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Outdoor Workers' Use of Sun Protection at Work and Leisure
Peters, Cheryl E.,Koehoorn, Mieke W.,Demers, Paul A.,Nicol, Anne-Marie,Kalia, Sunil Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2016 Safety and health at work Vol.7 No.3
Background: Outdoor workers are at risk of high ultraviolet radiation exposure, and may have difficulty using sun protection. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of sun protection behaviors in a sample of outdoor construction workers, and to assess which factors predict better sun protection practices. Methods: Participants were recruited via construction unions. Workers answered a questionnaire on demographics, skin cancer risk, sun protection behaviors, and job. Sun protection behavior scores (from questions on sunscreen use, sleeved shirt, hat, shade seeking, sunglasses) were calculated by converting Likert-scale answers to scores from 0 to 4, and taking the mean (separately for work and leisure). Determinants of sun protection behavior scores were examined for work and leisure using generalized linear models. Results: Seventy-seven workers had complete questionnaire data (participation 98%). Sun protection behaviors used most often were hats (79% often/always) and sleeved shirts (82% often/always); least prevalent were shade-seeking (8% often/always) and sunscreen (29% often/always). For both work and leisure scores, the strongest predictor was skin type, with fairer-skinned individuals having higher sun protection behavior scores. Workers had higher scores at work than on weekends. Workplaces that required hats and sleeved shirts for safety purposes had higher protection behavior scores. Conclusion: This high-participation rate cohort helps characterize sun protection behaviors among outdoor workers. Workers practiced better sun protection at work than on weekends, suggesting that workplace policies supportive of sun protection could be useful for skin cancer prevention in the construction industry.
Peter J. Rimmer,Mary Krome Hamilton 인하대학교 정석물류통상연구원 2008 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS AND TRADE Vol.6 No.1
Intersectionist, unionist and relabelling models have largely superseded the subsumption of supply chain management within logistics that formed the basis of the traditionalist model. As there is little congruence between logistics and supply chain management in the emergent intersectionist model, this is eliminated from consideration at the outset. However, an examination of the new unionist and relabelling models, offering differing permutations of the relationship between logistics and supply chain management, suggests that they offer a misleading foundation for examining the costs involved with the dispersal of supply chain activities across the world. The roof problem is the failure to integrate the industrial goods transformation network operated by multinational corporations with the global transport and communications network. Reverting to privileging the global transportation and communications network over the industrial good transformation network in a revamped traditionalist model can overcome this difficulty and open up new research vistas.
New Hypotheses To Explain the Development and Subsequent Loss of Pigmentation in Humans
( Peter M Eliasa ),( Mary L Williamsc ) 한국피부장벽학회 2013 한국피부장벽학회지 Vol.15 No.2
Humans with darkly-pigmented skin (DS) (Fitzpatrick Type IV/V) display superior permeability barrier function and stratum corneum (SC) integrity/cohesion in comparison to humans with lightly-pigmented (Type I/II) skin (LS), independent of race, and barrier function is inferior in involved vs. uninvolved vitiligo skin. The reduced pH of the SC of DS skin (. ½ pH unit) could contribute to enhanced function, because reducing the pH of SC in LS individuals resets barrier function to DS levels. We evaluated here how pigmentation enhances epidermal barrier function in Skh1 (hairless albino) mice, which contain residual (non-melanized) melanocytes that lack pigment, and Skh2 (hairless pigmented) mice, where melanocytes generate abundant melanin restricted to the interfollicular epidermis. Barrier function was enhanced in Skh2 vs. Skh1 mice, which correlated with a more acidic pH that localized to the lower SC. The lower pH correlated further with persistence and extrusion of melanin granules into the extracellular spaces in the outer epidermis. Archived samples of DS human epidermis also showed melanin extrusion at and above the stratum granulosum (SG)-SC interface. Both acute barrier disruption and topical basic pH challenges accelerated melanin extrusion in Skh2, but not Skh1 mice, which correlated with a further decline in pH, enhanced activity of two acidic pH-dependent, ceramide-generating enzymes, b-glucocerebrosidase and acidic sphingomyelinase, and accelerated maturation of SC extracellular lamellar bilayers. Yet, pigmented melanocytes also could enhance barrier function by paracrine mechanisms, because Skh2 epidermis displays enhanced mRNA and/or protein levels for: a) epidermal differentiation proteins; b) lipid synthetic proteins; c) lipid transporters; and d) lipid-processing enzymes, changes that likely cannot be attributed to reduced acidity alone. Together, these studies demonstrate that superior barrier function in pigmented epidermis can be attributed to both pH-lowering juxtacrine and as-yet-undefined paracrine mechanisms.
Siver, Peter A.,Jo, Bok Yeon,Kim, Jong Im,Shin, Woongghi,Lott, Anne Marie,Wolfe, Alexander P. Botanical Society of America, Inc. (Columbus) * Bu 2015 American journal of botany Vol. No.
<P>• <I>Premise of the study:</I> Heterokont algae of the class Synurophyceae, characterized by distinctive siliceous scales that cover the surface of the cell, are ecologically important in inland waters, yet their evolutionary history remains enigmatic. We explore phylogenetic relationships within this group of algae relative to geologic time, with a focus on evolution of siliceous components.</P><P>• <I>Methods:</I> We combined an expansive five-gene and time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of synurophyte algae with an extensive array of fossil specimens from the middle Eocene to infer evolutionary trends within the group.</P><P>• <I>Key results:</I> The group originated in the Jurassic approximately 157 million years ago (Ma), with the keystone genera <I>Mallomonas</I> and <I>Synura</I> diverging during the Early Cretaceous at 130 Ma. <I>Mallomonas</I> further splits into two major subclades, signaling the evolution of the V-rib believed to aid in the spacing and organization of scales on the cell covering. <I>Synura</I> also diverges into two primary subclades, separating taxa with forward-projecting spines on the scale from those with a keel positioned on the scale proper. Approximately one third of the fossil species are extinct, whereas the remaining taxa are linked to modern congeners.</P><P>• <I>Conclusions:</I> The taxonomy of synurophytes, which relies extensively on the morphology of the siliceous components, is largely congruent with molecular analyses. Scales of extinct synurophytes were significantly larger than those of modern taxa and may have played a role in their demise. In contrast, many fossil species linked to modern lineages were smaller in the middle Eocene, possibly reflecting growth in the greenhouse climatic state that characterized this geologic interval.</P>
Rimmer, Peter J.,Hamilton, Mary Krome Jungseok Research Institute of International Logis 2008 JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS AND TRADE Vol.6 No.1
Intersectionist, unionist and relabelling models have largely superseded the subsumption of supply chain management within logistics that formed the basis of the traditionalist model. As there is little congruence between logistics and supply chain management in the emergent intersectionist model, this is eliminated from consideration at the outset. However, an examination of the new unionist and relabelling models, offering differing permutations of the relationship between logistics and supply chain management, suggests that they offer a misleading foundation for examining the costs involved with the dispersal of supply chain activities across the world. The roof problem is the failure to integrate the industrial goods transformation network operated by multinational corporations with the global transport and communications network. Reverting to privileging the global transportation and communications network over the industrial good transformation network in a revamped traditionalist model can overcome this difficulty and open up new research vistas.
A Model for Design of Tailored Working Environment Intervention Programmes for Small Enterprises
Hasle, Peter,Kvorning, Laura V.,Rasmussen, Charlotte D.N.,Smith, Louise H.,Flyvholm, Mari-Ann Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2012 Safety and health at work Vol.3 No.3
Objectives: Small enterprises have higher exposure to occupational hazards compared to larger enterprises and further, they have fewer resources to control the risks. In order to improve the working environment, development of efficient measures is therefore a major challenge for regulators and other stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to develop a systematic model for the design of tailored intervention programmes meeting the needs of small enterprises. Methods: An important challenge for the design process is the transfer of knowledge from one context to another. The concept of realist analysis can provide insight into mechanisms by which intervention knowledge can be transferred from one context to another. We use this theoretical approach to develop a design model. Results: The model consist of five steps: 1) Defining occupational health and safety challenges of the target group, 2) selecting methods to improve the working environment, 3) developing theories about mechanisms which motivate the target group, 4) analysing the specific context of the target group for small enterprise programmes including owner-management role, social relations, and the perception of the working environment, and 5) designing the intervention based on the preceding steps. We demonstrate how the design model can be applied in practice by the development of an intervention programme for small enterprises in the construction industry. Conclusion: The model provides a useful tool for a systematic design process. The model makes it transparent for both researchers and practitioners as to how existing knowledge can be used in the design of new intervention programmes.