived from viruses and virusoids is probably the optimal sequence [Vaish et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 6495-6501]. Recently, during construction of ribozyme expression vectors, we isolated a mutant hammerhead ribozyme, with an insertion of G between A9 and G10.1, that appeared to show significant activity [Kawasaki et al. (1996) Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3010-3016; Kawasaki et al. (1998) Nature 393, 284-289]. We, therefore, characterized kinetic properties of the G-inserted mutant ribozymes in terms of the NUX rule. We demonstrate that the NUX rule is basically applicable to the G-inserted ribozymes and, more importantly, one type of G-inserted ribozyme was very active with $k_{cat}$, value of $6.4\;min^{-1}$ in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 10 mM $MgCl_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$.

Clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with coronavirus disease 2019

Kwak, Ji Hee,Lee, Soo-Young,Choi, Jong-Woon,Korean Society of Kawasaki Diseasety of Pediatric Endocrinology (KSPE), The Korean Pediatric Society 2021 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.64 No.2

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been spreading worldwide since December 2019. Hundreds of cases of children and adolescents with Kawasaki disease (KD)-like hyperinflammatory illness have been reported in Europe and the United States during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic with or without shock and cardiac dysfunction. These patients tested positive for the polymerase chain reaction or antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 or had a history of recent exposure to COVID-19. Clinicians managing such patients coined new terms for this new illness, such as COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory response syndrome, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19, or COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). The pathogenesis of MIS-C is unclear; however, it appears similar to that of cytokine storm syndrome. MIS-C shows clinical features similar to KD, but differences between them exist with respect to age, sex, and racial distributions and proportions of patients with shock or cardiac dysfunction. Recommended treatments for MIS-C include intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, and inotropic or vasopressor support. For refractory patients, monoclonal antibody to interleukin-6 receptor (tocilizumab), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), or monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor (infliximab) may be recommended. Patients with coronary aneurysms require aspirin or anticoagulant therapy. The prognosis of MIS-C seemed favorable without sequelae in most patients despite a reported mortality rate of approximately 1.5%.

Characterization in Terms of the NUX Rule of G - inserted Mutant Hammerhead Ribozymes with High Level of Catalytic Power

Kuwabara, Tomoko,Warashina, Masaki,Taira, Kazunari,Kato, Yoshio,Kawasaki, Hiroaki 생화학분자생물학회 2002 BMB Reports Vol.34 No.1

Attempts using in vitro and in vivo selection procedures have been made to search for hammerhead ribozymes that have higher activities than the wild-type ribozyme and also to determine whether other sequences might be possible in the catalytic core of the hammerhead ribozyme. Active sequences selected in the past conformed broadly to the consensus core sequence except at A9, and no sequences were associated with higher activity than that of the hammerhead with the consensus core, an indication that the consensus sequence derived from viruses and virusoids is probably the optimal sequence [Vaish et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 6495-6501]. Recently, during construction of ribozyme expression vectors, we isolated a mutant hammerhead ribozyme, with an insertion of G between A9 and 610.1, that appeared to show significant activity [Kawasaki et at (1996) Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3010-3016; Kawasaki et al. (1998) Nature 393, 284-289]. We, therefore, characterized kinetic properties of the G-inserted mutant ribozymes in terms of the NUX rule. We demonstrate that the NUX rule is basically applicable to the G-inserted ribozymes and, more importantly, one type of G-inserted ribozyme was very active with k_(cat), value of 6.4 min^(-1) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) and 10 m1VI MgCl₂ at 37℃.

Micro-Mechanical Responses of Ultrafine-Grained Materials Processed through High-Pressure Torsion

Kawasaki, Megumi,Jang, Jae Il,Ahn, Byung Min,Langdon, Terence G. Trans Tech Publications, Ltd. 2016 Materials science forum Vol.879 No.-

<P>The processing of metals through the application of high-pressure torsion (HPT) provides the potential for achieving exceptional grain refinement in bulk metal solids. These ultrafine grains in the bulk metals usually show superior mechanical and physical properties. Especially, the development of micro-mechanical behavior is observed after significant changes in microstructure through processing and it is of great importance for obtaining practical future applications of these ultrafine-grained metals. Accordingly, this presentation demonstrates the evolution of small-scale deformation behavior through nanoindentation experiments after HPT on various metallic alloys including a ZK60 magnesium alloy, a Zn-22% Al eutectoid alloy and a high entropy alloy. Special emphasis is placed on demonstrating the essential microstructural changes of these materials with increased straining by HPT and the evolution of the micro-mechanical responses in these materials by measuring the strain rate sensitivity.</P>

The effects of consolidation and privatization of ports in proximity: A case study of the Kobe and Osaka ports

Kawasaki Tomoya,Tagawa Hoshi,Watanabe Toshihiro,Hanaoka Shinya 한국해운물류학회 2020 The Asian journal of shipping and Logistics Vol.36 No.1

This study simultaneously explores the effects of “consolidation” and “privatization” of ports that are located in proximity to one another. The main benefit of consolidation is assumed to be economies of scale due to the aggregation of container cargo in one port, while that of privatization is cost reduction for port management and operations. We employ a multi-agent simulation model to express interactions among stakeholders, such as a port management body, shipping company, and shipper. The model is applied to a case study for the Kobe and Osaka ports in Japan. We find that consolidation has a larger impact than privatization in terms of cargo volume and total surplus. In particular, if future container cargo increases, consolidation accelerates the increase in cargo volume of the Kobe and Osaka ports. Transshipment cargo receives the largest volume in the case of “consolidation and privatization” when future container demand is increasing. However, the Busan port in South Korea, competitor of the Kobe and Osaka ports for transshipment cargo, would remain dominant even after the consolidation and privatization of the Kobe and Osaka ports, since its vessel frequency would be high in all cases.

15세기 한국어 속격 ‘-ㅅ’의 이표기들의 분포

Kawasaki Keigo 진단학회 2015 진단학보 Vol.- No.123

. 15세기 문헌들, 특히 주로 『訓民正音』, 『龍飛御天歌』, 『釋譜詳節』, 『月印釋譜』 등 訓民正音 창제후 초기문헌들에 있어서는, 속격 ‘-ㅅ(ㅿ)’이 {ㄱ,ㄷ,ㅂ,ㆆ,ㅸ,ㅈ} 등으로 바뀌어서 출현하는 현상이 알려져 있다. 본고는 15세기 문헌에서 찾을 수 있었던 총 177 예를 망라적으로 정리함으로써, 이 현상이 일어나는 음운론적 환경 및 문헌적 분포 등을 검토하였다. 종래 福井(1993;2013)에서는 그러한 이표기가 대부분이 “ㅅ-, ㅈ-, ㅳ- 앞”에서만 나타난다는 사실이 지적된 바 있었으나, 본고는 그것을 한층 더 세밀화시켜 “① {ㅅ,ㅈ,ㅊ} 앞, ② {ㆁ} 뒤, ③{ㅳ} 앞”처럼 수정하고, 나아가 종래 이 분야에서 주목받지 못했던 성조에도 주목한 결과, ①을 다시 (a) 平聲 {ㆁ,ㄴ,ㅁ} 뒤, (b) {ㄹ} 뒤, (c) ‘X-ㅅ 字’句 라는 세 가지 유형으로 분류할 수가 있었다. 이처럼 얻어지는 ㅅ→ㆆ/①②③ 이라는 음운규칙을 통시적 관점에서 바라본다면, 이는 중세어의 ‘8 종성 체계’에서 ‘ㅅ’이 빠지면서 현대어의 ‘7 종성 체계’로 이행해 가는 시작단계였을 것으로 해석할 수도 있다. 문헌적으로는 『楞嚴經諺解』를 경계로 α群과 β群의 두 그룹으로 크게 나눠지는데, 『月印釋譜』로 대표되는 α郡은 『訓民正音諺解』에서 세워진 원래 원칙이 잘 지켜져, ‘X-ㅅ 字’句 이외에도 다양한 예들이 관찰되는 데 비해, 『圓覺經諺解』로 대표되는 β郡은 원래 표기 원칙이 바뀌면서, ‘X-ㅅ 字’句의 예밖에 관찰되지 않게 됨을 확인하였다. 또한 ‘후속 명사구를 경음으로 표기한 경우’까지 포괄적으로 검토해 보면, 거기에는 좀 더 복잡한 문제들이 숨어있어, 예외적 현상이나 앞으로 해결해 나가야 할 과제가 존재함도 지적할 수가 있었다.

PREPARATION OF MONOSIZED SPHERICAL MICRO-PARTICLES AND APPLICATION FOR A TERAHERTZ PHOTONIC CRYSTAL

Kawasaki Akira 한국분말야금학회 2004 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.1

월인석보 권20 훼손 부분의 복원과 이용

( Kawasaki Keigo ),( Sugiyama Yutaka ),정혜린 ( Jeong Hye-rin ) 국어학회 2013 국어학 Vol.67 No.-

≪月印釋譜≫ 卷20의 현존본은, 안타깝게도 <太子須大拏經> 해당 부분이 68장부터 83장까지 15장에 걸쳐 지면 하단 부분을 중심으로 심하게 훼손되어 있어 자료로서 이용하기가 어려웠다. 그러나 사실 이는 어느 정도 복원이 가능하다. 즉, 훼손 부분에 몇 글자가 들어가는지를 정확히 세어, 底經인 <太子須大拏經>을 자세히 검토하되 ≪釋譜詳節≫, ≪月印釋譜≫에서의 전반적인 底經 번역 양상도 함께 고려하면서 우리가 현재 가지고 있는 중세한국어에 대한 모든 지식을 동원하면, 상당 부분에 대해 어느 정도 객관성이 있는 복원 작업을 할 수가 있는 것이다. 본고는 그러한 작업을 시도하여, 나아가 그 결과물 중에서 한국어사적으로 이용가치가 높은 정보를 구체적으로 지적함으로써 이 복원 작업의 학술적 중요성을 강조하고자 한다. It is unfortunate for us that the only available book of the volume 20 of Worin-seokbo is seriously damaged from the page 69 to 83 mainly in the lower part of it, so we find it difficult to read the part of the Middle Korean translation of original Chinese sutra Taizi Xudana Jing (太子須大拏經, Prince Sudana Sutra), or to utilize it as a historical language text. It is, however, not impossible for us to restore the original text to some extent: At first we precisely count the number of letters to be restored, then translate the corresponding letters of Taizi Xudana Jing into Middle Korean with all the our grammatical knowledge available, carefully contrasting with general style and patterns of translation in Seokbosangjeol and Worin-seokbo. We will not only try to restore the original text as much as possible, but also try to find out some newly available historical linguistic facts from it so we can illustrate the significance of this work.

“어기설”과 중세한국어 동사활용

Kawasaki Keigo 형태론 2011 형태론 Vol.13 No.2

‘Verbal Base Grammar (VBG, 語基說)’, an analyzing method of Korean verbal conjugation used mainly in Japan, is a quite useful tool and can be seen to be compatible and to coexist with the ordinary analyzing method in Korea (non-VBG) by understanding the concept of ‘phonological word’. The two methods — VBG and non-VBG — can both describe every phenomenon about Korean verbal conjugation. The difference is only that sometimes one can offer a more clear and refined explanation than the other, or vice versa, depending on the subject that is explained. This paper illustrates how to practically utilize VBG. For example, ① the well-known Middle Korean ‘doublet stem’ verb ‘achyet-’/‘achyer-’(“hate”) is revealed to be a ‘doublet’ only in the ‘2nd base’ in the sight of VBG. This localized doublet is likely to have been formed historically by the series of weakening and dropping phenomena related to ‘ㄹ’, which is universal in the Korean language. We found that ② the ‘-e ho-’ construction never appears with the shape of ‘3rd base’, and we also demonstrate that this was directly related to the grammaticalization of ‘mwot nay V’ (“can-not accomplish V-ing”) to the adverb ‘mwotnay’ (“boundlessly”). It should be emphasized that VBG not only offers a compact and clear explanation of ‘irregular verbs’ as has often been noticed, but also enables us to observe the verbs with a concrete ‘paradigms’ and not with an abstract concept of the ‘stem’. The paradigmatic nature of VBG and its way of description is expected to be a powerful tool in the study of Korean verbal conjugation. 한국어 동사활용 기술에 있어서 주로 일본에서 사용되고 있는 ‘語基說’은 ‘음운론적 단어’(phonological word)라는 개념을 이론적 근거로 삼음으로써 한국에서 일반적인 기술방식(‘非語基說’)과 모순없이 양립할 수 있으며, 실제로 매우 유용한 도구가 된다. 이들 두 가지 기술방식은 양쪽 다 모든 현상을 기술할 수가 있으되, 다만 분석의 대상에 따라 기술이 간결해지거나 복잡해질 수 있을 뿐이다. 본고에서는 실제로 ‘어기’를 구사하면서, 중세한국어의 활용현상에 관한 새로운 사실을 밝히기도 한다. 예를 들어 ① 중세어 ‘아쳗-’[厭]는 ‘아쳗-’/‘아쳘-’가 공존하는 ‘쌍형어간’으로 흔히 알려져 있는데, 사실 이는 한국어에서 보편적인 ‘ㄹ’에 관한 일련의 약화·탈락현상으로 인해 第Ⅱ語基에 국한되어 형성된 쌍형어간이라는 사실이 밝혀진다. 또한 ② 소위 ‘-어 ㅎ-’ 구문은 第Ⅲ語基를 취하지 않는다는 사실 및 이와 관련하여 ‘몯 내 V’[V해 낼 수 없다]가 부사 ‘몯내’[끝없이]로 어휘화된 기제 등이 밝혀진다. 語基說이 변격활용을 간결하게 기술할 수 있다는 점은 흔히 지적되어 왔으나, 이처럼 추상화된 ‘어간’뿐만 아니라 항상 구체적인 ‘패러다임’을 볼 시각을 갖게 해 주는 語基說과 그 기술 방법은, 이 분야의 연구에 새로운 힘을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

Fabrication of nanocomposites through diffusion bonding under high-pressure torsion

Kawasaki, Megumi,Han, Jae-Kyung,Lee, Dong-Hyun,Jang, Jae-il,Langdon, Terence G. Published for the Materials Research Society by th 2018 Journal of materials research Vol.33 No.18

<▼1><B>Abstract</B><P/></▼1><▼2><P>This report summarizes a recent study demonstrating simple and rapid synthesis of a new Al-Mg alloy system and ultimately synthesizing a metal matrix nanocomposite, which was achieved by processing stacked disks of the two dissimilar metals by conventional high-pressure torsion (HPT) processing. The synthesized Al-Mg alloy system exhibits exceptionally high hardness through rapid diffusion bonding and simultaneous nucleation of intermetallic phases with increased numbers of HPT turns through 20, and improved plasticity was demonstrated by increasing strain rate sensitivity in the alloy system after post-deformation annealing. An additional experiment demonstrated that the alternate stacking of high numbers of dissimilar metal disks may produce a faster metal mixture during HPT. Metal combinations of Al-Cu, Al-Fe, and Al-Ti were processed by the same HPT procedure from separate pure metals to examine the feasibility of the processing technique. The microstructural analysis confirmed the capability of HPT for the formation of heterostructures across the disk diameters in these processed alloy systems. The HPT processing demonstrates a considerable potential for the joining and bonding of dissimilar metals at room temperature and the expeditious fabrication of a wide range of new metal systems.</P></▼2>