Accumulation characteristics and correlation analysis of five ginsenosides with different cultivation ages from different regions

Dan Xiao,Hao Yue,Yang Xiu,Xiuli Sun,YiBo Wang,Shuying Liu 고려인삼학회 2015 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.39 No.4

Background: Ginseng (the roots of Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-known traditional Oriental medicine and is now widely used as a health food. It contains several types of ginsenosides, which are considered the major active medicinal components of ginseng. It has recently been reported that the qualitative and quantitative properties of ginsenosides found in ginseng may differ, depending on cultivation regions, ages, species, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to study these variations with respect to cultivation ages and regions. Methods: In this study, 3e6-yr-old roots of P. ginseng were collected from three different cultivation regions. The contents of five ginsenosides (Rb1, Rd, Rc, Re, and Rgl) were measured by rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupleetime-of-flight mass spectrometry. The KruskaleWallis Rank sum test and multiple t test were used for comparative analysis of the data to evaluate the dynamic changes in the accumulation of these ginsenosides affected by cultivation regions and ages. Results: The content and composition of ginsenosides varied significantly among specimens collected from different cultivation regions and having different cultivation ages. For all samples, the content of Rg1 and Re ginsenosides increases with age and this rate of increase is different for each sample. The contents of Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied with cultivation ages in samples from different cultivation regions; especially, Rb1 from a 6-yr-old root showed approximately twofold variation among the samples from three cultivation regions. Furthermore, the content of Rb1 highly correlated with that of Rd (r ¼ 0.89 across all locations and ages). Conclusion: In our study, only the contents of ginsenosides Rg1 and Re were affected by the root age. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rd varied widely with ages in samples from different cultivation regions.

Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>-induced Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> Release from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Negatively Regulates Myocytic ANP Release in Beating Rabbit Atria

Dan Li,He Xiu Quan,Jin Fu Wen,Jing Yu Jin,Sung Hun Park,Sun Young Kim,Sung Zoo Kim,Kyung Woo Cho 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2005 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.9 No.2

It is not clear whether Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>-induced Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is involved in the regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release. Previously, we have shown that nifedipine increased ANP release, indicating that Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> entry via voltage-gated L-type Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> channel activation decreases ANP release. The purpose of the present study was two-fold: to define the role of SR Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> release in the regulation of ANP release and whether Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> entry via L-type Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> channel is prerequisite for the SR-related effect on ANP release. Experiments were performed in perfused beating rabbit atria. Ryanodine, an inhibitor of SR Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> release, increased atrial myocytic ANP release (8.69⁑3.05, 19.55⁑1.09, 27.31⁑3.51, and 18.91⁑4.76% for 1, 2, 3, and 6μM ryanodine, respectively; all P<0.01) with concomitant decrease in atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of thapsigargin, an inhibitor of SR Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> pump, ryanodine-induced increase in ANP release was not observed. Thapsigargin attenuated ryanodine-induced decrease in atrial dynamic changes. Blockade of L-type Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> channel with nifedipine abolished ryanodine-induced increase in ANP release (0.69⁑5.58% vs. 27.31⁑3.51%; P<0.001). In the presence of thapsigargin and ryanodine, nifedipine increased ANP release and decreased atrial dynamics. These data suggest that Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP>-induced Ca<SUP>2⁢</SUP> release from the SR is inversely involved in the regulation of atrial myocytic ANP release.

Ca2+-induced Ca2+ Release from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Negatively Regulates Myocytic ANP Release in Beating Rabbit Atria

Dan Li,He Xiu Quan,Jin Fu Wen,Jing Yu Jin,,박성훈,김선영,김성주,조경우 대한약리학회 2005 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.9 No.2

It is not clear whether Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is involved in the regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release. Previously, we have shown that nifedipine increased ANP release, indicating that Ca2+ entry via voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel activation decreases ANP release. The purpose of the present study was two-fold: to define the role of SR Ca2+ release in the regulation of ANP release and whether Ca2+ entry via L-type Ca2+ channel is prerequisite for the SR-related effect on ANP release. Experiments were performed in perfused beating rabbit atria. Ryanodine, an inhibitor of SR Ca2+ release, increased atrial myocytic ANP release (8.69±3.05, 19.55±1.09, 27.31±3.51, and 18.91±4.76% for 1, 2, 3, and 6μM ryanodine, respectively; all P<0.01) with concomitant decrease in atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of thapsigargin, an inhibitor of SR Ca2+ pump, ryanodine-induced increase in ANP release was not observed. Thapsigargin attenuated ryanodine-induced decrease in atrial dynamic changes. Blockade of L-type Ca2+ channel with nifedipine abolished ryanodine-induced increase in ANP release (0.69±5.58% vs. 27.31±3.51%; P<0.001). In the presence of thapsigargin and ryanodine, nifedipine increased ANP release and decreased atrial dynamics. These data suggest that Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the SR is inversely involved in the regulation of atrial myocytic ANP release.

Simultaneous determination and difference evaluation of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots cultivated in different areas and ages by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction-moni

Xiu, Yang,Li, Xue,Sun, Xiuli,Xiao, Dan,Miao, Rui,Zhao, Huanxi,Liu, Shuying The Korean Society of Ginseng 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.4

Background: Ginsenosides are not only the principal bioactive components but also the important indexes to the quality assessment of Panax ginseng Meyer. Their contents in cultivated ginseng vary with the growth environment and age. The present study aimed at evaluating the significant difference between 36 cultivated ginseng of different cultivation areas and ages based on the simultaneously determined contents of 14 ginsenosides. Methods: A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) method was developed and used in the multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode (HPLC-MRM/MS) for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis, was applied to discriminate ginseng samples of various cultivation areas and ages and to discover the differentially accumulated ginsenoside markers. Results: The developed HPLC-MRM/MS method was validated to be precise, accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the simultaneous determination of 14 ginsenosides. It was found that the 3- and 5-yr-old ginseng samples were differentiated distinctly by all means of multivariate statistical analysis, whereas the 4-yr-old samples exhibited similarity to either 3- or 5-yr-old samples in the contents of ginsenosides. Among the 14 detected ginsenosides, Rg1, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, 20(S)-Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, and Rb3 were identified as potential markers for the differentiation of cultivation ages. In addition, the 5-yr-old samples were able to be classified in cultivation area based on the contents of ginsenosides, whereas the 3- and 4-yr-old samples showed little differences in cultivation area. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the HPLC-MRM/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analysis provides deep insight into the accumulation characteristics of ginsenosides and could be used to differentiate ginseng that are cultivated in different areas and ages.

Assessment of Esophageal Motor Disorders Using High-resolution Manometry in Esophageal Dysphagia With Normal Endoscopy

Dan Wang,Xiu Wang,Yao Yu,Xiaowen Xu,Jing Wang,Yuting Jia,Hong Xu 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2019 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.25 No.1

Background/Aims The distribution and esophageal motor characteristics of Chinese patients with esophageal dysphagia who exhibit no structural abnormalities on esophagogastroduodenoscopy remain unclear. Our aim is to assess the esophageal motor patterns using high-resolution manometry (HRM) and classify them according to the Chicago classification version 3.0 (CC v3.0). Furthermore, we compared the CC v3.0 and the previous version 2.0 (CC v2.0) for diagnosis of motor disorders. Methods Two hundred thirty-six (mean age 48.4 ± 12.2 years, 61.9% female) patients with esophageal dysphagia were included for analysis of motor function using HRM. All participants were administered a questionnaire to determine Eckardt scores before HRM. Results According to the CC v3.0, 57 (24.2%) patients showed evidence of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction and were classified as Group 1. Eighteen (7.6%) patients with major disorders of peristalsis were classified as Group 2. Minor disorders of peristalsis (Group 3) were much more frequent (129 [54.7%] patients). Thirty-two (13.6%) patients had normal esophageal manometry were classified as Group 4. All patients with abnormal pH or pH impedance monitoring (n = 44) had minor motor disorders (ineffective esophageal motility [IEM] = 34, fragmented peristalsis = 10). Based on motor category, the Eckardt score was 4.7 ± 0.1 in Group 1, 4.5 ± 0.3 in Group 2, 3.5 ± 0.1 in Group 3, and 3.9 ± 0.1 in Group 4. Conclusions IEM was the most common esophageal motor disorder in patients with esophageal dysphagia who showed no structural abnormality on endoscopy. While a high Eckardt score suggests outflow obstruction or a major motor disorder, a low score suggests IEM.

Accumulation and Distribution Patterns of Pahs and Trace Metals in Forest Floors

Xiu-Hong Yang,Shi-Zhong Wang,Rong-Liang Qiu,Zhi-Wen Fang,Xiong-Fei Huang,Dan Mo 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

A comparative study on chemical composition of total saponins extracted from fermented and white ginseng under the effect of macrophage phagocytotic function

Dan Xiao,Yang Xiu,Hao Yue,Xiuli Sun,Huanxi Zhao,Shuying Liu 고려인삼학회 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.3

In this study, white ginseng was used as the raw material, which was fermented with Paecilomyces hepiali through solid culture medium, to produce ginsenosides with modified chemical composition. The characteristic chemical markers of the products thus produced were investigated using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLCeQTOFeMS). Chemical profiling data were obtained, which were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis for the systematic comparison of active ingredients in white ginseng and fermented ginseng to understand the beneficial properties of ginsenoside metabolites. In addition, the effects of these components on biological activity were investigated to understand the improvements in the phagocytic function of macrophages in zebrafish. According to the established RRLCeQTOFeMS chemical profiling, the contents in ginsenosides of high molecular weight, especially malonylated protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, were slightly reduced due to the fermentation, which were hydrolyzed into rare and minor ginsenosides. Moreover, the facilitation of macrophage phagocytic function in zebrafish following treatment with different ginseng extracts confirmed that the fermented ginseng is superior to white ginseng. Our results prove that there is a profound change in chemical constituents of ginsenosides during the fermentation process, which has a significant effect on the biological activity of these compounds.

Simultaneous determination and difference evaluation of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots cultivated in different areas and ages by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction-monitoring mode combined with multivariate statistical analysis

Yang Xiu,Xue Li,Xiuli Sun,Dan Xiao,Rui Miao,Huanxi Zhao,Shuying Liu 고려인삼학회 2019 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.43 No.4

Background: Ginsenosides are not only the principal bioactive components but also the important indexes to the quality assessment of Panax ginseng Meyer. Their contents in cultivated ginseng vary with the growth environment and age. The present study aimed at evaluating the significant difference between 36 cultivated ginseng of different cultivation areas and ages based on the simultaneously determined contents of 14 ginsenosides. Methods: A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (MS) method was developed and used in the multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mode (HPLC-MRM/MS) for the quantitative analysis of ginsenosides. Multivariate statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis, was applied to discriminate ginseng samples of various cultivation areas and ages and to discover the differentially accumulated ginsenoside markers. Results: The developed HPLC-MRM/MS method was validated to be precise, accurate, stable, sensitive, and repeatable for the simultaneous determination of 14 ginsenosides. It was found that the 3- and 5-yrold ginseng samples were differentiated distinctly by all means of multivariate statistical analysis, whereas the 4-yr-old samples exhibited similarity to either 3- or 5-yr-old samples in the contents of ginsenosides. Among the 14 detected ginsenosides, Rg1, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, 20(S)-Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, and Rb3 were identified as potential markers for the differentiation of cultivation ages. In addition, the 5-yr-old samples were able to be classified in cultivation area based on the contents of ginsenosides, whereas the 3- and 4-yr-old samples showed little differences in cultivation area. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the HPLC-MRM/MS method combined with multivariate statistical analysis provides deep insight into the accumulation characteristics of ginsenosides and could be used to differentiate ginseng that are cultivated in different areas and ages.

[$Ca^{2+}-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ Release from Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Negatively Regulates Myocytic ANP Release in Beating Rabbit Atria

Li, Dan,Quan, He Xiu,Wen, Jin-Fu,Jin, Jing-Yu,Park, Sung-Hun,Kim, Sun-Young,Kim, Sung-Zoo,Cho, Kyung-Woo The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2005 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.9 No.2

It is not clear whether $Ca^{2+}-induced$ $Ca^{2+}$ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is involved in the regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release. Previously, we have shown that nifedipine increased ANP release, indicating that $Ca^{2+}$ entry via voltage-gated L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel activation decreases ANP release. The purpose of the present study was two-fold: to define the role of SR $Ca^{2+}$ release in the regulation of ANP release and whether $Ca^{2+}$ entry via L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel is prerequisite for the SR-related effect on ANP release. Experiments were performed in perfused beating rabbit atria. Ryanodine, an inhibitor of SR $Ca^{2+}$ release, increased atrial myocytic ANP release ($8.69{\pm}3.05$, $19.55{\pm}1.09$, $27.31{\pm}3.51$, and $18.91{\pm}4.76$% for 1, 2, 3, and $6{\mu}M$ ryanodine, respectively; all P<0.01) with concomitant decrease in atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of thapsigargin, an inhibitor of SR $Ca^{2+}$ pump, ryanodine-induced increase in ANP release was not observed. Thapsigargin attenuated ryanodine-induced decrease in atrial dynamic changes. Blockade of L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel with nifedipine abolished ryanodine-induced increase in ANP release ($0.69{\pm}5.58$% vs. $27.31{\pm}3.51$%; P<0.001). In the presence of thapsigargin and ryanodine, nifedipine increased ANP release and decreased atrial dynamics. These data suggest that $Ca^{2+}$-induced $Ca^{2+}$ release from the SR is inversely involved in the regulation of atrial myocytic ANP release.

A comparative study on chemical composition of total saponins extracted from fermented and white ginseng under the effect of macrophage phagocytotic function

Xiao, Dan,Xiu, Yang,Yue, Hao,Sun, Xiuli,Zhao, Huanxi,Liu, Shuying The Korean Society of Ginseng 2017 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.41 No.3

In this study, white ginseng was used as the raw material, which was fermented with Paecilomyces hepiali through solid culture medium, to produce ginsenosides with modified chemical composition. The characteristic chemical markers of the products thus produced were investigated using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-QTOF-MS). Chemical profiling data were obtained, which were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis for the systematic comparison of active ingredients in white ginseng and fermented ginseng to understand the beneficial properties of ginsenoside metabolites. In addition, the effects of these components on biological activity were investigated to understand the improvements in the phagocytic function of macrophages in zebrafish. According to the established RRLC-QTOF-MS chemical profiling, the contents in ginsenosides of high molecular weight, especially malonylated protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, were slightly reduced due to the fermentation, which were hydrolyzed into rare and minor ginsenosides. Moreover, the facilitation of macrophage phagocytic function in zebrafish following treatment with different ginseng extracts confirmed that the fermented ginseng is superior to white ginseng. Our results prove that there is a profound change in chemical constituents of ginsenosides during the fermentation process, which has a significant effect on the biological activity of these compounds.