김창협의 사단칠정 논의 고찰: 퇴·율절충론 평가에 대한 비판적 검토

김지은 ( Kim Jieun ) 한국공자학회 2024 공자학 Vol.52 No.-

학계에서 주목하는 대표적인 퇴(退) 율(栗) 절충론자로는 조성기(趙聖期), 임영(林泳), 김창협(金昌協) 등이 있다. 이들은 모두 서인(西人)에 속한 학자들이었음에도 이이(李珥)의 ‘기발리승일도설(氣發理乘一途說)’을 무비판적으로 묵수하지도 않았고, 이황(李滉)의 ‘호발설(互發說)’을 무조건적으로 배척하지도 않았다. 이들은 이황과 이이의 학설을 참고자료로 활용하며 주희의 이론적 입장에 부합하는 사단칠정 논의를 개진하고자 했다. 이이가 이황의 호발명제를 하나의 마음에 대해 존재론적으로 상이한 감정의 발로 기제를 상정한 명제로 단언하며 비판하였던것과 달리, 이들은 호발설이 리기불상리(理氣不相離) 원칙에 위배되는 듯한 ‘표현상’의 문제를 지닌다는 정도로만 이해하며, 사단(四端)과 칠정(七情)을 구분한 이황의 시도를 긍정하였다. 그럼에도 이들은 호발설이 갖는 오해의 소지를 없애고자, 이이가 리기불상리 원칙에 따라 마음의 발로 기제가 하나일 뿐임을 역설하였던 것을 논의의 논리적 기반으로 삼았다. 하지만 이들은 이이의 기발리승일도설이 리의 위상을 약화하는 난점을 지닌다고 보며 ‘리의 역할’을 중심으로 사단을 설명하였는데, 바로 이 지점에서 조성기 및 임영과 구분되는 김창협의 입장이 확인된다. 조성기와 임영은 이황의 호발설에 착안하여 리의 역할을 중심으로 사단을 해석함으로써, 이이의 학설이 갖는 약점을 극복하고자 하였다. 반면에 김창협은 이황이 사단과 칠정을 의미상 주리와 주기로 구분한 취지는 긍정하였으나, 호발설을 통해 리의 역할을 드러내려 한 이황의 의도에는 주목하지 않았다. 오히려 이황의 사단 해석을 이이의 사단 이해와 유사한 것으로 간주하였다. 그러나 학문적 차원에서 의리(義理)를 실현하려는 문제의식을 지니며 의리의 내용을 담지한 ‘리(理)’를 적극적으로 해석하고자 했던 김창협은 사단을 이루는 리의 역할을 사유할 수 있었고, 이에 입각하여 이이 학설이 갖는 논리적 난점을 극복하려 하였다. 김창협이 리의 역할을 강조한 이황의 사단 해석에 근거하여 이이 학설의 논리적 약점을 보완하지 않은 데에는 그가 처했던 실존적 상황이 있었다. 당시 김창협은 서인의 학문적 정치적 입지를 회복하는 작업에 매진하였기에 이이의 학설이 갖는 논리적 약점을 이황의 설에 의거하여 보완하기란 부담이 될 수밖에 없었다. 그것은 남인에게 이론적 공격의 빌미를 제공하는 동시에 이이 학설의 학문적 정통성을 위협할 수 있었기 때문이다. 김창협의 사칠 논의는 이황과 이이의 이론적 장점을 종합한 퇴 율 절충론이라기보다, 서인의 학문적 정체성인 이이의 ‘기발리승일도설’의 내적 완결성을 추구하는 데 중요한 의의를 둔 것이라 평가할 수 있다. Prominent figures in the academic community who supported the eclecticism of Toegye and Yulgok were Cho Sung-gi, Lim Young and Kim Chang-hyeop. Although these scholars belonged to the Seo-in(西人) group, they did not unconditionally accept Lee Yi’s theory or reject Lee Hwang’s theory outright. They took Lee Hwang and Lee Yi's theories as a reference and tried to develop a discussion in line with Zhu's theoretical position. Unlike Lee Yi, who criticized and refuted the assertions of Lee Hwang, they approached the issue by understanding the problem at an expressive level within the Lee Hwang’s theory. They also acknowledged Lee Hwang’s attempt to distinguish between the Four Beginnings(四端) and the Seven Emotions(七情). Nevertheless, they wanted to clarify possible misunderstandings within Lee Hwang’s theory. They used Lee Yi’s theory as the basis for their discussions. From this point of view they were in line with the eclecticism of Toegye and Yulgok. However, they found a flaw in Lee Yi’s theory that weakened the status of Li(理). This is why they have focused their interpretation of the Four Beginnings on the role of Li(理). Kim Chang-hyeop’s perspective differed from that of Cho Sung-gi and Lim Young. Cho Sung-gi and Lim Young interpreted the Four Beginnings as emotions arising from Li(理) and drew inspiration from Lee Hwang’s interpretation. Kim Chang-hyeop, however, acknowledged the importance of Lee Hwang’s differentiation of the Four Beginnings and the Seven Emotions, but did not emphasize Lee Hwang’s consideration of revealing the role of Li(理). Rather, he considered Lee Hwang's interpretation to be similar to Lee Yi's understanding. However, Kim Chang-hyeop, who had the problem of realizing righteousness at the academic level and actively sought to interpret the 'Li' that contained the content of righteousness, was able to think about the role of Li in the formation of the Four Beginnings and, on this basis, tried to overcome the logical difficulties of Lee Yi's theories. The reason why Kim Chang-hyeop did not compensate for the logical weaknesses of Lee Yi's thesis, which was based on Lee Hwang's interpretation of the Four Beginnings and emphasized Li's role, was the existential situation in which he found himself. Kim Chang-hyeop was engaged in important work directly related to the restoration of Seo-in's academic and political position, so it was a burden for him to overcome the logical weaknesses of Lee Yi's thesis based on Yi Hwang's theory. It would have provided an opening for a theoretical attack and threatened the academic orthodoxy of Lee Yi’s thesis. Kim Chang-hyeop's discussion can be seen as an important contribution to the pursuit of the internal completeness of Lee Yi's thesis, rather than a compromise between Lee Hwang and Lee Yi's theoretical merits.

Incidence of Clostridioides difficile Infections in Republic of Korea: A Prospective Study With Active Surveillance vs. National Data From Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service

Kim Jieun,Myung Rangmi,Kim Bongyoung,Kim Jinyeong,Kim Tark,Lee Mi Suk,Kim Uh Jin,Park Dae Won,Kim Yeon-Sook,Lee Chang-Seop,Kim Eu Suk,Lee Sun Hee,Chang Hyun-Ha,Lee Seung Soon,Park Se Yoon,Choi Hee Jun 대한의학회 2024 Journal of Korean medical science Vol.39 No.12

Background: Since the emergence of hypervirulent strains of Clostridioides difficile, the incidence of C. difficile infections (CDI) has increased significantly. Methods: To assess the incidence of CDI in Korea, we conducted a prospective multicentre observational study from October 2020 to October 2021. Additionally, we calculated the incidence of CDI from mass data obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) from 2008 to 2020. Results: In the prospective study with active surveillance, 30,212 patients had diarrhoea and 907 patients were diagnosed with CDI over 1,288,571 patient-days and 193,264 admissions in 18 participating hospitals during 3 months of study period; the CDI per 10,000 patientdays was 7.04 and the CDI per 1,000 admission was 4.69. The incidence of CDI was higher in general hospitals than in tertiary hospitals: 6.38 per 10,000 patient-days (range: 3.25–12.05) and 4.18 per 1,000 admissions (range: 1.92–8.59) in 11 tertiary hospitals, vs. 9.45 per 10,000 patient-days (range: 5.68–13.90) and 6.73 per 1,000 admissions (range: 3.18–15.85) in seven general hospitals. With regard to HIRA data, the incidence of CDI in all hospitals has been increasing over the 13-year-period: from 0.3 to 1.8 per 10,000 patient-days, 0.3 to 1.6 per 1,000 admissions, and 6.9 to 56.9 per 100,000 population, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of CDI in Korea has been gradually increasing, and its recent value is as high as that in the United State and Europe. CDI is underestimated, particularly in general hospitals in Korea.

Expanding the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplants Through Detection of Donor-Derived DNA in Urine: Proof-of-Concept Study

Kim Jieun,Kim Dong-Moung,Park Yu Jin,Lee Seung-Tae,Kim Hyon-Suk,Kim Myoung Soo,Kim Beom Seok,Choi Jong Rak 대한진단검사의학회 2021 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.41 No.5

Background: Approximately 10%–20% of kidney transplant (KT) recipients suffer from acute rejection (AR); thus, sensitive and accurate monitoring of allograft status is recommended. We evaluated the clinical utility of donor-derived DNA (dd-DNA) detection in the urine of KT recipients as a non-invasive means for diagnosing AR. Methods: Urine samples serially collected from 39 KT recipients were tested for 39 single-nucleotide variant loci selected according to technical criteria (i.e., high minor allele frequency and low analytical error) using next-generation sequencing. The fraction of dd-DNA was calculated and normalized by the urine creatinine (UCr) level (%dd-DNA/UCr). The diagnostic performance of %dd-DNA/UCr for AR was assessed by ROC curve analysis. Results: There was an increasing trend of %dd-DNA/UCr in the AR group before subsequent graft injury, which occurred before (median of 52 days) histological rejection. The serum creatinine (SCr) level differed significantly between the AR and non-AR groups at two and four months of follow-up, whereas %dd-DNA/UCr differed between the groups at six months of follow-up. The combination of %dd-DNA/UCr, SCr, and spot urine protein (UPtn)/UCr showed high discriminating power, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.93 (95% confidence interval: 0.81–1.00) and a high negative predictive value of 100.0%. Conclusions: Although the dd-DNA–based test cannot eliminate the need for biopsy, the high negative predictive value of this marker could increase the prebiopsy probability of detecting treatable injury to make biopsy an even more effective diagnostic tool.

Direct-Write Patterning of Bacterial Cells by Dip-Pen Nanolithography

Kim, Jieun,Shin, Young-Hun,Yun, Seong-Hun,Choi, Dong-Sik,Nam, Ji-Hye,Kim, Sung Ryong,Moon, Sung-Kwon,Chung, Bong Hyun,Lee, Jae-Hyuck,Kim, Jae-Ho,Kim, Ki-Young,Kim, Kyung-Min,Lim, Jung-Hyurk American Chemical Society 2012 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - Vol.134 No.40

<P>The ability of dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) to generate nano- or microarrays of soft or hard materials (e.g., small molecules, DNA, proteins, nanoparticles, sols, and polymers) in a direct-write manner has been widely demonstrated. The transporting of large-sized ink materials such as bacteria, however, remains a significant challenge with this technique. The size limitation of the water meniscus formed between the DPN tip and the solid surface becomes a bottleneck in such diffusion-based molecular transport experiments. Herein, we report a straightforward “stamp-on” DPN method that uses a nanostructured poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) hydrogel-coated tip and carrier agents to generate patterns of micrometer-sized Escherichia coli JM 109 bacterial cells. We demonstrate that this approach enables the deposition of a single bacterial cell array on a solid surface or arrays of layers of multiple cells by modulating the viscosity of the “ink” solution. Fluorescence microscopy images indicated that the deposited bacterial cells were kept alive on Luria–Bertani-agar layered solid surfaces after DPN patterning.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/jacsat/2012/jacsat.2012.134.issue-40/ja3073808/production/images/medium/ja-2012-073808_0004.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ja3073808'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

SELF-INCONGRUITY AND IDEAL CONGRUITY EFFECTS OF LUXURY FASHION BRANDS

Jae-Eun Kim,Jieun Kim,Jungkeun Kim 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2015 Global Fashion Management Conference Vol.2015 No.06

Past research has shown that the self-congruity effect (Sirgy, 1982) is an important key predictor for consumers’ responses (e.g., attitude, purchase intention, choice, satisfaction, and loyalty) toward various marketing stimuli such as brand, store, and product (Barone, Shimp, and Sprott, 1999; Sirgy, Grewal, & Mangleburg, 2000). The self-congruity effect refers to the match between consumers’ actual self-concept and the image of objects compared, such as brand image, product image, store image, and advertising materials (Choi & Rifon, 2012; Sirgy, Grewal, & Mangleburg, 2000). These relationships, however, have not been tested in the context of luxury brand products (Sirgy, 1982). Our purpose is to address this knowledge gap by investigating the relevancy of self-congruity theory to the purchase of luxury brands. In contrast to the long-standing self-congruity effect, we propose that actual self-incongruity and ideal self-congruity effects will work when consumers evaluate luxury fashion brands. A survey method was used to gather data. Data were collected through an online panel provided by E-rewards, a marketing research company located in the United States. A stratified sampling method was employed to obtain an evenly distributed number of participants from different income classes. The strata was identified by income. Three strata were developed: (1) more than $100,000; (2) $55,000 to less than $100,000; and (3) less than $55,000. The sample (n = 502, average age = 41) represented most demographic categories. We tested the influence of actual self-incongruity and ideal self-congruity on brand attitude, purchase intention, and perceived quality for 3 brands. Actual self-incongruity had a significant positive effect on brand attitude, whereas ideal self-congruity had a significant positive effect on brand attitude, purchase intention, perceived quality. Overall, the results supported our main hypothesis. We conducted an additional analysis to examine the moderating role of income. Specifically, for brand attitude, the influence of actual self-incongruity was significantly positive only for the low-income group. The influence of ideal self-congruity was significantly positive only for the low- and middle-income groups. For purchase intention, the influence of ideal self-incongruity was significantly negative only for the low-income group, whereas the influence of ideal self-congruity was not significant for the middle- or high-income groups. Finally, for perceived quality, the influence of actual self- and ideal self-incongruity was significant only for the middle-income group, whereas that influence was not significant for the high-income group. This research contributes to the self-congruity effect in the context of luxury brands. Our results show the positive influence of ideal self-congruity and actual self-incongruity on the evaluation of luxury brand products. This is the first study identifying that actual self-congruity has a negative influence on the evaluation of brands in a luxury market context, as opposed to previous findings. Our results provide important implications to practitioners in planning their marketing communication strategies or consumer relationship management for luxury brand consumers.

Rxfp2, an Insl3 receptor might be associated with the failure of spermatogenesis in Phf7 ko mice

Jieun Kim,Eun-Kyoung Kim,Hae-Rim Kim,Sang-Mi Cho,Danbi Ka,Hoyoung Ghang,Seulgi Park,Mini Lee,Faiz Ur Rahman,Ki-Hoon Lee,Won-Kee Yoon,Young-Suk Won,Hyoung-Chin Kim,Kyoung-Chul Choi,Ki-Hoan Nam 한국실험동물학회 2021 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.7

PHD finger protein 7 (Phf7) is a member of the PHF family, which contain the PHD domain known as a histone methylation reader and RING domain known as a E3 ubiquitin ligase. Phf7 is expressed testis, specifically in germ cells and Leydig cells but not in Sertoli cells. The deficiency of Phf7 induces male infertility. And it was found that Phf7 acts as a histone H2A E3 ligase in histone-to-protamine exchange during spermatogenesis. Until now, most studies on Phf7 have been focused on spermatogenesis. Here, we tried to found any phenotypes other than male infertility in the Phf7 Ko mice. We found that there are growth-retardation and reduction of bone mineral density in Phf7 knockout (ko) mice. We also tried to found any mechanism that may associated with abnormal spermatogenesis in the Phf7 ko mice. It is known that Rxfp2 is expressed in the postmeiotic germ cells in testis and that Rxfp2 with Insl3, a hormone released from Leydig cells constitute a paracrine hormone-receptor system in testis. Therefore, we determined the expression level of Insl3 and Rxfp2 in testis of Phf7 ko mice. We found that the Insl3 mRNA level was higher in the ko mice, but the Rxfp2 mRNA expression level was reduced in the mutant mice then wild mice. In conclusion, we suggest that the failure of spermatogenesis observed in Phf7 ko mice might related with the reduced expression of Rxfp2 in the developing germ cells.

TopBP1 deficiency impairs V(D)J recombination during lymphocyte development.

Kim, Jieun,Lee, Sung Kyu,Jeon, Yoon,Kim, Yehyun,Lee, Changjin,Jeon, Sung Ho,Shim, Jaegal,Kim, In-Hoo,Hong, Seokmann,Kim, Nayoung,Lee, Ho,Seong, Rho Hyun Published for the European Molecular Biology Organ 2014 The EMBO journal Vol.33 No.3

<P>TopBP1 was initially identified as a topoisomerase II-β-binding protein and it plays roles in DNA replication and repair. We found that TopBP1 is expressed at high levels in lymphoid tissues and is essential for early lymphocyte development. Specific abrogation of TopBP1 expression resulted in transitional blocks during early lymphocyte development. These defects were, in major part, due to aberrant V(D)J rearrangements in pro-B cells, double-negative and double-positive thymocytes. We also show that TopBP1 was located at sites of V(D)J rearrangement. In TopBP1-deficient cells, γ-H2AX foci were found to be increased. In addition, greater amount of γ-H2AX product was precipitated from the regions where TopBP1 was localized than from controls, indicating that TopBP1 deficiency results in inefficient DNA double-strand break repair. The developmental defects were rescued by introducing functional TCR αβ transgenes. Our data demonstrate a novel role for TopBP1 as a crucial factor in V(D)J rearrangement during the development of B, T and iNKT cells.</P>

Concurrent Robot-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy and Partial Nephrectomy for Synchronous Early Gastric Cancer and Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Initial Experience

Kim, Jieun,Kim, Su Mi,Seo, Jeong Eun,Choi, Min Gew,Lee, Jun Ho,Sohn, Tae Sung,Kim, Sung,Bae, Jae Moon,Seo, Seong Il The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2014 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.14 No.3

We report our experience of a concurrent robot assisted distal gastrectomy and partial nephrectomy for synchronous early gastric cancer and renal cell carcinoma. A 55-year-old female patient was diagnosed with early gastric cancer on screening endoscopy. Abdominal computed tomography showed an incidental right renal cell carcinoma. Robot assisted distal gastrectomy was performed, followed by partial nephrectomy. The final pathological examination showed signet ring cell carcinoma within the lamina propria and renal cell carcinoma with negative resection margins. The patient showed no evidence of recurrence at 6-months. A robot-assisted combined operation could be a treatment option for early stages of synchronous malignancies.

PLCγ1 in dopamine neurons critically regulates striatal dopamine release via VMAT2 and synapsin III

Kim Hye Yun,Lee Jieun,Kim Hyun-Jin,Lee Byeong Eun,Jeong Jaewook,Cho Eun Jeong,Jang Hyun-Jun,Shin Kyeong Jin,Kim Min Ji,Chae Young Chan,Lee Seung Eun,Myung Kyungjae,Baik Ja-Hyun,Suh Pann-Ghill,Kim Jae- 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

Dopamine neurons are essential for voluntary movement, reward learning, and motivation, and their dysfunction is closely linked to various psychological and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, understanding the detailed signaling mechanisms that functionally modulate dopamine neurons is crucial for the development of better therapeutic strategies against dopamine-related disorders. Phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1) is a key enzyme in intracellular signaling that regulates diverse neuronal functions in the brain. It was proposed that PLCγ1 is implicated in the development of dopaminergic neurons, while the physiological function of PLCγ1 remains to be determined. In this study, we investigated the physiological role of PLCγ1, one of the key effector enzymes in intracellular signaling, in regulating dopaminergic function in vivo. We found that cell type-specific deletion of PLCγ1 does not adversely affect the development and cellular morphology of midbrain dopamine neurons but does facilitate dopamine release from dopaminergic axon terminals in the striatum. The enhancement of dopamine release was accompanied by increased colocalization of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) at dopaminergic axon terminals. Notably, dopamine neuron-specific knockout of PLCγ1 also led to heightened expression and colocalization of synapsin III, which controls the trafficking of synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, the knockdown of VMAT2 and synapsin III in dopamine neurons resulted in a significant attenuation of dopamine release, while this attenuation was less severe in PLCγ1 cKO mice. Our findings suggest that PLCγ1 in dopamine neurons could critically modulate dopamine release at axon terminals by directly or indirectly interacting with synaptic machinery, including VMAT2 and synapsin III.

Combined Skin Moisturization of Liposomal Serine Incorporated in Hydrogels Prepared with Carbopol ETD 2020, Rhesperse RM 100 and Hyaluronic Acid

Kim, Hyeongmin,Ro, Jieun,Barua, Sonia,Hwang, Deuk Sun,Na, Seon-Jeong,Lee, Ho Sung,Jeong, Ji Hoon,Woo, Seulki,Kim, Hyewon,Hong, Bomi,Yun, Gyiae,Kim, Joong-Hark,Yoon, Young-Ho,Park, Myung-Gyu,Kim, Jia,S The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2015 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.19 No.6

We investigated the combined moisturizing effect of liposomal serine and a cosmeceutical base selected in this study. Serine is a major amino acid consisting of natural moisturizing factors and keratin, and the hydroxyl group of serine can actively interact with water molecules. Therefore, we hypothesized that serine efficiently delivered to the stratum corneum (SC) of the skin would enhance the moisturizing capability of the skin. We prepared four different cosmeceutical bases (hydrogel, oil-in-water (O/W) essence, O/W cream, and water-in-oil (W/O) cream); their moisturizing abilities were then assessed using a $Corneometer^{(R)}$. The hydrogel was selected as the optimum base for skin moisturization based on the area under the moisture content change-time curves (AUMCC) values used as a parameter for the water hold capacity of the skin. Liposomal serine prepared by a reverse-phase evaporation method was then incorporated in the hydrogel. The liposomal serine-incorporated hydrogel (serine level=1%) showed an approximately 1.62~1.77 times greater moisturizing effect on the skin than those of hydrogel, hydrogel with serine (1%), and hydrogel with blank liposome. However, the AUMCC values were not dependent on the level of serine in liposomal serine-loaded hydrogels. Together, the delivery of serine to the SC of the skin is a promising strategy for moisturizing the skin. This study is expected to be an important step in developing highly effective moisturizing cosmeceutical products.