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      • KCI등재

        원문 : 크레아틴-중탄산나트륨의 복합투여가 암-에르고미터 운동수행력에 미치는 영향

        이철원 ( Cheol Won Lee ) 한국운동생리학회(구 한국운동과학회) 2014 운동과학 Vol.23 No.3

        이철원. 크레아틴-중탄산나트륨의 복합투여가 암-에르고미터 운동수행력에 미치는 영향. 운동과학, 제23권 제3호. 257-266 2014. 본 연구는 크레아틴, 중탄산나트륨, 그리고 크레아틴과 중탄산나트륨의 복합투여가 암-에르고미터(arm-ergometer)를 이용한 상지 근기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위해 경기도 소재 Y대학교 체육계열 남·여학생 17명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 무선추출법을 통해 크레아틴 투여집단(n=7), 중탄산나트륨 투여집단(n=5), 크레아틴과 중탄산나트륨의 복합투여집단(n=5), 총 3 집단으로 나누어 암-에르고미터를 이용한 상지 근기능 사전검사(pre-test) 후 집단별 로딩(loading)이 완료된 5일 후 사후검사(post-test)를 동일하게 실시하였다. 자료처리는 통계패키지 SPSS Ver. 12.0을 이용하여 모든 변인의 측정결과를 평균과 표준편차로 산출하고, 집단 및 시기 차이에 대한 주효과검정과 집단과 상호작용효과를 알아보기 위해 반복측정에 의한 이원변량분석 (Two-way repeated measured ANOVA)을 실시하였으며, 모든 통계적 유의수준은 p<.05로 설정하였다. 본 연구의 결과 암-에르고미터를 통한 검사 항목에서 최고 파워, 피로지수, 체중당 피크파워, 안정시 젖산농도 등에서 시기에 따른 유의한 차를 나타내었으나, 집단 간 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로, 크레아틴과 중탄산나트륨 그리고 크레아틴과 중탄산나트륨의 복합투여는 암-에르고미터를 이용한 상지 운동수행력에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 복합투여의 우수성은 나타나지 않았다. Lee, Cheol-Won. The Effect of Combined Creatine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Arm Ergometer Performance. Exercise Science. 23(3): 257-266, 2014. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of creatine, sodium bicarbonate and combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on upper limbs with arm-ergometer. Seventeen students majoring in physical education were randomly assigned to 3 groups [creatine (n=7), sodium bicarbonate (n=5), creatine & sodium bicarbonate (n=5)]. Pre-test consisted of muscular function of upper limbs with arm-ergometer and after 5 days later for creatine and sodium bicarbonate loading, post-test was processed with the same way as pre-test. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way repeated measured ANOVA for intervention. Significance was accepted at p<.05. The following results were obtained from this study. Peak power, fatigue index, peak power/kg and peak attainment time of arm-ergometer test were significantly (p<.05) increased by time but no difference among the groups. In conclusion, creatine, sodium bicarbonate and combined creatine & sodium bicarbonate supplementation favorably affected muscular function of upper limbs with arm-ergometer but there were no significant difference among the groups.

      • KCI등재

        일반 논문 : 조직학습 수준과 조직몰입 및 지각된 조직성과의 관계에 관한 연구

        이철기 ( Cheol Ki Lee ) 한국중소기업학회 2011 中小企業硏究 Vol.33 No.4

        본 연구는 충청지역의 중소기업을 대상으로 조직학습 수준과 조직몰입 및 지각된 조직성과의 관계를 분석하였다. 구체적으로 개인, 집단 및 조직수준 학습과 조직몰입 및 지각된 조직성과 사이의 직접적 관계와 조직학습의 각 수준과 지각된 조직성과 사이에서 조직몰입의 매개효과를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 충청지역의 산업분포를 반영한 150여개 기업의 800명의 응답자로부터 얻은 설문자료에 대해 실증분석을 하였다. 실증분석 결과, 개인 수준학습과 집단 수준학습 및 조직수준 학습 모두 조직몰입 및 지각된 조직성과에 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 조직몰입에 대해서는 개인수준, 집단 수준 및 조직수준 학습의 순서로, 영향을 미치며, 지각된 조직성과에 대해서는 개인수준, 조직수준 및 집단 수준학습의 순서로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 조직학습은 지각된 조직성과에 대해 직접적인 효과를 갖지만, 조직몰입을 통한 간접적인 효과가 보다 큰 것으로 나타나 조직몰입은 조직학습과 지각된 조직성과를 부분적으로 매개하는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 실증분석 결과를 요약하고, 연구결과가 중소기업의 조직학습에 미치는 이론적, 실무적 영향과 시사점을 제시하고, 향후 연구방향과 논문의 한계에 대해 논의하였다. Increasing competition, speedy environmental changes, scarce resources and globalization have made organizational learning a critical component for organizational success and a competitive advantage in the long term. As concerns for organizational learning and organizational success increase, researches which examine the relationship between organizational learning and various important organizational variables such as job satisfaction, organizational commitment, short term or long term performance variables (e.g. financial achievement, quality improvement, product service innovation, etc.) attract a lot of attention. The main purpose of this paper is twofold : First, it examines the relationship between the three levels of learning in an organization-individual level learning (ILL), group level learning (GLL), organizational level learning (OLL)-and organizational commitment (OC) and perceived organizational performance (POP) in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) settings. Second, it examines whether there are direct effects of the three levels of learning (ILL, GLL, and OLL) on POP, or mediate effects of OC between the three levels of learning (ILL, GLL, and OLL) and POP. This study refers to the stocks of learning as learning that resides within a level : individual, group, and organization. These stocks can be distinguished from the flow of learning across levels to provide feed-forward and feed-back. The three levels of learning can be defined as follows(Bontis, Crossan, and Hulland, 2002) : Individual learning captures the processes of intuiting and interpreting. It focuses on the generation of innovative insight, taking actions that are experimental in nature, breaking out of traditional mind-sets to see things in new and different ways, scanning the external environment, developing the competency to complete one`s job, having a sense of pride and ownership in one`s work, and being aware of the critical issues that affect one`s work, all at the level of the individual. Group learning captures the process of integrating. It includes elements such as effectively working in groups, having productive meetings, having the right people to address the issues, and communicating key elements of dialogue including being prepared to share both successes and failures, encouraging diversity, and effective conflict resolution. Organizational level learning involves embedding individual and group learning into the non-human aspects of an organization`s systems, structures, procedures and strategy. In this case the stock of learning is referred to as organizational memory. Furthermore, this embedded learning needs to be aligned so that systems, structures, and procedures support a strategic orientation that position an organizational well within its competitive environment. I developed three sets of hypotheses through literature review : The first set of three hypotheses (H1-1, 1-2, 1-3) are related with the direct relationship between learning at each of the three levels and organizational commitment. The second set of three hypotheses (H2-1, 2-2, 2-3) are related with the direct relationship between learning at each of the three levels and perceived organizational performance. The third hypothesis (H3) is related with the mediating effect of organizational commitment between learning at each of the three levels and perceived organizational performance. In order to test the hypotheses, I used measurement instruments of which their reliability and validity were verified through a series of preceding research. The strategic learning assessment map developed by Bontis et al.(2002) and Crossan, Lane, and White(1999) is used for analyzing the relationship between the three levels of learning and perceived organizational performance. The Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) developed by Mowday, Steers, and Porter(1979) is used to measure organizational commitment. About 150 SMES in the ChungCheong region voluntarily agreed to take part in this research. Finally data was gathered from a total of 800 respondents and used in statistical analysis to test the hypotheses. I tested for the reliability and validity of all measurements relating to the five constructs in two stages. In the first stage, exploratory factor analysis of all items using the principal component analysis (PCA) was examined. All the items were loaded into the five constructs with relatively high values as expected. In the second stage, results of confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling yielded an adequate model fit for the proposed factor structure (X2 = 926.591, df = 259, p = .000, RMR = .060, RMSEA = .057, NFI = .937, CFI = .954). All items were loaded on their respective constructs and were statistically significant. Furthermore, I computed the composite reliability of each construct. The composite reliability for each construct is above the .70 suggested by Nunnally(1978) which indicates adequate reliability. I checked the convergent and discriminant validity of each construct. The standardized CFA loadings present evidence of convergent validity. The square root of the average variance extracted was greater than all corresponding correlations indicating adequate discriminant validity. To test the hypotheses relating to the direct effects of organizational learning multiple regression analyses including organizational commitment and perceived organizational performance as dependent variables respectively were analyzed. The results suggested that all the hypotheses relating to the direct effects were verified. All the three levels of learning (ILL, GLL, and OLL) are positively associated with organizational commitment as stated in H1.1-H1.3 (p < .001). Also all the three levels of learning (ILL, GLL, and OLL) are positively associated with perceived organizational performance as stated in H2.1-H2.3 (p < .001). To test the mediating effect of organizational commitment, I followed the procedure suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986). The results show that the effects of the levels of learning on perceived organizational performance is partially mediated by organizational commitment. Therefore the hypothesis that the relationship between the three levels of learning and perceived organizational performance would be mediated by organizational commitment was only partially verified. The results of this study suggest valuable meaning and various implications at the academic and practical level for SMEs. First, all three levels of learning are positively associated with organizational commitment and perceived organizational performance. This result suggests that as verified in Western studies, organizational learning in SMEs can be the most critical element to transforming an existing traditional organization to a performance oriented organization (Gilley and Maycunich, 2000). To intensify individual, group and organizational level learning would make important contributions to the organization in achieving sustainable competitive advantages as well as demonstrating strong financial performance. Therefore, it is the duty of the CEO and senior management in SMEs to devote effort to continually strengthen the three levels of learning and enhance the level of organizational commitment and effectiveness in the long term. Contrary to expectation, the results of regression analysis suggest that individual level learning has a greater effect than group level learning or organizational level learning. I had expected organizational level learning to make organizational members share the mental model of the organization and align with the organizational strategy, system and operating procedures to enhance the level of organizational commitment and performance. I believe that this discrepancy in expectation is caused by the perception of respondents of the organizational learning level in their own organizations. Respondents can be biased that the individual level learning is more important than the other levels of learning. If so, organizations have to focus on the individual level learning to get the desired results such as organizational effectiveness. On the other hand, it can be caused by the perception of respondents in overestimating the value of individual level learning more than reality assuming the condition that group and organizational level learning is relatively less activated than individual level learning. Organizational commitment has a partial mediating role between the level of organizational learning and perceived organizational performance. This result suggests the importance of the role of organizational commitment to enhance organizational performance. In conclusion, I recommended future research to examine more mediating variables such as the effect of human resource management systems and organizational trust on organizational commitment and performance, and the effects of inter-organizational learning level between SMES or SMEs and large scale organizations. Other further research directions are suggested. Finally several limitations to be aware of in this study are presented. Especially the possibility of measurement errors incurred when measuring invisible phenomena such as organizational learning, limitations in employing only survey questionnaires and self reporting errors are pointed out.

      • 고체내의 전자빔 산란에 대한 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션 연구

        이철의(Cheol Eui Lee),이규원(kyu Won Lee),윤성민(Sung Min Yoon) 한국생산제조학회 2007 한국생산제조시스템학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.5

        고체 내에 입사된 전자빔의 산란 과정을 몬테카를로 방법으로 시뮬레이션 했다. 탄성 산란에 대해서는 screened Rutherford 산란 단면적을 사용했고 비탄성 산란에 대해서는 Gryzinsky의 산란 단면적이 사용되었다. 산란 전자의 좌표계와 실험실 좌표계 사이에 회전변환을 도입하여 계산 결과의 정밀도와 효율성을 개선했다. 입사된 전자의 산란 전후 위치와 에너지를 계산하여 전자빔의 침투거리에 따른 전자빔의 넓어짐과 에너지 감소를 계산하였다.

      • 도시철도 시설물 전자부품(PCB) 자체 수선을 통한 비용절감 사례

        이철원(Cheol-Won Lee),구본일(Bon-Il. Gu),장창국(Chang-Guk Jang),이희선(Hui-Seon. Lee) 한국철도학회 2015 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

        도시철도 분야는 기계, 전자, 전기 등 다분야의 복잡하고 다양한 시스템과 설비들이 상호 연계되어 안전하고 편리한 교통 수단이다. 승객들의 다양한 요구들을 충족시키고, 쾌적한 서비스를 제공하기 위해서는 그 시스템의 안정적인 운영이 중요한 요소이다. 도시철도 시설물은 24시간 운용되고 있어 노후화 진행률이 빠른 편이기에 장비 및 부품 교체 시기 단축되고 신품 구입을 인한 유지 보수비용이 빠르게 증가하여 안정적인 시스템 운용에 지장을 줄 수 있다. 이에 따라 도시철도 시스템의 안정적 운용과 유지보수 등에 소요되는 비용을 절감하기 위해서 자체 전자보드 수리부서를 조직하고 운영하여 자체적으로 전자부품의 고장 진단과 수선 실시가 최선의 방법으로 보고 있으며 본문에서는 전자부품 자체수선을 위한 조직 및 인프라 구축, 비용 절감 효과를 증명하고자 한다. Urban rail system has a variety of engineering and system such as machinery, electronics, electric power and so on, in which those of them are linked to each other as one in order to provide a safe and convenient transportation. A stable and safety operation is number one priority to provide a good quality service and to meet passengers’ needs. A shortage of duration of all the system belong to rail system due to 24 hours operating requires high cost of maintenance and operation, of which situation can affect stability. It is one of the best option to organize an independent department repairing and conducting on PCB, which is electronically damaged, malfunctioning and so on. This study has been struggling to verify cost-down effect on operation by specializing in PCB only within a company authorized department and to introduce how to build facilities and groups for self-repairing PCB.

      • KCI등재

        비타민E 투여가 Hamster 협낭점막의 9, 10-dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene(DMBA)유도 구강상피암 발암과정에 미치는 영향

        이철원(Cheol Won Lee) 대한구강악안면외과학회 1987 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.13 No.1

        The relationship of nutritional supplements and cancer is receiving renewed attention. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is accepted one of essential nutrients for man and thought to have antioxidant function and free radical scavenger action and etc. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of vitamin E on the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis induced by DMBA. 75 syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), 6 weeks old, were used in this experiment and were divided into normal (5), control Ⅰ, Ⅱ (10), experimental group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ (60). In experimental group and control group, the left buccal pouch of hamster was painted three times a week with 0.5% DMBA in heavy mineral oil and only heavy mineral 03 respectively. But in experimental group Ⅱ and control group Ⅱ, animals received 10 IU of vitamin E twice a week on days alternate to the DMBA painting. In experimental group Ⅲ, animals received vitamin E also, but they received 4 weeks before DMBA painting in order to investigate the long term effect of vitamin E. All animals were sacrified serially at 8th, 10th, 12th, 14th, and 16th week. Buccal pouches were photographed and excised. Tumors in the left buccal pouches were measured and counted for statistical analysis. Excised tissues were examined light-and eclectromicroscopically. The results were as follows; 1. In experimental group Ⅱ, Ⅲ received vitamin E, there was a significant delay in tumor formation up to 12 weeks, and that from 12 to 16 weeks, there were fewer tumors and their average size was smaller than group Ⅰ. But there was no difference between group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. 2. In experimental group Ⅰ, mild dysplasia with hyperkeratosis and acanthosis was observed at 8 weeks, carcinoma-in-situ and dysplasia at 10 weeks, frankly invasive carcinoma at 12 weeks, extensive tumors with invasion and surface necrosis at 14,16 weeks. 3. In experimental group Ⅱ, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis was observed at 8 weeks, carcinomain-situ and mild dysplasia at 10 weeks, frankly invasive carcinoma at 12 weeks, invasive carcinoma and carcinoma-in-situ at 14,16 weeks. 4. In experimental group Ⅲ, mild dysplasia and hyperkeratosis was observed at 8 weeks, moderate dysplasia at 10 weeks, carcinoma-in-situ and dysplasia at 12 weeks, invasive carcinoma and carcinoma-in-situ at 14,16 weeks. 5. Electromicroscopic studies of developed tumors in each group observed moderately differentiated type of epidermoid carcinoma. They showed nuclear pleomorphism, clumping of tonofilaments, less frequent number of desmosomes widened intercellular spaces with microvillus-like structures and degenerated mitochondria. This results suggest that vitamin E has some inhibition effects on carcinogenesis but there was no long term effect of vitamin E.

      • KCI등재

        문자생활사 교육의 의의와 내용 연구

        이철기 ( Cheol Gi Lee ) 우리어문학회 2016 우리어문연구 Vol.55 No.-

        국어는 음성적 차원과 표기(문자)적 차원으로 나뉘어 공존한다. 따라서 국어 문법 교육에서 다룰 수 있는 내용도 두 차원으로 나누어 살펴볼 수 있다. 후자는 옛글 또는 문자에 관련된 내용으로, 기존의 문법교육에서 훈민정음 제자원리와 관련된 내용으로 주로 구성되었다. 하지만 창제의 역사 못지않게 사용의 역사에 대해 아는 것 역시 우리 문자의 소중함을 깨닫도록 하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. 이러한 인식을 바탕으로 이 연구에서는 선인들의 문자 사용의 역사에 관한 교육을 ‘문자생활사 교육’으로 지칭하고, 문법교육 내에서 문자생 활사 교육이 어떤 의의를 지니며 구체적으로 어떤 내용과 자료로 구성될 수 있을지에 대해 논의하였다. 문자생활사 교육은 국어를 보다 다각적인 관점에서 탐구할 수 있는 대상으로 확장시킨 국어생활사 교육의 관점을 수용하고 있지만, 국어생활사 교육에 비해 국어교육 내에서 다룰 만한 정체성이 뚜렷하다. 또한 기존의 국어사교육 내에서 문자에 관한 교육 내용이 훈민정음과 그 제자원리에 편중되어 있었던 점을 보완할 수 있으며 다양한 계층의 삶과 문자생활을 엿볼 수 있는 자료들을 교육 자료로 수용할 수 있는 이점이 있다. 아울러 우리 문자의 소중함과 가치를 일깨우고 현재의 문자생활을 성찰케 한다. 이 연구에서는 문자생활사 교육의 내용을 마련하기에 위해 ‘문자 사용의 역사’, ‘문자에 대한 교육의 역사’, ‘문자에 대한 의식의 역사’, ‘문자 관련 정책의 역사’의 네 가지 내용 체계를 먼저 제시한 다음, 각 내용 체계에서 다룰 수 있는 세부 내용 요소와 뒷받침할 수 있는 자료의 예들을 언급하였다. Korean language coexists with two aspects; One is verbal aspect and the other is written aspect. Therefor, Korean grammar education is able to cover the two aspects. The latter is contents about old writing and script. It has usually consisted of contents about the principle of the creation of Hunminjeongeum(訓民正音), which was created by King Sejong in 1443. But If students can realize preciousness of our alphabet, we have to teach history about the use of character as well as the creation of character. In this respect, I called the education which is related to the use of character in the past as ‘the education about history of life using characters’. I discussed what is the significance of the education about history of life using characters, and what do we choose contents and teaching material in order to teach it as well. First of all, I offered four kinds of superordinate contents: ‘A history about how characters have been used’, ‘A history about how characters have been taught’, ‘A history about people’s awareness of characters’, ‘A history about the policy of characters’, as educational contents about history of life using characters. Then I refer to details contents and example of teaching material which could be covered in each of the superordinate contents.

      • KCI등재

        위협소구가 비만예방 광고 효과에 미치는 영향 연구

        이철한(Lee, Cheol-Han),경소라(Kyung, So-Ra) 동국대학교 사회과학연구원 2012 사회과학연구 Vol.19 No.1

        이 연구는 갈수록 심각성을 더해가는 비만과 그에 따른 여러 문제점에 주목하고 문제개선을 위한 효과적인 비만예방광고를 제시하고자 하였다. 비만은 세계보건기구에 의해서 1996년에 이미 질병으로 규정되었고 비만으로 인해서 심혈관 질환, 당뇨병, 각종 암, 호흡기 질환 등의 주요 원인으로 판단되고 있으나 그 심각성에 대해서는 인식이 부족하기 때문에 공중에 대한 비만 예방 광고가 필요한 시점이다. 건강 관련 공익광고 메시지는 주로 위협소구가 많이 사용되고 있다는 점을 착안하여 효과적인 위협소구 방안에 대해서 여자대학생을 대상으로 한 실험연구를 통해서 밝히고자 하였다. 위협소구의 강도가 높은 경우와 낮은 경우, 위협소구의 내용이 개인적 차원인지 사회적인 차원인지, 피험자의 자기감시도가 높은지 낮은지에 따른 차이를 검증하였다. 그 결과 비만예방광고의 효과는 신체적 위협보다는 사회적 위협이 효과적이었고 피험자의 자기 감시 수준이 높은 집단이 낮은 집단보다 더 공익광고 메시지에 대해서 호감을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 향후 비만 공익광고 제작에 실무적으로 도움을 줄 것으로 기대하며 이론적으로도 위협소구를 이용한 효과에 대해서 자기감시 요인을 포함함으로써 이해의 폭을 넓히는데 기여하였다고 하겠다. The issue of obesity is getting more serious attentions from Korean society. However, the body of obesity-prevention advertising studies is not enough to build the theoretical backgrounds. This study intends to suggest the strategic advice to the obesity prevention advertising. Fear appeal is frequently used for health communization messages; however, little consideration was put on the fear appeal magnitude, message type (personal message vs. social message), and self monitoring. Based on the experiments, this research found that the magnitude of feal appeal did not produce favorable reactions. Instead, social messages has more favorable effects than personal messages when subjects are exposed to the anti-obesity advertisement. People with high self monitoring tendency is more sensitive to social messages as compared to those with low self monitoring tendency. Future studies are advised to recruit more diverse publics other than University students. In addition, advertising is supposed to be effective when multiple exposure was guaranteed. In this study, only one exposure is allowed to each experiment; thus, future studies should consider multiple exposures to the subjects.

      • 고속 열차를 위한 다중안테나 시스템 성능 분석

        이철진(Cheol-Jin Lee),신승훈(Seung-Hoon Shin),최규형(Kyu-Hyoung Choi),황현철(Hyun-Chyeol Hwang),곽경섭(Kyung-Sup Kwak) 한국철도학회 2004 철도저널 Vol.7 No.4

        Recently, MIMO communications are regarded as one of the most promising emerging wireless technologies. This paper investigates MIMO wireless systems and their applications in a railway communication system. We firstly discuss railway communication environments including propagation characteristics and radio channel modeling. Next, we consider channel estimate methods, which is a crucial issue under rapidly varying channel condition due to the movement of trains. Channel estimation methods for MIMO systems are addressed and the effect of estimation error is studied. We also have performed simulations for transmit beamforming system and STBC(Space-time block coding) to investigate the performance of MIMO schemes in railway systems.

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