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Electronic Letters of Credit : The eUCP
Howard Bennett 중앙대학교 한국전자무역연구소 2008 전자무역연구 Vol.6 No.3
The advent of new technology has presented challenges of adaptation for documentary credits. The process has not been smooth, notably in the context of original documents. The eUCP, the subject of this paper, is designed as a supplement to the UCP to permit the latter to function in relation to an entirely or partially electronic credit.
Howard Lasnik 현대문법학회 2003 현대문법연구 Vol.31 No.-
The `Extended Projection Principle` (EPP) has been a pervasive topic of research and a pervasive mystery since it was first formulated by Chomsky (1981). That initial formulation is not precise, but its intention is clear enough: The EPP (here called by Chomsky `principle P`) "is the structural requirement that certain configurations … must have subjects …" [p.27] Over the years since, its existence as an independent constraint has often been called into question, on the grounds that it is redundant with other principles, especially those concerning Case (by Fukui and Speas (1986) for example), or that it is literally unformulable given other theoretical desiderata (Epstein and Seely (1999)). I will review those arguments. I will also survey a range of phenomena involving infinitival constructions that provide strong empriical evidence for the EPP. In particular, I will show that in ECM constructions, while the ECM subject sometimes raises overtly to a canonical Case positon (Spec of AgrO), it also sometimes remains in embedded subject position, a position that it is in solely to satisfy the EPP (Lasnik (2001b)). The next question is just how the EPP is to be formulated. Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (1998) argue that there are actually two different kinds of languages with respect to the EPP, those (like Greek) where X˚movement suffices versus those where only an XP can satisfy the EPP. I will examine English, a matter of strong feature checking, as in Chomsky (1995), or the requirement that certain functional heads require a specifier, as in Chomsky`s original version and the more recent one in Chomsky (2000). This question turns out to be surprisingly intricate, with arguments for the strong feature version (Merchant 92001), and against it (Lasnik (2001a)).
Howard Lasnik 한국어학회 2003 한국어학 Vol.18 No.-
이른바 ‘clause-mete’제약은 이미 1960년대와 1970년대 초기의 생성문법 이론에서부터 가정 되었다. 수동화(passivization)와 재귀화(raflexivization), 상호사 표지(reciprocal marking)등의 절차에서 두 명사구, 그 가운데서도 주어와 목적어 위치의 명사구는 하나의 절 내에서 특정한 관계를 가진다는 것이다. 최근의 통사론 연구에서는 주목하지 않는 이들 제약에 관하여 새롭게 고찰하여, 비시제절(infinite)의 주어가 인상하는 현상을 설명해 주는 강력한 증거를 찾아보고, 그에 수반하는 통사적 관계에 있어서의 ‘clause-mate conditions’을 규명하는 것이 본고의 목적이다
Cryophotolysis of a caged oxygen compound for use in low temperature biological studies
Howard-Jones, Annaleise R.,Adam, Virgile,Cowley, Andrew,Baldwin, Jack E.,Bourgeois, Dominique Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.8
Mechanistic investigations of biological enzymatic processes require controlled initiation and monitoring of catalytic reactions. A well-known technique to trap and observe reaction intermediates building up along a reaction pathway is the use of low temperature conditions. Here, we report a kinetically competent system for the release of molecular oxygen at cryogenic temperature, using a cobalt-based caged oxygen molecule, (${\mu}$-peroxo)(${\mu}$-hydroxo)bis[bis(bipyridyl)cobalt(III)] nitrate. Cryophotolysis of this compound was induced using 266 nm laser light and monitored by absorption microspectrophotometry. Furthermore, to verify that photo-fragmentation was accompanied by release of the active caged molecule, the production of dioxygen during cryophotolysis was directly visualized. This work lays the foundations for the use of low temperature reaction triggering as a tool to prolong the lifetime of normally unstable intermediate states in oxygen-dependant enzymes.